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478 results for “sulfurization”
FIGURE 3. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n in Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp., from a sulfur cave in Colorado, USA, with notes on the morphologically similar L. profundicola (Clitellata, Naididae, Tubificinae)
FIGURE 3. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave. A. Dorsal and ventral chaetae from anterior segments, worm mounted in Canada balsam. B. Ventral chaetae in V, worm mounted in CMC-10. C. Ventral chaetae in VI, from the holotype. D. Dorsal chaetae in XLVII. E. Lateral view of segments V and VI, in a cleared whole mount, showing beginning of chloragogen in VI. F. Sagittal section from a posterior segment, showing dark chloragogen, a transverse blood vessel, and capillary vessels in epidermal layer. G, H. Sections through atria, showing junction with prostate gland. I. Penis sheaths, from a whole mount. J. Penis sheath, from the holotype. K. Ectal end of penis and sheath, from a sectioned, mature worm fixed in formalin. L. Ectal end of penis sheath, from a sectioned, nearly mature, unmated worm fixed in FAA. M. Spermatheca, from a transverse section. N. Spermatozeugma, from the holotype. O. Detail of spermathecal duct. Scale bars: 50 µm (A–D, F–H, K, L, N, O), 100 µm (E, I, J, M).
FIGURE 2. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n in Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp., from a sulfur cave in Colorado, USA, with notes on the morphologically similar L. profundicola (Clitellata, Naididae, Tubificinae)
FIGURE 2. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave (A–D, F, G) and from Black Sulphur Springs (E), reproductive characters. A. Atrium and penis sheath of an unmated, nearly mature worm. B. Atrium and penis sheath from a mature, mated worm. C. Male duct from a mated worm. D, E. penis sheaths. F. Spermatozeugmata. G. Spermatheca.
FIGURE 1. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n in Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp., from a sulfur cave in Colorado, USA, with notes on the morphologically similar L. profundicola (Clitellata, Naididae, Tubificinae)
FIGURE 1. Limnodrilus sulphurensis n. sp. from Sulphur Cave, exterior and somatic characters. A. Anterior ends of two whole, unmounted worms. B. Ventral chaetal bundle in IV, from a mature worm (n=19, including 10 partially developed). C. Left to right: two ventral chaetae in V, one from XX, from a mature worm. D. Ventral chaetae (n=13, including 6 partially developed) in V, from a very small, immature worm (diameter 0.3 mm). E. Dorsal chaetae from a mature worm, two each from V, X, and XXX. F. Ventral view of blood vessels in a posterior segment, showing junction of capillary vessels with ventral blood vessel, lateral vessels and (laterally displaced) dorsal blood vessel. G. Lateral view of dorsal and ventral blood vessels, as in Figure 1F.
Supporting data set for: Sulfur-deficient edges as active sites for hydrogen evolution on MoS2
<p>Computed structures of the elementary steps of hydrogen evolution on MoS2 edges and basal plane, obtained with neutral supercells.</p><p>Naming convention: POSCAR-[system]-[number of H after Volmer step]-[reaction]-[state].</p>
Mixing ratios of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) in the upper troposphere
<p>The dataset contains observations of of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) in the upper troposphere. Measurements were performed with gas chromatopgraphy coupled with electron capture detectors either employing airborne fast in-situ onboard instrumentation or offline post-flight analysis based on airborne flask sample collection. Mixing ratios are reported on the WMO X2014 scale. Accompanying data comprise measurements of maxing ratios of carbon monoxide, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Data were attributed to the upper troposphere (as opposed to the lowermost stratosphere) based on these three compounds as decribed in </p><p><strong>Schuck, T. J., Degen, J., Hintsa, E., Hoor, P., Jesswein, M., Keber, T., Kunkel, D., Moore, F., Obersteiner, F., Rigby, M., Wagenhäuser, T., Western, L. M., Zahn, A., and Engel, A.: The interhemispheric gradient of SF6 in the upper troposphere, EGUsphere [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1824, 2023</strong>. </p><p>Observations were performed during the following aircraft research missions:</p><p><strong>IAGOS-CARIBIC (CARIBIC-2), http://www.caribic-atmospheric.com/ (instrument caribic_lab_GC_ECD)</strong><br><strong>HALO (A-DLR) missions TACTS (2012) and SouthTRAC (2019) (instrument ghost_ecd)</strong><br><strong>NASA Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom), https://espo.nasa.gov/atom/content/ATom, (instrument atom_ucats)</strong><br><strong>HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO), https://www.eol.ucar.edu/content/about-hippo, (instrument hippo_ucats)</strong></p><p> </p>
Figure S1: Nutrient concentration of lettuce (Lactuca sativa 'Rex') plants grown at different total incident light levels in deep water culture hydroponics. Lines show multiple regression analysis results, indicating no significant interactions. Each data point represents one plant. N = nitrogen, P = phosphorus, K = potassium, Ca = calcium, Mg = magnesium, S = sulfur, B = boron, Cu = copper, Fe = iron, Mn = manganese, and Zn = zinc.
