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Supplementary material 3 from: Ren X, Xu Y, Li Y, Yao H, Fang Y, Khanal L, Cheng L, Zeng W, Jiang X, Chen Z (2023) A new species of shrew moles, genus Uropsilus Milne-Edwards, 1871 (Mammalia, Eulipotyphla, Talpidae), from the Wuyi Mountains, Jiangxi Province, eastern China. ZooKeys 1186: 25-46. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1186.111592

Partitioning schemes and molecular evolution model used in mitochondrial–nuclear concatenated gene tree estimations

Figure 3 in The early evolution of cranial appendages in Bovoidea revealed by new species of Amphimoschus (Mammalia: Ruminantia) from China

Figure 3. Dental nomenclature and cheek teeth of Amphimoschus xishuiensis from Tabenbuluk area, China. A, upper premolar: 1, anterior style; 2, anterolabial crista; 3, fossa; 4, anterolingual crista; 5, anterolingual cingulum; 6, labial cone; 7, posterior style; 8, posterolabial crista; 9, central fold; 10, posterolingual crista; 11, lingual cone. B, upper molar: 12, parastyle; 13, anterior fossa; 14, postprotocrista; 15, preprotocrista; 16, protocone; 17, anterior and lingual cingula; 18, preparacrista; 19, paracone; 20, postparacrista; 21, mesostyle; 22, premetacrista; 23, metacone; 24, postmetacrista; 25, metastyle; 26, premetaconulecrista; 27, posterior fossa; 28, postmetaconulecrista; 29, metaconule; 30, entostyle. C, lower premolar: 31, anterior stylid; 32, anterior conid; 33, anterior valley; 34, transverse cristid; 35, posterior valley; 36, posterolingual conid; 37, back valley; 38, posterior stylid; 39, posterolabial conid; 40, mesolabial conid. D, lower molar: 41, mesostylid; 42, premetacristid; 43, metaconid; 44, postmetacristid; 45, metastylid; 46, pre-entocristid; 47, entoconid; 48, postentocristid; 49, posterior fossa; 50, entoconulid; 51, back fossa of m3; 52, hypoconulid; 53, posthypocristid; 54, hypoconid; 55, prehypocristid; 56, ectostylid; 57, protoconid; 58, preprotocristid; 59, postprotocristid; 60, anterior fossa. E, occlusal view of IVPP V 25521.2. F, occlusal view of V 25521.3. G, occlusal view of V 25521.4. H, labial view of V 25521.4. I, occlusal view of V 25521.1. J, lingual view of computed tomography reconstruction of V 25521.1 (3D models seen in Li et al., 2021b). Scale bar applies to E–J.

Figure 2 in The early evolution of cranial appendages in Bovoidea revealed by new species of Amphimoschus (Mammalia: Ruminantia) from China

Figure 2. Skull of Amphimoschus xishuiensis from Tabenbuluk area, China. A, right lateral view of computed tomography (CT) reconstruction of IVPP V 25521.2 (3D models seen in Li et al., 2021b). B, CT scanning screenshots of sagittal view at slice 1115.1, axial view at slice 8158.5, and axial view at slice 6961.5. C, right lateral view. D, dorsal view. Scale bar applies to C and D.

Figure 5 in The early evolution of cranial appendages in Bovoidea revealed by new species of Amphimoschus (Mammalia: Ruminantia) from China

Figure 5. Behaviour and bodyweight of early bovoids. A, ancestral reconstruction of male territories of the latest stem bovoid and bovid (topology modified from Chen et al., 2019). B, boxplot of bodyweight estimation of early bovoids (method and data seen in Supporting Information, File S2, Table S2). The box centre represents the median; box bounds represent the quartiles; whiskers represent maximum and minimum values (±1.5 × the interquartile range); open circles represent outliers; and the box width is proportional to the square root of the number of observations.

