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FIGURE 14 in Biogeographical affinity shapes relationships between ecological and phylogenetic mammal diversity and associations with their environmental correlates in the Americas

FIGURE 14. Non-stationary associations between phylogenetic diversity (AvPD) and coefficient of variation in annual precipitation (PRECcv). The maps show the spatial variation in local beta coefficients (b) for PRECcv as predictor of AvPD, obtained from the full model, i.e., including all environmental predictors, after application of geographically weighted regression separately on data for each mammal group. Regions of (+) and negative (-) associations are indicated. Maps are in Mollweide equal-area projection. Dash lines on each map indicate the location of the tropics in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

FIGURE 6 in Biogeographical affinity shapes relationships between ecological and phylogenetic mammal diversity and associations with their environmental correlates in the Americas

FIGURE 6. Non-stationary associations between ecological diversity (ED) and annual precipitation (PREC). The maps show the spatial variation in local beta coefficients (b) for PREC as predictor of ED, obtained from the full model, i.e., including all environmental predictors and species richness (TR), after application of geographically weighted regression separately on data for each mammal group. Regions of (+) and negative (-) associations are indicated. Maps are in Mollweide equal-area projection. Dash lines on each map indicate the location of tropics in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

FIGURE 13 in Biogeographical affinity shapes relationships between ecological and phylogenetic mammal diversity and associations with their environmental correlates in the Americas

FIGURE 13. Non-stationary associations between phylogenetic diversity (AvPD) and annual range in temperature (TEMPr). The maps show the spatial variation in local beta coefficients (b) for TEMPr as predictor of AvPD, obtained from the full model, i.e., including all environmental predictors, after application of geographically weighted regression separately on data for each mammal group. Regions of (+) and negative (-) associations are indicated. Maps are in Mollweide equal-area projection. Dash lines on each map indicate the location of the tropics in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

FIGURE 12 in Biogeographical affinity shapes relationships between ecological and phylogenetic mammal diversity and associations with their environmental correlates in the Americas

FIGURE 12. Non-stationary associations between phylogenetic diversity (AvPD) and annual precipitation (PREC). The maps show the spatial variation in local beta coefficients (b) for PREC as predictor of AvPD, obtained from the full model, i.e., including all environmental predictors, after application of geographically weighted regression separately on data for each mammal group. Regions of (+) and negative (-) associations are indicated. Maps are in Mollweide equal-area projection. Dash lines on each map indicate the location of the tropics in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

FIGURE 10 in Biogeographical affinity shapes relationships between ecological and phylogenetic mammal diversity and associations with their environmental correlates in the Americas

FIGURE 10. Non-stationary associations between phylogenetic diversity (AvPD) and mean annual temperature (TEMP). The maps show the spatial variation in local beta coefficients (b) for TEMP as predictor of AvPD, obtained from the full model, i.e., including all environmental predictors, after application of geographically weighted regression separately on data for each mammal group. Regions of (+) and negative (-) associations are indicated. Maps are in Mollweide equal-area projection. Dash lines on each map indicate the location of the tropics in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

FIGURE 2 in Biogeographical affinity shapes relationships between ecological and phylogenetic mammal diversity and associations with their environmental correlates in the Americas

FIGURE 2. Spatial patterns of variation in the phylogenetic diversity (AvPD) of different mammal groups over the Americas. Maps are in Mollweide equal-area projection. Dash lines on each map indicate the location of the tropics in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

FIGURE 3 in Biogeographical affinity shapes relationships between ecological and phylogenetic mammal diversity and associations with their environmental correlates in the Americas

FIGURE 3. Non-stationary associations between ecological diversity (ED) and phylogenetic diversity (AvPD). The maps show the local beta coefficients (b) for AvPD as predictor of ED, obtained from the full model, i.e., including all environmental predictors and species richness (TR), after application of geographically weighted regression separately on data for each mammal group. Following (Matthews & Yang 2012) non-significant values (p> 0.05) are excluded from the maps to optimize the visualization of patterns. Regions of (+) and negative (-) associations are indicated. Maps are in Mollweide equal-area projection. Dash lines on each map indicate the location of the tropics in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

