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Supplementary material 1 from: Scherz MD, Rakotoarison A, Hawlitschek O, Vences M, Glaw F (2015) Leaping towards a saltatorial lifestyle? An unusually long-legged new species of Rhombophryne (Anura, Microhylidae) from the Sorata massif in northern Madagascar. Zoosystematics and Evolution 91(2): 105-114. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.91.4979

PDF-embedded 3D Skeletal Model: Explanation note: This file contains a PDF-embedded interactive 3D model of the skeleton of the holotype of Rhombophryne longicrus sp. n., ZSM 1630/2012, generated via X-ray micro-Computed Tomography. The model can be opened in Adobe® Acrobat Pro or Reader, versions IX and above

FIGURE 4 in Discovery of another new species of Charadrahyla (Anura, Hylidae) from the cloud forest of northern Oaxaca, México

FIGURE 4. Type locality of Charadrahyla esperancensis (A), and Community cartel indicating the protection of the northern region where the new species lives (B)

FIGURE 2 in Discovery of another new species of Charadrahyla (Anura, Hylidae) from the cloud forest of northern Oaxaca, México

FIGURE 2. Dorsal (A) and ventral view (B) of the preserved holotype of Charadrahyla esperancensis (MZFC 28699); dorsal and lateral view of the head of C. esperancensis (C); male (D) and female (E) of C. taeniopus (MZFC 5150, 7714 respectively).

FIGURE 1 in Discovery of another new species of Charadrahyla (Anura, Hylidae) from the cloud forest of northern Oaxaca, México

FIGURE 1. Specimens in life of Charadrahyla esperancensis: A,B,C: male holotype (MZFC 28699), D,E,F (male specimens, not collected) (F, same specimen that E, showing the rounded yellow spots on posterior parts of thighs, and C. taeniopus: G (male from Tlatlauquitepec, Puebla), H (female from Hidalgo).

FIGURE 3 in Discovery of another new species of Charadrahyla (Anura, Hylidae) from the cloud forest of northern Oaxaca, México

FIGURE 3. Ventral aspects of hand and foot of the holotype of Charadrahyla esperancensis (MZFC 28699). Bar= 10 mm.

FIGURE 1 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada

FIGURE 1. Sampling localities of populations included for morphological (a) and DNA (b) collections within the hydrological Great Basin and surrounding states. a) Colors indicate species-specific populations measured for morphological analysis. b) Colors correspond with localized species and B. boreas colors correspond with major mtDNA haplotype clades (ONV- Oregon- NW Nevada (yellow), HL-Humboldt-Lahontan (blue), M-Mojave (aqua)) identified in Tracy et al. (in progress) molecular study of B. boreas diversity. Maps created using ArcGIS software by ESRI (2011: Release 10).

FIGURE 5 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada

FIGURE 5. Discriminant function analysis (DFA). Cross validated DFA using 14 size corrected morphological characters measured from 380 live adult toads (Fig. 1a) examined within the hydrological Great Basin Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex. Species identified as B. boreas (red circle), B. nelsoni (blue diamond), B. exsul (green circle), and B. williamsi (yellow square).

FIGURE 4 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada

FIGURE 4. Photographs of Bufo (Anaxyrus) williamsi sp. nov. holotype (CAS 259271). Adult male toad presented live: (a) dorsal view and (b) ventral view; and preserved: (c) dorsal view and (d) ventral view. Photographs taken by M.R.Gordon.

FIGURE 3 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada

FIGURE 3. Molecular examination of Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex.The TCS haplotype network was constructed using 246 sequences (1622 aligned sites) obtained from toad sampling (Fig.1b) resulting in 72 unique haplotypes, with circle sizes corresponding with the number of individuals of a particular haplotype. Haplotype colors correspond geographically (Fig. 1b) and to localized species (B. canorus (purple), B. exsul (green) and B. nelsoni (orange)) and highlight the genetic divergence of B. williamsi (red). The condensed phylogeny identifying Great Basin Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex major haplotype clades: maximum likelihood of 10 samples (1436 aligned sites) using GTR +G+I evolutionary model. The terminals are identified by taxon name and followed by locality of collection for B. boreas. Bufo williamsi, noted with a red circle, is sister to boreas of the HL clade. Heavy bars correspond with major haplotype clades.

FIGURE 2 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada

FIGURE 2. Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex distribution. a) Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas distribution (shown in brown) across the Western United States with hydrological Great Basin shown with black outline and hash mark interior; b) Bufo (Anaxyrus) boreas species complex and ranges for toads including new species, illustrating the narrow distribution of localized endemics. Spatial data for all toads except B. williamsi provided by IUCN (2015). Images taken by M.R.Gordon except B. canorus with photo credit to G. Nafis.

FIGURE 6 in A diamond in the rough desert shrublands of the Great Basin in the Western United States: A new cryptic toad species (Amphibia: Bufonidae: Bufo (Anaxyrus)) discovered in Northern Nevada

FIGURE 6. Major and minor groups identified: Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree constructed from analyses from unique haplotype sequences of 1622bp fragment of the control region of the mitochondrial genome (Fig. 1b; n = 308). Posterior probabilities are shown. Haplotype number (n = 72) and sampling locality comprise terminal ends of tree and two haplotypes of the root are shown. Minor groups include localized species: Bufo (Anaxyrus) nelsoni (green), B. exsul (orange), B. canorus (purple), B. williamsi (red) and undescribed divergent species (black). Large bars identify major groups, which include populations of B. boreas, sampled within the hydrological Great Basin (Fig. 1b).