Figure 3 in The early evolution of cranial appendages in Bovoidea revealed by new species of Amphimoschus (Mammalia: Ruminantia) from China

Figure 7 in Horolodectidae: a new family of unusual eutherians (Mammalia: Theria) from the Palaeocene of Alberta, Canada

Figure 7. Ferrequitherium sweeti gen. et sp. nov. from the Trainspotting locality, and Horolodectes sunae from the DW-2 locality, Palaeocene Paskapoo Formation of Alberta, Canada. A–B, Ferrequitherium sweeti gen. et sp. nov. TMP 2017.025.0317, incomplete left maxilla with P4, M1–2 in occlusal view (A). TMP 2015.069.0488, left M3 in occlusal view (B). (C), Horolodectes sunae, composite upper left dentition [including UALVP 42073, incomplete left maxilla with P2–4, UALVP 42074 (reversed from original), incomplete right maxilla with M1–2, and UALVP 45719 (reversed from original), right M3 (reversed from original)] in occlusal view. D–F, Ferrequitherium sweeti gen. et sp. nov. TMP 2013.048.0075 (holotype), incomplete left dentary with p3–4, m1–3 in labial (D), lingual (E) and dorsolabial (F) views. G–I, Horolodectes sunae. UALVP 45713, incomplete left dentary with p2–4, m1–3 in labial (G), lingual (H) and dorsolabial (I) views. Scale bar = 2 mm. Specimens of Ferrequitherium sweeti gen. et sp. nov. have been enlarged to approximately the same size as those of Horolodectes sunae.

Figure 9 in Horolodectidae: a new family of unusual eutherians (Mammalia: Theria) from the Palaeocene of Alberta, Canada

Figure 9. Phylogenetic relationships of Ferrequitherium sweeti gen. et sp. nov. from the Palaeocene Paskapoo Formation of south-western Alberta, Canada. A, strict consensus of five MPTs of 432 steps (CI = 0.6366; RI = 0.4696; RC = 0.2989), Maelestes gobiensis outgroup, Zhelestidae included. B, strict consensus of four MPTs of 402 steps (CI = 0.6542; RI = 0.4908; RC = 0.3211), Maelestes gobiensis outgroup, Zhelestidae excluded. C, strict consensus of four MPTs of 455 steps (CI = 0.6044; RI = 0.5174; RC = 0.3127), Prokennalestes, Kennalestes, Maelestes outgroups, Zhelestidae included. Bremer values greater than one appear above line, bootstrap values greater than 50% appear below line.

Figure 4 in Horolodectidae: a new family of unusual eutherians (Mammalia: Theria) from the Palaeocene of Alberta, Canada

Figure 4. Ferrequitherium sweeti gen. et sp. nov. from the Palaeocene Paskapoo Formation of south-western Alberta, Canada. A–D, TMP 2013.048.0075 (holotype, Trainspotting locality), incomplete left dentary with p3–4, m1–3 in labial (A), lingual (B), occlusal (C) and dorsolabial (D) views. E–G, TMP 2015.069.0039 (Trainspotting locality), incomplete left dentary with p3–4 and alveoli for p1–2 in labial (E), lingual (F) and occlusal (G) views. H–J, TMP 2015.070.0110 (C = Cochrane 1 locality), incomplete left dentary with p4, posterior alveolus for p2, and alveoli for p3 and m1 (dentary fragment with m2–3 not figured) in labial (H), lingual (I) and occlusal (J) views. Scale bar = 2 mm.

Figure 5 in Horolodectidae: a new family of unusual eutherians (Mammalia: Theria) from the Palaeocene of Alberta, Canada

Figure 5. Ferrequitherium sweeti gen. et sp. nov. from the Palaeocene Paskapoo Formation of south-western Alberta, Canada. A–D, TMP 2014.023.0096 (C = Cochrane 1 locality), incomplete right dentary with m1–3 and alveoli for p4 in labial (A), lingual (B), occlusal (C) and dorsolabial (D) views. E–G, TMP 2013.011.0404 (C = Cochrane 1 locality), incomplete left dentary with m1–3 in labial (E), lingual (F) and occlusal (G) views. Scale bar = 2 mm.