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Camera-trapping records of birds and mammals visiting water-filled tree holes in the Calakmul region in southern Mexico

<p>Using camera-traps we documented that 21 bird and 9 mammal species visited water-filled tree holes (dendrotelmata) in the seasonal tropical forest of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, in southern Mexico. These species visited dendrotelmata primarily for foraging and drinking. The overall use of dendrotelmata was equally frequent between dry and rainy seasons but drinking behavior increased among birds during the dry season. This dataset includes information on the identity of visiting species, time and date of the visit, behavior of the visiting species, season (rainy/dry) in which the species was recorded, station (dendrotelma) in which the species was recorded, associated temperature and the number of individuals recorded in each visit.</p>

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Climate change impacts on seabirds and marine mammals: the importance of study duration, thermal tolerance and generation time

Understanding climate change impacts on top predators is fundamental to marine biodiversity conservation, due to their increasingly threatened populations and their importance in marine ecosystems. We conducted a systematic review of the effects of climate change (prolonged, directional change) and climate variability on seabirds and marine mammals. We extracted data from 484 studies (4808 published studies were reviewed), comprising 2215 observations on demography, phenology, distribution, diet, behaviour, body condition and physiology. The likelihood of concluding that climate change had an impact increased with study duration. However, the temporal thresholds for the effects of climate change to be discernible varied from 10 to 29 years depending on the species, the biological response and the oceanic study region. Species with narrow thermal ranges and relatively long generation times were more often reported to be affected by climate change. This provides an important framework for future assessments, with guidance on response- and region-specific temporal dimensions that need to be considered when reporting effects of climate change. Lastly, we found that tropical regions and non-breeding life stages were poorly covered in the literature, a concern that should be addressed to enable a better understanding of the vulnerability of marine predators to climate change.

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Figure 17 in Cranial anatomy of Paleocene and Eocene Labidolemur kayi (Mammalia: Apatotheria), and the relationships of the Apatemyidae to other mammals

