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Figure 70. Spintharus flavidus. A–C, spinnerets. A, B, female. A, all. B, left field. C in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 70. Spintharus flavidus. A–C, spinnerets. A, B, female. A, all. B, left field. C, male PLS and PMS. D, tarsal comb, the notched dorsal margin (196-1) is a spintharine synapomorphy. E, chelicera prolateral margin. F, ditto, retrolateral margin, the peculiar outgrowth (arrow) was only seen in this species. Scale bars: A, D–F, 50 Mm. B, C, 20 Mm.
Figure 91 in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 91. Schematic illustrations of theridiid palps. A, Argyrodes argyrodes (redrawn from Saaristo, 1978). B, ditto. C, Anelosimus eximius. D, A. eximius expanded palp. E, Theridion pictum (redrawn from Levi & Levi, 1962). F, T. pictum, expanded palp. G, Enoplognatha gemina Bosmans & Van Keer [redrawn from Levy, 1998, sub E. mandibularis (Lucas)]. H, Coleosoma floridanum, expanded palp, ventral. I, ditto, dorsal. Trichobothria omitted in A, D and E.
Figure 85. Thymoites unimaculatum. A, B, male palp. A in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 85. Thymoites unimaculatum. A, B, male palp. A, ventral; note membranous Cb (67-1), rising from the apical part of the T. B, ectal; note single trichobothrium on tibia (arrow, 18-2, 19-2). C, male SPR left side. D, ditto, both sides; note asymmetry in numbers. E, epiandrous gland spigots. F, epigynum. G, spinnerets. Scale bars: G, 100 Mm; A, B, F, 50 Mm; C, D, 20 Mm; E, 10 Mm.
Figure 66. Robertus lividus. A–C in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 66. Robertus lividus. A–C, male palp; note that nomenclature of palpal sclerites is uncertain. A, mesial. B, ventral; note strongly tapered tip of the cymbial hook (Chk, 37-1). C, ectal; note single trichobothrium on tibia (arrow, 18-2, 19-2). D, male prosoma. E, male fourth tarsal claws. F, male chelicera. G, prosomal stridulatory ridges. H, female spinnerets. Scale bars: A–D, G, 100 Mm. E, F, H, 20 Mm.
Figure 73 in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 73. Stemmops nr. servus. A–D, male palp; this palp is unique in that the sperm duct exits not through the extremely long and thin spiral, but rather through a basal process of the embolus (Ebp). The Ebp is tightly associated with the C, and the TTA, as would normally be the E spiral. A, mesial. B, ventral. C, ectal. D, tibia, with one retrolateral and one prolateral trichobothria. E, front of male prosoma, the dome shape is unusual. F, male prosoma; note eyes on a tubercle similar to Phoroncidia (102-3). G, male cheliceral fangs. Scale bars: A–C, E, F, 100 Mm. D, 20 Mm. G, 50 Mm.
Figure 92 in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 92. Schematic illustrations of palpal cymbia. A, Argiope argentata. B, Tetragnatha extensa. C, Nesticus reclusus. D, Steatoda americana. E, Argyrodes argyrodes. F, Anelosimus studiosus. G, Thymoites sp. H, Anelosimus vittatus. I, Ameridion nr. petrum. J, Euryopis sp. K, Thwaitesia sp. L, Selkirkiella alboguttata. M, Spintharus flavidus. Note that trichobothria are omitted in G, H and M.
Figure 64. Rhomphaea metaltissima. A–C, male palp. A, ventral with tibia. B in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 64. Rhomphaea metaltissima. A–C, male palp. A, ventral with tibia. B, submesial, apical part. C, ectal. D, abdominal SPR (horizontal arrows) and proprioreceptors (vertical arrows) around pedicel. E, stridulatory ridges on prosoma. F, genital furrow, epiandrous gland spigots absent (168-1). G, epigynum. Scale bars: A–D, 100 Mm. E–G, 50 Mm.
Figure 72. Steatoda bipunctata. A–F, male. A, stridulatory picks. B in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 72. Steatoda bipunctata. A–F, male. A, stridulatory picks. B, details of picks and setae. C, epiandrous gland spigots. D, fourth tarsal claws. E, cheliceral fangs. F, labium. G, H, female spinnerets. G, left field. H, PLS. Scale bars: A, B, E, F, 100 Mm. C, D, G, H, 50 Mm.
Figure 81. Theridula opulenta, male. A–D, palp. A in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 81. Theridula opulenta, male. A–D, palp. A, mesial; note single trichobothrium on tibia (arrow, 18-2, 19-2). B, ventral; note presence of a membranous sclerite, possibly MA, which attaches both to the tegulum and the cymbium. C, ectal. D, embolus and MA. E, area above pedicel on abdomen, white square indicates area enlarged in F and G. F, stridulatory nubbins and picks; note extremely high keel on the picks (158-1), a condition also found in Ameridion. G, base of setal proprioreceptor. Scale bars: A–C, E, 50 Mm. D, 20 Mm. F, G, 10 Mm.
Figure 63 in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 63. Phoroncidia sp. A–C, female. A, epigynum. B, spinnerets; note sclerotized ring around them (202-1). C, close-up of spinnerets. D-H, male. D, spinnerets. E, fourth tarsus. F, leg I; short and sturdy legs are typical for the genus. G, colular setae. H, abdominal apodeme. I, tip of female palpal tarsus, claw absent (176-1). Scale bars: A, 20 Mm. B, F, 100 Mm. C, D, 10 Mm. E, G-I, 50 Mm.