Figure 6 in Horolodectidae: a new family of unusual eutherians (Mammalia: Theria) from the Palaeocene of Alberta, Canada

Figure 6. Ferrequitherium sweeti gen. et sp. nov. from the Palaeocene Paskapoo Formation of south-western Alberta, Canada. A–C, TMP 2015.069.1134 (Trainspotting locality), left p2 in labial (A), lingual (B) and occlusal (C) views. D–F, TMP 2015.069.0855 (Trainspotting locality), left p3 in labial (D), lingual (E) and occlusal (F) views. G–I, TMP 2014.047.0191 (Trainspotting locality), left p4 in labial (G), lingual (H) and occlusal (I) views. J–L, TMP 2017.025.0184 (Trainspotting locality), left dp4 in labial (J), lingual (K) and occlusal (L) views. M–O, TMP 2013.048.0043 (Trainspotting locality), left m1 in labial (M), lingual (N) and occlusal O views. (P–R), TMP 2015.069.0010 (Trainspotting locality), right m2 in labial P, lingual Q and occlusal R views. (S–U), TMP 2015.069.0768 (Trainspotting locality), left m3 in labial S, lingual T and occlusal U views. (V–X), TMP 2016.039.0047 (Trainspotting locality), right m3 in labial V, lingual W and occlusal X views. Scale bar = 2 mm.

Figure 2 in Horolodectidae: a new family of unusual eutherians (Mammalia: Theria) from the Palaeocene of Alberta, Canada

Figure 2. Ferrequitherium sweeti gen. et sp. nov. from the Palaeocene Paskapoo Formation of south-western Alberta, Canada. A–E, TMP 2015.069.0283 (Trainspotting locality), right P4 in labial (A), lingual (B), anterior (C), posterior (D) and occlusal views (E). F–H, TMP 2017.025.0317 (Trainspotting locality), incomplete left maxilla with P4, M1–2 in labial (F), lingual (G) and occlusal (H) views. Scale bar = 2 mm.

Figure 8 in Horolodectidae: a new family of unusual eutherians (Mammalia: Theria) from the Palaeocene of Alberta, Canada

Figure 8. Phylogenetic relationships of Ferrequitherium sweeti gen. et sp. nov. from the Palaeocene Paskapoo Formation of south-western Alberta, Canada. A, strict consensus of two most parsimonious trees (MPTs) of 430 steps (CI = 0.6349; RI = 0.4784; RC = 0.3037), Prokennalestes trofimovi outgroup. B, single MPT of 429 steps (CI = 0.6364; RI = 0.4747; RC = 0.3021), Kennalestes gobiensis outgroup, Zhelestidae included. C, strict consensus of eight MPTs of 403 steps (CI = 0.6501; RI = 0.4835; RC = 0.3143), Kennalestes gobiensis outgroup, Zhelestidae excluded. Bremer values greater than one appear above line, bootstrap values greater than 50% appear below line.

Figure 1 in Horolodectidae: a new family of unusual eutherians (Mammalia: Theria) from the Palaeocene of Alberta, Canada

Figure 1. Generalized map of Alberta, Canada. Letters indicate the localities where specimens of Ferrequitherium sweeti gen. et sp. nov. (A, B) and Horolodectes sunae (C, D) discussed in the text have been discovered. A, Trainspotting locality (Late Palaeocene, Ti1); B, Cochrane 1 locality (Late Palaeocene, Ti1); C, DW-2 locality (Late Palaeocene, Ti3); D, Birchwood locality (Late Palaeocene, Ti3). All localities occur in the Palaeocene Paskapoo Formation.