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Nitrogen and sulfur for phosphorus: Lipidome adaptation for anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria in phosphorus-deprived conditions
<p><strong>Abstract </strong></p> <p>Understanding how microbial lipidomes adapt to environmental and nutrient stress is crucial for comprehending microbial survival and functionality. Certain anaerobic bacteria can synthesize glycerolipids with ether/ester bonds, yet the complexities of their lipidome remodeling under varying environmental and nutritional conditions remain largely unexplored. In this study, we thoroughly examined the lipidome adaptations of <em>Desulfatibacillum alkenivorans</em> strain PF2803<sup>T</sup>, a mesophilic anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacterium known for its n-alkene degradation capability, under various cultivation conditions including temperature, pH, salinity, and ammonium and phosphorous concentrations. Employing an extensive analytical and computational lipidomic methodology, we identified nearly 400 distinct lipids for the first time, including a range of glycerol ether/ester lipids and various polar head groups. Information theory-based analysis revealed that temperature fluctuations and phosphate scarcity profoundly influenced the lipidome's composition, leading to enhanced diversity and specificity of novel lipids. Notably, phosphorous limitation led to the creation of novel glucuronosylglycerols and sulfur-containing aminolipids, termed butyramide cysteine glycerols, featuring various ether/ester bonds. This suggests a novel adaptive strategy for anaerobic heterotrophs to thrive in phosphorus-depleted areas of the oceans, characterized by a diverse array of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing polar head groups, moving beyond a reliance on conventional non-phospholipid types.</p> <p><strong>Repository Contents</strong></p> <p><strong>1_SRB_lipidome.zip</strong>: includes all source data and code scripts used for figures in this study. Files are organized as follows and are associated with the corresponding parts of the manuscript: Figure 2A-F, Figure 4A-E, Figure 5A-B, Figure 6A-E, Supplementary Figures 7.</p> <p>Figure 2. The impact of culturing conditions on lipidomic variability. A) The number of intact polar lipid species in different lipid classes putatively identified in this study. B) Principal Component Analysis (PCA) based on peak intensity of intact polar lipid species, showcasing the variation in general lipidomic features across individual experimental conditions. C) Information theory analysis showing lipidome diversity and specificity based on the Shannon entropy of the lipidomic frequency distribution. D) Lipid species specificity across the various culturing conditions. E) Hierarchical clustering heatmap depicting the distribution of major lipid classes across all the culturing conditions. F) Cumulative variability of all intact polar lipid species within each range of growth conditions, calculated as the difference in mean abundance between the standard growth condition and the variable conditions. The variability analysis excludes phosphate 0.015 mM as it is under phosphorous-sufficient condition, which showed a similar lipidome composition as the standard growth condition. Each condition analysis is based on three biological replicates. Abbreviations: Polar head groups –phosphatidylethanolamines (PE), phosphatidylglycerols (PG), cardiolipins (CL), novel N-butyramide cysteine (BACys), glucuronosyl (GlcA); Core lipids – diacylglycerols (DAGs), acyl/ether glycerols (AEGs), dietherglycerols (DEGs), tetraetherglycerols (TetraEGs), triether/monoacyl glycerols (TriEGs), diether/diacyl glycerol (DiEGs), monoether/triacyl glycerol (MonoEGs), and tetraacylglycerols (TetraAGs), demethylmenaquinone (DMK).</p> <p>Figure 4. Variability of major lipid classes across different culturing conditions. A) PG with different ether/ester bond core lipids. B) PE with different ether/ester bond core lipids. C) CL with different ether/ester bond core lipids. D) GlcA with different ether/ester bond core lipids. E) Novel BACys with different ether/ester bond core lipids. Asterisks indicate significant differences between the last condition and the current condition (Student's t tests on pairwise differences, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001). The numbers of treatments on the x-axis represent the parameters associated with each condition, ranging from low to high. These parameters include temperature (25°C, 30°C, 40°C), pH levels (6.4, 6.8, 7.8), NaCl concentration (3 g/L, 10 g/L, 25 g/L, 60 g/L), phosphate concentration (0.0005 mM, 0.0015 mM, 0.015 mM, 1.5 mM), and ammonium concentration (0.003 g/L, 0.03g/L, 0.3 g/L).