Figure 60. Pholcomma hirsutum, male. A–D, palp. A, mesial. B, ventral. C, ectal. D in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 60. Pholcomma hirsutum, male. A–D, palp. A, mesial. B, ventral. C, ectal. D, CB-lock mechanism; note scoop shaped hood of MA (79-1) and tapering tip of cymbial hook (CHk, 37-1). E, pedicel area of abdomen; note a pair SP (arrows). F, stridulatory ridges of the prosoma. G, prosoma. H, cheliceral teeth. Scale bars: A–C, E, F, H, 50 Mm; D, 10 Mm. G, 100 Mm.
Figure 59. Nesticodes rufipes, female. A, tarsal comb. B in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 59. Nesticodes rufipes, female. A, tarsal comb. B, serrated setae of tarsal comb. C–E, spinnerets. C, left field. D, ALS. E, PLS. F, epigynum. Scale bars: A, 100 Mm; B, 10 Mm; C, 50 Mm; D, E, F, 20 Mm.
Figure 56. Neospintharus trigonum, male. A–D, palp. A, mesial. B, ventral. C, ectal. D in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 56. Neospintharus trigonum, male. A–D, palp. A, mesial. B, ventral. C, ectal. D, tibia, with two retrolateral (vertical arrows, 18-1) and one prolateral (horizontal arrow, 19-1) trichobothria. E, anterior part of the modified prosoma (130- 133). F, epiandrous gland spigots. G, SPR (lower arrows) and setal proprioreceptors (upper arrows). Scale bars: A–E, G, 100 Mm; F, 20 Mm.
Figure 80. Theridion varians, female. A, spinnerets. B, prosoma. C in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 80. Theridion varians, female. A, spinnerets. B, prosoma. C, promarginal cheliceral teeth (arrows). D, palpal claw. E, tarsal comb, note position of serrated bristles relative to claws. F, epigynum. Scale bars: A, C, D, 20 Mm. B, 100 Mm. E, F, 50 Mm.
Figure 58. Nesticodes rufipes. A, B, male palp. A, mesial. B, ventral. C in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 58. Nesticodes rufipes. A, B, male palp. A, mesial. B, ventral. C, stridulatory picks (pedicel area artificially shaded). D, stridulatory ridges. E, epiandrous gland spigots. F, male fourth tarsal claws. G, female palpal claw. Scale bars: A–D, 100 Mm; E–G, 20 Mm.
Figure 54. Latrodectus. A–C, F, L. geometricus. A, B, palp mesial. C, palp dorsal. D, E, L. mactans, male palp. D in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 54. Latrodectus. A–C, F, L. geometricus. A, B, palp mesial. C, palp dorsal. D, E, L. mactans, male palp. D, expanded, ectal view, arrow indicates a break-off point on the embolus which is broken off during mating and left in the epigynum (100-1). E, embolus-conductor base lock mechanism; in the unexpanded palp the El (98-1) fits in the pit (arrow) of the C (68- 1). F, area above the pedicel on the abdomen, showing stridulatory picks (arrows) and bases of PR. Scale bars: A–D, F, 100 Mm; E, 50 Mm.
Figure 52. Kochiura rosea. A–D, male palp. A, mesial. B in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 52. Kochiura rosea. A–D, male palp. A, mesial. B, ventral; note extremely elongated conductor, with a narrow base (lower arrow, 63-1) and broadened distally. C, ectal. D, details of palpal tip; note bifurcated TTA (81-1). E, area around pedicel on abdomen. F, SPR. Scale bars: A–C, 100 Mm; D, 50 Mm; E, 20 Mm; F, 10 Mm.
Figure 53. Kochiura. A, C-H, K. rosea. A in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 53. Kochiura. A, C-H, K. rosea. A, male PLS and PMS. B, K. attrita female PLS and PMS. C, setal proprioreceptors on abdomen. D, epiandrous gland spigots. E female genital furrow. F, epigynum. G, pedicel, paired rows of Ss forming lyriform organs (arrows), and stridulatory nubbins. H, details of pedicel. Scale bars: A, B, D, H, 20 Mm; C, E, 100 Mm; F, G, 50 Mm.
Figure 77. Theridion longipedatum, male. A–C, palp. A in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 77. Theridion longipedatum, male. A–C, palp. A, mesial; note multifurcated MA (76-1, 77-1). B, ventral; note placement of the C apically on T (69-1), as opposed to the more common placement on T margin (69-0). C, ventral close-up; note outgrowth of T, harbouring the tegular pit (Tp, 49-1), the embolus has an apophysis fitting under it (arrow, 50-1, 98-1). D, prosomal stridulatory ridges. E, abdominal SPR. F, abdomen venter, with 'sclerotized ring around pedicel' (147-1, 148-1) swollen area around pedicel reaching to the epigastric furrow. G, epiandrous gland spigots. Scale bars: A–F, 100 Mm. G, 50 Mm.
Figure 51. Kochiura. A–E, K. aulica. A–D in Morphological phylogeny of cobweb spiders and their relatives (Araneae, Araneoidea, Theridiidae)
Figure 51. Kochiura. A–E, K. aulica. A–D, male palp; note shape of tibia (14-1, 15-1, 17-1) and extremely pronounced row of strong tibial setae (arrow, 16-1). A, mesial. B, ventral. C, ectal. D, mesial close-up of C, TTA. E, SPR. F, G, K. attrita SPR. F, left field. G, details of setae; note modified bases (151-1). Scale bars: A–C 100 Mm; D, 50 Mm; E, F, 20 Mm; G, 10 Mm.
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