Figure 17. Results of a cladistic analysis based on 240 morphological characters (68 postcranial, 45 cranial, and 127 dental) for 33 in-group taxa (Appendices 2 and 3), with Ukhaatherium nessovi acting as the out-group. A heuristic search with 10 000 replicates in PAUP 4.0b10 (Swofford, 2002) produced three most parsimonious trees: length = 1151 steps; consistency index, CI = 0.33; retention index, RI = 0.52 (calculated in PAUP 4.0b10). Pictured here is the strict consensus tree. Bremer support (decay) indices (Bremer, 1988) calculated in TreeRot 2 (Sorenson, 1999) are provided below for each node in brackets. Based on unambiguous optimizations (i.e. supported under both ACCTRAN and DELTRAN) in MacClade 4.0 (Maddison & Maddison, 2000), the following are synapomorphies supporting the labelled nodes: 0(ingroup), 8(1), 30(0), 54(0), 67(1), 78(0), 83(0), 87(0), 109(1), 113(1), 140(1), 141(1), 200(0); 1[1], 37(1), 42(0), 84(1), 97(1), 103(1), 108(2), 112(1), 187(0); 2[Paleoryctidae(4)], 72(0), 132(0), 161(1), 189(0), 194(1), 217(2), 230(1); 3[Lepctitida(1)], 146(2), 166(1), 201(1), 205(0); 4[Laurasiatheria(1)], 1(2), 27(1), 77(1), 149(1), 165(2), 175(1), 203(1), 212(0), 222(2); 5[Carnivora(3)], 19(1), 62(1), 91(1), 99(0), 137(1), 154(0); 6[1], 126(0), 128(1), 132(0), 202(1); 7[Eulipotyphla(4)], 6(1), 17(1), 26(0), 38(2), 50(0), 75(0), 90(0), 123(1), 152(1), 170(1), 173(1), 218(1); 8[Soricomorpha sensu lato(1)], 10(1), 25(1), 31(1), 44(1), 72(0), 73(1), 77(0), 78(1), 126(0), 128(1), 130(0), 132 (0), 196(2), 199(3); 9[Soricidae(13)], 5(1), 7(0), 8 (0), 70(0), 81(1), 110(1), 115(1), 116(1), 122(1), 127(1), 155(1), 160(2), 173(0), 180(1), 181(2), 186(1), 189(2), 190(1), 192(1), 193(1), 198(0), 200(1), 208(0), 221(2), 222(0); 10[Erinaceomorpha(11)], 3(0), 9(2), 14(1), 85(1), 87(1), 135(1), 139(1), 157(1), 158(1), 159(1), 160(1), 169(1), 206(2), 208(1), 213(1); 11[3], 8(0), 13(2), 67(2), 69(1), 76(1), 120(1), 127(0), 142(1), 190(1), 193(1), 196(1), 227(2); 12[Euarchontoglires(1)], 25(1), 98(2), 119(2), 233(1); 13[1], 48(0), 49(1), 74(1), 75(0), 121(2), 170(1), 191(2), 192(2); 14[Apatemyidae(7)], 93(1), 113(0), 165(1), 166(1), 186(2), 195(1), 196(1), 198(0), 199(3), 200(1), 209(1), 210(1), 230(1); 15[2], 21(2), 31(1), 71(1), 77(0), 79(1), 80(0), 85(1), 89(0), 98(0), 103(1), 115(1), 123(1), 124(1), 125(3), 138(0), 153(1), 159(1), 176(1), 206(1), 214(1), 223(1), 235(3); 16[1], 109(2), 145(0), 164(1), 196(2), 226(1), 228(1); 17[1], 70(1), 134(1), 135(1); 18[2], 69(2), 136(1), 168(1), 173(1), 178(1), 179(1), 227(1), 232(1), 234(1), 238(1); 19[Euarchonta(1)], 11(1), 16(1), 95(1), 106(1), 130(0), 145(0); 20[Sundatheria(1)], 19(1), 58(1), 76(1), 142(1), 160(2), 189(0), 201(1), 212(0), 221(1), 235(3); 21[Scandentia(4)], 39(1), 52(1), 66(2), 72(2), 97(1), 98(0), 149(1), 150(1), 153(1), 170(1), 175(1), 194(1), 204(1), 218(1); 22[Primates(1)], 115(1), 116(2), 156(0), 205(1), 226(1), 228(1), 232(1); 23[1], 22(1), 78(1), 79(1), 166(1), 179(1), 190(1), 206(1); 24[1], 128(1), 189(2), 192(1), 220(1), 221(1), 229(3); 25[1], 9(1), 27(1), 73(0), 116(3), 135(1), 138(0), 171(2), 176(0), 218(1), 227(1), 228(2), 231(2); 26[Euprimateformes(5)], 16(0), 21(2), 56(1), 60(1), 75(0), 97(1), 101(1), 159(1), 168(1), 209(1), 212(0), 214(1), 215(1); 27[Plesiadapoidea(2)], 126(1), 129(1), 131(1), 144(0), 146(1); 188(1), 194(1), 202(2), 204(1); 28[Euprimates(7)], 147(0), 149(1), 166(0), 171(1), 173(2), 185(1), 187(0), 193(0), 232(0); 29[1], 30(2), 32(1), 52(1), 54(1), 69(2), 72(2), 79(0), 105(1), 218(0), 227(0).

Figure 16 in Cranial anatomy of Paleocene and Eocene Labidolemur kayi (Mammalia: Apatotheria), and the relationships of the Apatemyidae to other mammals

Figure 16. Lateral view of USNM 530208. The arrow indicates the fronto-maxillary suture, near the base of the orbit. Its position indicates that the maxilla was not expanded into the orbit, unlike the condition of eulipotyphlans. Its position also indicates that the palatine is not expanded into the orbit. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 13 in Cranial anatomy of Paleocene and Eocene Labidolemur kayi (Mammalia: Apatotheria), and the relationships of the Apatemyidae to other mammals

Figure 13. Dorsal view of USNM 530221: (A) labelled; (B) unlabelled. Although the front of the specimen is embedded in epoxy, the nasal–frontal suture can be traced on the right side at its caudal extent; this is indicated with the dotted line. The fronto-lacrimal, persistent metopic, and fronto-parietal sutures are also indicated. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 12 in Cranial anatomy of Paleocene and Eocene Labidolemur kayi (Mammalia: Apatotheria), and the relationships of the Apatemyidae to other mammals