Figure 17 in Cranial anatomy of Paleocene and Eocene Labidolemur kayi (Mammalia: Apatotheria), and the relationships of the Apatemyidae to other mammals

Figure 17. Results of a cladistic analysis based on 240 morphological characters (68 postcranial, 45 cranial, and 127 dental) for 33 in-group taxa (Appendices 2 and 3), with Ukhaatherium nessovi acting as the out-group. A heuristic search with 10 000 replicates in PAUP 4.0b10 (Swofford, 2002) produced three most parsimonious trees: length = 1151 steps; consistency index, CI = 0.33; retention index, RI = 0.52 (calculated in PAUP 4.0b10). Pictured here is the strict consensus tree. Bremer support (decay) indices (Bremer, 1988) calculated in TreeRot 2 (Sorenson, 1999) are provided below for each node in brackets. Based on unambiguous optimizations (i.e. supported under both ACCTRAN and DELTRAN) in MacClade 4.0 (Maddison & Maddison, 2000), the following are synapomorphies supporting the labelled nodes: 0(ingroup), 8(1), 30(0), 54(0), 67(1), 78(0), 83(0), 87(0), 109(1), 113(1), 140(1), 141(1), 200(0); 1[1], 37(1), 42(0), 84(1), 97(1), 103(1), 108(2), 112(1), 187(0); 2[Paleoryctidae(4)], 72(0), 132(0), 161(1), 189(0), 194(1), 217(2), 230(1); 3[Lepctitida(1)], 146(2), 166(1), 201(1), 205(0); 4[Laurasiatheria(1)], 1(2), 27(1), 77(1), 149(1), 165(2), 175(1), 203(1), 212(0), 222(2); 5[Carnivora(3)], 19(1), 62(1), 91(1), 99(0), 137(1), 154(0); 6[1], 126(0), 128(1), 132(0), 202(1); 7[Eulipotyphla(4)], 6(1), 17(1), 26(0), 38(2), 50(0), 75(0), 90(0), 123(1), 152(1), 170(1), 173(1), 218(1); 8[Soricomorpha sensu lato(1)], 10(1), 25(1), 31(1), 44(1), 72(0), 73(1), 77(0), 78(1), 126(0), 128(1), 130(0), 132 (0), 196(2), 199(3); 9[Soricidae(13)], 5(1), 7(0), 8 (0), 70(0), 81(1), 110(1), 115(1), 116(1), 122(1), 127(1), 155(1), 160(2), 173(0), 180(1), 181(2), 186(1), 189(2), 190(1), 192(1), 193(1), 198(0), 200(1), 208(0), 221(2), 222(0); 10[Erinaceomorpha(11)], 3(0), 9(2), 14(1), 85(1), 87(1), 135(1), 139(1), 157(1), 158(1), 159(1), 160(1), 169(1), 206(2), 208(1), 213(1); 11[3], 8(0), 13(2), 67(2), 69(1), 76(1), 120(1), 127(0), 142(1), 190(1), 193(1), 196(1), 227(2); 12[Euarchontoglires(1)], 25(1), 98(2), 119(2), 233(1); 13[1], 48(0), 49(1), 74(1), 75(0), 121(2), 170(1), 191(2), 192(2); 14[Apatemyidae(7)], 93(1), 113(0), 165(1), 166(1), 186(2), 195(1), 196(1), 198(0), 199(3), 200(1), 209(1), 210(1), 230(1); 15[2], 21(2), 31(1), 71(1), 77(0), 79(1), 80(0), 85(1), 89(0), 98(0), 103(1), 115(1), 123(1), 124(1), 125(3), 138(0), 153(1), 159(1), 176(1), 206(1), 214(1), 223(1), 235(3); 16[1], 109(2), 145(0), 164(1), 196(2), 226(1), 228(1); 17[1], 70(1), 134(1), 135(1); 18[2], 69(2), 136(1), 168(1), 173(1), 178(1), 179(1), 227(1), 232(1), 234(1), 238(1); 19[Euarchonta(1)], 11(1), 16(1), 95(1), 106(1), 130(0), 145(0); 20[Sundatheria(1)], 19(1), 58(1), 76(1), 142(1), 160(2), 189(0), 201(1), 212(0), 221(1), 235(3); 21[Scandentia(4)], 39(1), 52(1), 66(2), 72(2), 97(1), 98(0), 149(1), 150(1), 153(1), 170(1), 175(1), 194(1), 204(1), 218(1); 22[Primates(1)], 115(1), 116(2), 156(0), 205(1), 226(1), 228(1), 232(1); 23[1], 22(1), 78(1), 79(1), 166(1), 179(1), 190(1), 206(1); 24[1], 128(1), 189(2), 192(1), 220(1), 221(1), 229(3); 25[1], 9(1), 27(1), 73(0), 116(3), 135(1), 138(0), 171(2), 176(0), 218(1), 227(1), 228(2), 231(2); 26[Euprimateformes(5)], 16(0), 21(2), 56(1), 60(1), 75(0), 97(1), 101(1), 159(1), 168(1), 209(1), 212(0), 214(1), 215(1); 27[Plesiadapoidea(2)], 126(1), 129(1), 131(1), 144(0), 146(1); 188(1), 194(1), 202(2), 204(1); 28[Euprimates(7)], 147(0), 149(1), 166(0), 171(1), 173(2), 185(1), 187(0), 193(0), 232(0); 29[1], 30(2), 32(1), 52(1), 54(1), 69(2), 72(2), 79(0), 105(1), 218(0), 227(0).