FIGURE 4 in A new species of the genus Takydromus (Squamata: Lacertidae) from Tianjingshan Forestry Station, northern Guangdong, China

FIGURE 4. The general aspects (in life) of six species occurring on the Chinese mainland. A: Takydromus albomaculosus sp. nov., Am: adult male holotype SYS r001624; Af: adult female paratype SYS r001292; B: T. sexlineatus, Bm: adult male SYS r000127; By: subadult female SYS r001335; C: T. septentrionalis, upper: adult female; lower: adult male; D: T. sylvaticus, adult male topotype SYS001276; E: T. intermedius, Em: adult male topotype SYS r001601; Ef: adult female topotype SYS r001602; F: T. kuehnei, Fm: adult male specimen SYS r001268; Ff: adult female specimen SYS r001338.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of the genus Takydromus (Squamata: Lacertidae) from Tianjingshan Forestry Station, northern Guangdong, China

FIGURE 3. Showing the main morphological features of Takydromus albomaculosus sp. nov.: M: male holotype SYS r001624; F: female paratype SYS r001296. a: dorsal view of head and nape; b: ventral view of head and neck; c: lateral view of head and neck; d: showing ventral scales on posterior belly and hindlimbs, femoral pores, preanal scales and subcaudals; e: dorsal head and body.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of the genus Takydromus (Squamata: Lacertidae) from Tianjingshan Forestry Station, northern Guangdong, China

FIGURE 1. Map of southern and eastern China showing the collection locality (black round dot) of specimens of Takydromus albomaculosus sp. nov.: Tianjingshan Forestry Station, Ruyuan County, Guangdong Province, China.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of the genus Takydromus (Squamata: Lacertidae) from Tianjingshan Forestry Station, northern Guangdong, China

FIGURE 2. Maximum-likelihood phylogram of the genus Takydromus from partial DNA sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene. Number at the node is bootstrap support / posterior probability (BS/PP). "*" means BS is 100 or PP is 1.00, "-" means BS less than 70 or PP less than 0.90.

FIGURE 9 in Cirrhilabrus shutmani, a new species of fairy wrasse from the Babuyan Islands, northern Philippines (Teleostei: Labridae)

FIGURE 9. Cirrhilabrus earlei, male, approximately 100 mm SL (140 mm TL), collected from Pohnpei, Micronesia. Photo by B.D. Greene & R. Whitton.

FIGURE 7 in Cirrhilabrus shutmani, a new species of fairy wrasse from the Babuyan Islands, northern Philippines (Teleostei: Labridae)

FIGURE 7. Cirrhilabrus jordani, male, approximately 95 mm TL, aquarium specimen from Hawaii. Image reversed, specimen not retained. Photo by Y.K. Tea.

FIGURE 10 in Cirrhilabrus shutmani, a new species of fairy wrasse from the Babuyan Islands, northern Philippines (Teleostei: Labridae)

FIGURE 10. Unknown Cirrhilabrus, male, approximately 70 mm TL, A) not displaying, B) in nuptial display, photographed in the Ogasawara Islands. Photo by S. Kobayashi.

FIGURE 6 in Cirrhilabrus shutmani, a new species of fairy wrasse from the Babuyan Islands, northern Philippines (Teleostei: Labridae)

FIGURE 6. Distribution records for selected species of Cirrhilabrus: closed star, C. shutmani; open circles, C. jordani; closed circles, C. earlei; closed triangles, C. lanceolatus; open triangles, C. roseafascia; open star, C. earlei + C. roseafascia; closed square, C. blatteus; open square, C. sanguineus; closed crosses, C. rubrisquamis; open crosses, C. claire.

FIGURE 8 in Cirrhilabrus shutmani, a new species of fairy wrasse from the Babuyan Islands, northern Philippines (Teleostei: Labridae)

FIGURE 8. Males of selected Cirrhilabrus species. All are in nuptial display except D, F and I. A) C. shutmani n. sp., aquarium specimen from Didicas Volcano, Babuyan Islands, northern Philippines (photo by D. Laux); B) C. earlei, aquarium specimen from Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands (photo by T. lauderdale); C) C. jordani, aquarium specimen from the Hawaiian Islands (photo by Y.K. Tea); D) C. blatteus, Israel, Gulf of Aqaba (photo by J.E. Randall); E) C. roseafascia, aquarium specimen from Coral Sea, Australia (photo by Y.K. Tea); F) C. lanceolatus, aquarium specimen from Scarborough Shoal, South China Sea, western Philippines (photo by B.P. Shutman); G) C. sanguineus, aquarium specimen from Mauritius (photo by H. Tanaka); H) C. rubrisquamis, aquarium specimen from the Maldives (photo by T. Lauderdale); I) C. claire, aquarium specimen from Mo'orea, French Polynesia (photo by Y.K. Tea).