Figure 12. Fragment of the right petrosal of UM 41869 in ventral view: (A) labelled; (B) unlabelled. The dashed lines indicate the courses of the internal carotid stem, stapedial artery, and promontorial artery, running along grooves visible on the promontorium. There is no evidence for bony canals for these vessels. See Table 1 for abbreviations. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 7 in Cranial anatomy of Paleocene and Eocene Labidolemur kayi (Mammalia: Apatotheria), and the relationships of the Apatemyidae to other mammals

Figure 7. Ventral view of the rostral portion of USNM 530208: (A) labelled; (B) unlabelled. There is some damage to the premaxillary–maxillary suture on the palate, which is why it has not been traced onto the ventral surface of the specimen. The left side of this specimen has been pushed towards the right side, and the fragment of palatine (pa) has been pushed somewhat rostrally onto the maxilla, so that other sutures are not clearly visible in this view. Dental homologies follow Gingerich & Rose (1982), and are based on patterns of occlusion. See Table 1 for abbreviations. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 14 in Cranial anatomy of Paleocene and Eocene Labidolemur kayi (Mammalia: Apatotheria), and the relationships of the Apatemyidae to other mammals

Figure 14. Dorsal view of the caudal portion of USNM 530208. The dashed lines indicate the sutures between the occipital and the parietals and the squamosal and parietal. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 6 in Cranial anatomy of Paleocene and Eocene Labidolemur kayi (Mammalia: Apatotheria), and the relationships of the Apatemyidae to other mammals

Figure 6. The auditory region of USNM 530221: (A) ventrolateral view of left ear; (B) ventral view of right ear and adjacent structures. In (B) the fine splint of bone of the anterior crus of the ectotympanic is outlined. See Table 1 for abbreviations. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 3 in Cranial anatomy of Paleocene and Eocene Labidolemur kayi (Mammalia: Apatotheria), and the relationships of the Apatemyidae to other mammals

Figure 3. Photographs of Labidolemur kayi, USNM 530208. Cranium in (A) rostral, (B) caudal, (C) ventral, (D) dorsal, (E) left, and (F) right. Scale bar: 5 mm.

Figure 5 in Cranial anatomy of Paleocene and Eocene Labidolemur kayi (Mammalia: Apatotheria), and the relationships of the Apatemyidae to other mammals

Figure 5. Ventral view of the left auditory region of USNM 530221: (A) labelled; (B) unlabelled. See Table 1 for abbreviations. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 11. Ultra high resolution X in Cranial anatomy of Paleocene and Eocene Labidolemur kayi (Mammalia: Apatotheria), and the relationships of the Apatemyidae to other mammals

Figure 11. Ultra high resolution X-ray computed tomography (uhrCT) slices of USNM 530208. See caption for Figure 8. (A) slice no. 210; the solid arrow indicates the postglenoid foramen; the dashed arrow indicates the subsquamosal foramen. (B) slice no. 194; the white arrow indicates the opening of the postglenoid foramen into the lateral neurocranium. (C) slice no. 187; the white arrow indicates the canal for the greater petrosal nerve running through the petrosal. (D) slice no. 72; the white arrow indicates the posterior semicircular canal. Note also the extensive pneumatization of the petrosal (in the mastoid region) and exoccipital.

Figure 4 in Cranial anatomy of Paleocene and Eocene Labidolemur kayi (Mammalia: Apatotheria), and the relationships of the Apatemyidae to other mammals

Figure 4. Right auditory region of USNM 530208. The specimen was tilted laterally from a strictly ventral view to facilitate viewing the medial portion of the tympanic cavity: (A) labelled; (B) unlabelled. In (A) the dotted portions of the paths for the alisphenoid canal and route for the ramus inferior of the stapedial artery (ri) indicate passage through a bony canal. There are grooves rather than bony canals for the branches of the internal carotid artery as they cross the promontorium (i.e., prc, icc, and stc). See Table 1 for abbreviations. Scale bar: 1 mm.