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opencc-by-4.0Sep 2004View details →

Fig. 3. Estimated species richness E in Spatial and temporal variation of benthic fish assemblages during the extreme drought of 1997-98 (El Niño) in the middle rio Negro, Amazonia, Brazil

Fig. 3. Estimated species richness E(Sn) by months of collection for (a) rio Negro and (b) rio Branco.

Figure 5 in Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa: species richness and turnover patterns

Figure 5. Per-capita rates of origination and extinction for Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa. A, 300-kyr bins from 4.2 to 0.9 Mya. It should be remembered that the intervals 4.2–3.6 Mya and 1.5–0.9 Mya are less well sampled than the intermediate interval (cf. Fig. 3A). Note especially the zero origination rate in the interval 3.0–2.4 Mya. See text for complete discussion. B, the same for 400-kyr bins from 4.1 to 0.9 Mya. C, the same for 500-kyr bins from 4.0 to 1.0 Mya.

Figure 8 in Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa: species richness and turnover patterns

Figure 8. Results of the regression analysis of number of localities vs. mean standing richness for 400-kyr bins. A, regression analysis. The correlation is significant (adjusted multiple R2 = 0.706**). There are no statistical outliers in this regression. B, regression residuals plotted against time slice. There are no outliers, but the effect of Laetoli is still seen in the relatively high residual for time slice C (3.7– 3.3 Mya).

Figure 1 in Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa: species richness and turnover patterns

Figure 1. Map showing geographical location of localities studied. 1, Hadar; 2, Middle Awash; 3, Omo, Shungura and Usno Formations; 4, Konso-Gardula; 5, West Turkana, Nachukui Formation; 6, Koobi Fora; 7, Allia Bay; 8, Lothagam; 9, Kanapoi; 10, Nkondo/Nyaburu; 11, West Turkana, Eshoa Kakurongori, South Turkwel, Nakoret; 12, Kanam East; 13, Olorgesailie; 14, Olduvai; 15, Lainyamok; 16, Laetoli. Inset: map of Africa showing (shaded) countries with localities with carnivoran specimens used in this work.

Figure 7 in Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa: species richness and turnover patterns

Figure 7. Results of the regression analysis of number of localities vs. mean standing richness for 300-kyr bins. A, regression analysis. The correlation is significant (adjusted multiple R2 = 0.603**). Note that time slice C (3.9–3.6 Mya) is an outlier. B, regression residuals plotted against time slice showing the high positive residual for the outlier, time slice C, indicating that this time slice has more taxa than expected given the number of localities present, which is probably an effect of the dominance of the species-rich Laetoli locality in this time slice. Laetoli also has an effect in time slice D (3.6–3.3 Mya), but this time slice includes many more localities and therefore the effect of Laetoli is not as evident.

Figure 4 in Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa: species richness and turnover patterns

Figure 4. Richness data for Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa. A, total richness and mean standing richness [MSR = (NbL + 2Nbt + NFt)/2] in 300-kyr bins from 4.2 to 0.9 Mya. It should be remembered that the intervals 4.2– 3.6 Mya and 1.5–0.9 Mya are less well sampled than the intermediate interval (cf. Fig. 3A). Peaks before 3 Mya (higher) and after 2 Mya (lower) are evident. See text for complete discussion. B, the same for 400-kyr bins from 4.1 to 0.9 Mya. Note the reduction in height of the post-2 Mya peak. C, the same for 500-kyr bins from 4.0 to 1.0 Mya.

Figure 6 in Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa: species richness and turnover patterns

Figure 6. Per-taxon rates of origination and extinction for Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa. A, 300-kyr bins. B, 400-kyr bins. C, 500-kyr bins. The diagrams match those for per-capita rates closely, demonstrating that the results are not dependent on the exact metric used.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

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Song varies with latitude, climate, and species richness in a Neotropical bird