Figure 16 in Cranial anatomy of Paleocene and Eocene Labidolemur kayi (Mammalia: Apatotheria), and the relationships of the Apatemyidae to other mammals

Figure 16. Lateral view of USNM 530208. The arrow indicates the fronto-maxillary suture, near the base of the orbit. Its position indicates that the maxilla was not expanded into the orbit, unlike the condition of eulipotyphlans. Its position also indicates that the palatine is not expanded into the orbit. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 13 in Cranial anatomy of Paleocene and Eocene Labidolemur kayi (Mammalia: Apatotheria), and the relationships of the Apatemyidae to other mammals

Figure 13. Dorsal view of USNM 530221: (A) labelled; (B) unlabelled. Although the front of the specimen is embedded in epoxy, the nasal–frontal suture can be traced on the right side at its caudal extent; this is indicated with the dotted line. The fronto-lacrimal, persistent metopic, and fronto-parietal sutures are also indicated. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 12 in Cranial anatomy of Paleocene and Eocene Labidolemur kayi (Mammalia: Apatotheria), and the relationships of the Apatemyidae to other mammals

Figure 12. Fragment of the right petrosal of UM 41869 in ventral view: (A) labelled; (B) unlabelled. The dashed lines indicate the courses of the internal carotid stem, stapedial artery, and promontorial artery, running along grooves visible on the promontorium. There is no evidence for bony canals for these vessels. See Table 1 for abbreviations. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 7 in Cranial anatomy of Paleocene and Eocene Labidolemur kayi (Mammalia: Apatotheria), and the relationships of the Apatemyidae to other mammals

Figure 7. Ventral view of the rostral portion of USNM 530208: (A) labelled; (B) unlabelled. There is some damage to the premaxillary–maxillary suture on the palate, which is why it has not been traced onto the ventral surface of the specimen. The left side of this specimen has been pushed towards the right side, and the fragment of palatine (pa) has been pushed somewhat rostrally onto the maxilla, so that other sutures are not clearly visible in this view. Dental homologies follow Gingerich & Rose (1982), and are based on patterns of occlusion. See Table 1 for abbreviations. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 14 in Cranial anatomy of Paleocene and Eocene Labidolemur kayi (Mammalia: Apatotheria), and the relationships of the Apatemyidae to other mammals

Figure 14. Dorsal view of the caudal portion of USNM 530208. The dashed lines indicate the sutures between the occipital and the parietals and the squamosal and parietal. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 6 in Cranial anatomy of Paleocene and Eocene Labidolemur kayi (Mammalia: Apatotheria), and the relationships of the Apatemyidae to other mammals

Figure 6. The auditory region of USNM 530221: (A) ventrolateral view of left ear; (B) ventral view of right ear and adjacent structures. In (B) the fine splint of bone of the anterior crus of the ectotympanic is outlined. See Table 1 for abbreviations. Scale bar: 5 mm.