</p> <p><span>Figure 5. Distribution of the relative abundance of major lipid classes and number of lipid species across different culturing conditions. </span><span>A) Relative abundance of major lipid classes. B) Number of lipid species with an abundance exceeding 0.5% of the total lipids. The numbers of treatments on the x-axis represent the parameters associated with each condition, ranging from low to high. These parameters include temperature (25°C, 30°C, 40°C), pH levels (6.4, 6.8, 7.8), NaCl concentration (3 g/L, 10 g/L, 25 g/L, 60 g/L), phosphate concentration (0.0005 mM, 0.0015 mM, 0.015 mM, 1.5 mM), and ammonium concentration (0.003 g/L, 0.03g/L, 0.3 g/L).</span></p> <p><span>Fig</span><span>ure</span><span> 6</span><span>. Adaptation of ether/ester bond lipids, polar headgroups, the averaged carbon chain length and double bond equivalents (DB) of the studied sulfur-reducing bacterial lipidome across different culturing conditions.</span><span> A) The ratio of phospholipids with dialkyl chains and tetraalkyl chains, or the ratio of (PE+PG)/CL, calculated as the summed core lipids within each class. B) The logarithmic ratio of phospholipids/non-phospholipids, phospholipids included both diglyceride phospholipids (PG and PE) and CL. C) The ratio of ether/ester bond lipids. The abundance of ethers in lipids with DEGs is calculated based on their inherent intensity, while the abundance of ethers in lipids containing both ether and ester chains is determined using the ratio of ether% multiplied by the intensity. For instance, in CL-TriEG, which has three ether-bond chains and one ester-bond chain, the abundance of the ether chain is calculated as 0.75 multiplied by the intensity. D) The average DBs of total lipids across different culturing conditions. E) The average chain length of two-chain lipids across different culturing conditions. Asterisks indicate significant differences between the last condition and the current condition (Student’s <em>t </em>tests on pairwise differences, *<em>P </em>< 0.05, **<em>P </em>< 0.01 and ***<em>P </em>< 0.001). These parameters include temperature (25°C, 30°C, 40°C), pH levels (6.4, 6.8, 7.8), NaCl concentration (3 g/L, 10 g/L, 25 g/L, 60 g/L), phosphate concentration (0.0005 mM, 0.0015 mM, 0.015 mM, 1.5 mM), and ammonium concentration (0.003 g/L, 0.03g/L, 0.3 g/L).</span></p> <p><span><span>Fig. S7. The fractional abundance of lipids with (A) different DBs (0-4) and (B) different carbon chain lengths (26-37, 56-68).</span></span><span> The numbers from 26 to 37 represent the summed two-chain carbon atoms, while the numbers from 56 to 68 represent the summed four-chain carbon atoms (from CL). The numbers of treatments </span><span>with different colors</span><span> represent the parameters associated with each condition, ranging from low to high. </span></p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Model data for: Analysis of the global atmospheric background sulfur budget in a multi-model framework
<p>The present dataset contains all model data used in the model intercomparison in ACP. All data is provided as monthly means. For more data, please contact the first author. V2 addresses inconsistencies in the time axes, vertical coordinates, and variable names between models.</p>
Understanding rate and capacity limitations in Li-S batteries based on solid-state sulfur conversion in confinement
<p>Raw data sets of the publication A. Senol Güngör et al. Understanding rate and capacity limitations in Li-S batteries based on solid-state sulfur conversion in confinement, 2024.</p> <p>The dataset was generated within the ALISA project (project number 9359) provided by the m-ERA.NET network (part of the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program, and the ERC Starting-Grant project ERC-2022-STG, SOLIDCON (101078271).</p>
supplementary material for "Analyzing the joint effect of volcanic carbon and sulfur emissions on the marine carbon cycle", for Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
<p>We provide our LOSCAR output and eruption history data files, along with IPython Jupyter notebook code to plot the various main text and supplementary figures.</p> <p>Please see README.txt for more information.</p> <p> </p>
Data sharing of: Sulfur inventory of the young lunar mantle constrained by experimental sulfide saturation of Chang'e-5 mare basalts and a new sulfur solubility model for silicate melts in equilibrium with sulfides of variable metal–sulfur ratio