Animals can encode information within acoustic signals, particularly, bird songs can be remarkably complex and can indicate individual identity and quality. Two main sets of hypotheses attempt to explain the evolution of increased birdsong complexity across large-scale geographic ranges: (1) larger acoustic space availability, and (2) greater sexual selection intensity, both of which would favor the evolution of more complex songs at higher latitudes, more seasonal and/or species-poor environments. However, few studies have assessed patterns of song complexity for birds with broad geographic ranges. Here, we determined patterns of song variation in the blue-black grassquit (Volatinia jacarina), considering metrics of song complexity, structure and performance. This Neotropical bird occurs from Mexico to Argentina and produces a monosyllabic song. Using recordings from online databases, we calculated song metrics, such as bandwidth, song rate, number of song components, and proportion of vibratos of this signal. We found that song features varied with latitude, climate seasonality, bird species richness and hemisphere. However, contrary to theoretical predictions, complexity mostly decreased with latitude and greater seasonality, while it was positively correlated with bird species richness. Proportion of vibratos was positively correlated with latitude and seasonality, and may be a feature under sexual selection in this species. Overall, our results did not support the main hypotheses proposed as explanations for song complexity. Our findings also highlight that song complexity does not vary uniformly among songbirds and song parameters, and future studies encompassing more species should clarify patterns and drivers of song variation across broad geographic dimensions.

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The presence of territorial damselfish predicts choosy client species richness at cleaning stations

Mutualisms are driven by partners deciding to interact with one another to gain specific services or rewards. As predicted by biological market theory, partners should be selected based on the likelihood, quality, reward level, and or services each partner can offer. Third-party species that are not directly involved in the interaction, however, may indirectly affect the occurrence and or quality of the services provided, thereby affecting which partners are selected or avoided. We investigated how different clients of the sharknose goby (Elacatinus evelynae) cleaner fish were distributed across cleaning stations, and asked what characteristics, relating to biological market theory, affected this distribution. Through quantifying the visitation and cleaning patterns of client fish that can choose which cleaning station(s) to visit, we found that the relative species richness of visiting clients at stations was negatively associated with the presence of disruptive territorial damselfish at the station. Our study highlights, therefore, the need to consider the indirect effects of third-party species and their interactions (e.g. agonistic interactions) when attempting to understand mutualistic interactions between species. Moreover, we highlight how cooperative interactions may be indirectly governed by external partners.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

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Patterns of functional diversity along latitudinal gradients of species richness in eleven fish families

Aim: As we enter an era of major biodiversity shifts, understanding large-scale biodiversity patterns has become crucial for ecological and conservation purposes. Often, conservation priorities are based on concepts derived largely from species richness, yet recent works show that different facets of biodiversity are also critical for proper ecosystem continuity, function, and services. One facet of biodiversity increasingly relevant to conservation is functional diversity. Here, we aim to improve our understanding of large-scale patterns of biodiversity by testing the hypothesis that species richness can also accurately estimate functional diversity along the latitudinal gradient of species richness in fish. Location: Marine Environments. Time Period: Contemporary Major taxa studied: 842 species within eleven fish families; Acanthuridae, Blenniidae, Chaetodontidae, Gobiidae, Labridae, Lutjanidae, Pleuronectidae, Pomacanthidae, Pomacentridae, Scombridae, Sparidae. Methods: Using geometric morphometrics to calculate morphological diversity, a proxy for functional diversity, we estimated expected functional diversity for a given number of species and compared it to the observed functional diversity in fish families along latitudes. We then fit a brokenstick regression model with estimates of functional diversity over absolute degree of latitudes to locate latitudes where significant shifts in functional diversity occur. Results: We found that species richness typically over- or under-estimated functional diversity along the latitudinal gradient of species richness in the evaluated fishes. We also show that for most families investigated, there is a pattern of stable functional diversity from the equator through the tropics that shifts with a mean inflection point occurring at absolute latitude 31.7° ± 10.1°. We suggest this pattern may be linked to changes in environmental factors such as global temperature and/or habitat availability beyond tropical latitudes, however, these concepts require more study. Main conclusion: This analysis shows the importance of further considering functional diversity in combination with other biodiversity metrics when developing conservation priorities and policies.

opencc-zeroDec 2022View details →

Figs 9, 10 in Scorpions of the Brandberg Massif, Namibia: Species richness inversely correlated with altitude

Figs 9, 10. Adult females, habitus in life: (9) Hottentotta conspersus (Thorell, 1876); (10) Parabuthus brevimanus (Thorell, 1876).

Figs 15, 16 in Scorpions of the Brandberg Massif, Namibia: Species richness inversely correlated with altitude

Figs 15, 16. Uroplectes adults, habitus in life: (15) U. gracilior Hewitt, 1913, male; (16) U. planimanus (Karsch, 1879), female with brood.

Fig. 1 in Scorpions of the Brandberg Massif, Namibia: Species richness inversely correlated with altitude

Fig. 1. Brandberg Massif (Namibia), gravel plains southwest, facing northeast to Massif in distance, dry year. Gravel plains, habitat of Parabuthus brevimanus (Thorell, 1876), Parabuthus namibensis Lamoral, 1979 and Uroplectes gracilior Hewitt, 1913.

Fig. 4 in Scorpions of the Brandberg Massif, Namibia: Species richness inversely correlated with altitude

Fig. 4. Brandberg Massif (Namibia), base of Massif at entrance to Goaseb (Ga-Asab) Gorge, facing north to Orabeskopf at summit, wet year. Dominant vegetation, Boscia foetida Schinz and Commiphora sp. Rocky flats, habitat of Hottentotta conspersus (Thorell, 1876), Parabuthus brevimanus (Thorell, 1876), Parabuthus villosus (Peters, 1862), and Opistophthalmus lamorali Prendini, 2000.

Figs 13, 14 in Scorpions of the Brandberg Massif, Namibia: Species richness inversely correlated with altitude

Figs 13, 14. Parabuthus adults, habitus in life: (13) P. kraepelini Werner, 1902, female; (14) P. villosus (Peters, 1862), male.

Fig. 21 in Scorpions of the Brandberg Massif, Namibia: Species richness inversely correlated with altitude

Fig. 21. Graph illustrating decreasing scorpion species richness with increasing altitude (100 m contour interval) on the Brandberg Massif (Namibia). Data from Material Examined (this study).

Fig. 5 in Scorpions of the Brandberg Massif, Namibia: Species richness inversely correlated with altitude

Fig. 5. Brandberg Massif (Namibia), lower slopes of Massif in Goaseb (Ga-Asab) Gorge, facing southwest, wet year. Dominant vegetation, Acacia montis-usti Merxm. & A. Schreib., Commiphora sp., Euphorbia sp. and Moringa ovalifolia Dinter & A. Berger. Rocky flats and slopes, habitat of Hottentotta conspersus (Thorell, 1876), Hadogenes tityrus (Simon, 1888) and Opistophthalmus ugabensis Hewitt, 1934.

Fig. 3 in Scorpions of the Brandberg Massif, Namibia: Species richness inversely correlated with altitude

Fig. 3. Brandberg Massif (Namibia), gravel plains and foothills southeast, facing northwest to Massif, wet year. Dominant vegetation, Euphorbia damarana L.C. Leach and Stipagrostis sp. Gravel plain, habitat of Parabuthus brevimanus (Thorell, 1876), Parabuthus granulatus (Ehrenberg, 1831). Rocky foothills, habitat of Parabuthus villosus (Peters, 1862) and Opistophthalmus lamorali Prendini, 2000.

Figs 11, 12 in Scorpions of the Brandberg Massif, Namibia: Species richness inversely correlated with altitude

Figs 11, 12. Parabuthus adults, habitus in life: (11) P. gracilis Lamoral, 1979, female; (12) P. granulatus (Ehrenberg, 1831), male.

Fig. 2 in Scorpions of the Brandberg Massif, Namibia: Species richness inversely correlated with altitude

Fig. 2. Brandberg Massif (Namibia), granitic inselberg south, surrounded by low sand dunes, leading down to sandy plain, facing west, wet year. Dominant vegetation, Euphorbia damarana L.C. Leach and Stipagrostis sp. Dunes, habitat of Parabuthus gracilis Lamoral, 1979 and Opistophthalmus jenseni (Lamoral, 1972). Sandy plain, habitat of Parabuthus brevimanus (Thorell, 1876), Parabuthus granulatus (Ehrenberg, 1831) and Opistophthalmus wahlbergii (Thorell, 1876).