<p>Data sharing of: Sulfur inventory of the young lunar mantle constrained by experimental sulfide saturation of Chang’e-5 mare basalts and a new sulfur solubility model for silicate melts in equilibrium with sulfides of variable metal–sulfur ratio</p>
Raw data to "A Quantum Chemical Study on the Evolution of Sulfur Functional Groups During Char Burnout"
<p>This data is a supplement to the publication entitled "A Quantum Chemical Study on the Evolution of Sulfur Functional Groups During Char Burnout".</p>
Supporting data for "Impact of compression on the electrochemical performance of the sulfur/carbon composite electrode in lithium–sulfur batteries"
<p>This is the dataset of electrochemical and operando X-ray diffracytion experiments for our publication "Impact of compression on the electrochemical performance of the sulfur/carbon composite electrode in lithium–sulfur batteries". This archive contains the raw data and scripts written in R used in the analysis and presentation of the results in this manuscript.</p> <p>Abstract for the manuscript:</p> <p>While lithium–sulfur batteries theoretically have both high gravimetric specific energy and volumetric energy density, only its specific energy has been experimentally demonstrated to surpass that of the state-of-the-art lithium-ion systems at cell level. One major reason for the unrealized energy density is the low capacity density of the highly porous sulfur/carbon composite as the positive electrode. In this work, mechanical compression at elevated temperature is demonstrated to be an effective method to increase the capacity density of the electrode by at least 90% and moreover extends its cycle life. Distinct impacts of compression on the resistance profiles of electrodes with different thickness are investigated by tortuosity factors derived from both electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, X-ray computed tomography and kinetic analysis based on operando X-ray diffraction. The results highlights the importance of a homogeneous electrode structure for the lithium–sulfur system.</p>
Elemental and S isotopic composition data for "Sulfur isotopic fractionation of the youngest Chang'e-5 basalts: Constraints on the magma degassing and geochemical features of the mantle source"
<p>Data for "Sulfur isotopic fractionation of the youngest Chang'e-5 basalts: Constraints on the magma degassing and geochemical features of the mantle source".</p>
A dataset of sulfur content and density of vegetation on the Tibetan Plateau
<p>As an important part of China's terrestrial ecosystem, the variation and distribution of sulfur in the vegetation of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) will have a profound impact on the national and even global sulfur cycle. We collected and sorted out the field survey and test data of the research group from 2019 to 2020. This dataset encompasses forest, grassland, shrubland, desert and other major ecosystem types, including the average sulfur content, density and storage data of different vegetation types and plant organs. The establishment of this data set provides important basic data for the assessment of regional vegetation biomass and sulfur reserves and the optimization of sulfur cycle model.</p>
Sulfites and Sulfates Formed by Weathering of Early Martian Carbonates in a Sulfur Dioxide-Bearing Atmosphere
<p>This data package contains the X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared reflectance data acquired on the samples of carbonates altered in SO2/H2O or SO2/H2O/H2O2 atmospheres (pressure 0.8 bar, temperature 25C). The package also included pictures of the samples after alteration in the two simulated atmospheres. </p>
Trace element and sulfur isotope study of sulfide chimneys from the basalt-hosted Daxi Vent Field: implications on the genesis of seafloor massive sulfide deposit at a segment end
<p>The dataset file is Table S1-S6 in the supporting information of the article entitled "Trace element and sulfur isotope study of sulfide chimneys from the basalt-hosted Daxi Vent Field: implications on the genesis of seafloor massive sulfide deposit at a segment end".</p>
Supplementary Table 12 for "Sulfur-oxidizing symbionts without canonical genes for autotrophic CO2 fixation"
<p>Stable isotope ratios for dissolved inorganic carbon in Elba seawater and sediment porewater.</p>
Supplementary Table 7 for "Sulfur-oxidizing symbionts without canonical genes for autotrophic CO2 fixation"
<p>Collection localities and dates for <em>Kentrophoros </em>metabolomics samples.</p>
Supplementary Table 4 for "Sulfur-oxidizing symbionts without canonical genes for autotrophic CO2 fixation"
<p>Potential substrates for Kentron and their oxidation/reduction values.</p>
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