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FIGURE 10 in Unveiling species diversity in collared frogs through morphological and bioacoustic evidence: a new Mannophryne (Amphibia, Aromobatidae) from Sierra de Aroa, northwestern Venezuela, and an amended definition and call description of M. herminae (Boettger, 1893)

FIGURE 10. Dorsal (a) and ventral (b) views of the type series of Mannophryne herminae. 1. Lectotype male SMF 7286; Paralectotypes SMF 7316 (2, female), SMF 7317 (3, male); SMF 7318 (4, male); SMF 7319 (5, female); SMF 54898 (6, female); SMF 54899 (7, female). (c) Label with catalog information of the paralectotypes. Photos: S. Lotzkat.

FIGURE 7 in Unveiling species diversity in collared frogs through morphological and bioacoustic evidence: a new Mannophryne (Amphibia, Aromobatidae) from Sierra de Aroa, northwestern Venezuela, and an amended definition and call description of M. herminae (Boettger, 1893)

FIGURE 7. La Rondona creek, Sierra de Aroa, northwestern Venezuela, type locality of Mannophryne molinai sp. nov. (a) View of a small pool and (b) crevices below a waterfall were several specimens of the type series were found. Photos: F.J.M. Rojas-Runjaic.

FIGURE 5 in Unveiling species diversity in collared frogs through morphological and bioacoustic evidence: a new Mannophryne (Amphibia, Aromobatidae) from Sierra de Aroa, northwestern Venezuela, and an amended definition and call description of M. herminae (Boettger, 1893)

FIGURE 5. Ventral view of four preserved paratypes of Mannophryne molinai sp. nov. showing variation in the dark dermal collar. Paratype females MHNLS 21337 (a), and MHNLS 21535 (b); paratype males MHNLS 21537 (c), and MHNLS 21538 (d). Fotos: F.J.M. Rojas-Runjaic

FIGURE 3 in Unveiling species diversity in collared frogs through morphological and bioacoustic evidence: a new Mannophryne (Amphibia, Aromobatidae) from Sierra de Aroa, northwestern Venezuela, and an amended definition and call description of M. herminae (Boettger, 1893)

FIGURE 3. Map of northern Venezuela, and Trinidad and Tobago, indicating the type localities of the 20 known species of Mannophryne: 1. M. molinai sp. nov.; 2. M. caquetio; 3. M. collaris; 4. M. cordilleriana; 5. M. herminae; 6. M. lamarcai; 7. M. larandina; 8. M. leonardoi; 9. M. neblina; 10. M. oblitterata; 11. M. olmonae; 12. M. orellana; 13. M. riveroi; 14. M. speeri; 15. M. trinitatis; 16. M. trujillensis; 17. M. urticans; 18. M. venezuelensis; 19. M. vulcano; 20. M. yustizi.

FIGURE 2 in Unveiling species diversity in collared frogs through morphological and bioacoustic evidence: a new Mannophryne (Amphibia, Aromobatidae) from Sierra de Aroa, northwestern Venezuela, and an amended definition and call description of M. herminae (Boettger, 1893)

FIGURE 2. Detailed photos of the head (a, b, c), left hand (d) and foot (e) of the holotype (MHNLS 21355) of Mannophryne molinai sp. nov. Scale bars represent 2 mm. Photos: A. Jaramillo.

FIGURE 1 in Unveiling species diversity in collared frogs through morphological and bioacoustic evidence: a new Mannophryne (Amphibia, Aromobatidae) from Sierra de Aroa, northwestern Venezuela, and an amended definition and call description of M. herminae (Boettger, 1893)

FIGURE 1. Male holotype (MHNLS 21355) of Mannophryne molinai sp. nov. in dorsal (a), ventral (b), and lateral (c) views. Scale bar represents 10 mm. Photos: F.J.M. Rojas-Runjaic

FIGURE 6 in Unveiling species diversity in collared frogs through morphological and bioacoustic evidence: a new Mannophryne (Amphibia, Aromobatidae) from Sierra de Aroa, northwestern Venezuela, and an amended definition and call description of M. herminae (Boettger, 1893)

FIGURE 6. Advertisement call of Mannophryne molinai sp. nov. Oscillogram (a) and spectrogram (b) of a 5 s fragment of the call. Detailed view of the oscillogram (c) and spectrogram (d) of a 1 s section of the same recording.

FIGURE 4 in Unveiling species diversity in collared frogs through morphological and bioacoustic evidence: a new Mannophryne (Amphibia, Aromobatidae) from Sierra de Aroa, northwestern Venezuela, and an amended definition and call description of M. herminae (Boettger, 1893)

FIGURE 4. Female and male paratype specimens of Mannophryne molinai sp. nov. in life. (a) Dorsolateral and (b) ventral views of the paratype female MHNLS 21337; (c) dorsolateral and (d) ventral views of the paratype male MCP 13924 (ex- MHNLS 21336). Photos: F.J.M. Rojas-Runjaic

FIGURE 9 in Unveiling species diversity in collared frogs through morphological and bioacoustic evidence: a new Mannophryne (Amphibia, Aromobatidae) from Sierra de Aroa, northwestern Venezuela, and an amended definition and call description of M. herminae (Boettger, 1893)

FIGURE 9. Lectotype male (SMF 7286) of Mannophryne herminae. Dorsal (a), ventral (b), and lateral (c) views; (d) label with catalog information of the lectotype. Scale bars represent 10 mm. Photos: S. Lotzkat.

Fig. 4 in Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity

Fig. 4. Scanning electron photomicrographs of pollen grains from the Iresine clade (= Iresinoids). A, Iresine cassiniiformis (Borsch & al. 3792); B, Iresine type XXXIV (Borsch & al. 5412); C, Iresine rzedowskii (Borsch & al. 3793); D, Iresine ajuscana (Borsch & al. 5404); E, Iresine orientalis (Borsch & al. 5404); F, Iresine discolor (Purpus 3453); G, Magnification of aperture with details of mesoporium of pollen from the same plant; H, Iresine hartmanii (Tenorino 1864); I, Iresine type XXXIV (Borsch & al. 5390). — Scale = 10 µm apart from G where it is 4 µm.

Fig. 7. Scanning electron photomicrographs from the alternantheroid and gomphrenoid clades. A in Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity

Fig. 7. Scanning electron photomicrographs from the alternantheroid and gomphrenoid clades. A, Pedersenia cardenasii (Borsch & Ortuño 3504); B, Pedersenia sp. (Borsch & Ibisch 3532); C, Magnification of aperture and details of mesoporia of pollen from the same plant; D, Hebanthe occidentalis (Borsch & Ortuño 3512); E, Pfaffia dunaliana (Borsch & Ortuño 3756); F, Magnification of aperture and details of mesoporia of pollen from the same plant. — Scale = 10 µm apart from C where it is 4 µm.

Fig. 5. Scanning electron photomicrographs from the Iresine clade. A in Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity

Fig. 5. Scanning electron photomicrographs from the Iresine clade. A, Iresine hebanthoides (Borsch & al. 5415); B, Magnification of aperture and details of mesoporia of pollen from the same plant; C, Iresine sousae (Mendez Ton 7192, isotype B); D, Iresine nitens (Borsch & al. 3770); E, Magnification of aperture and details of mesoporia of pollen from the same plant; F, Iresine latifolia (Borsch & al. 3790); G, Magnification of aperture and details of mesoporia of pollen from the same plant; H, Iresine diffusa (Borsch & al. 3676); I, Irenella cysotricha (Asplund 16555). — Scale = 10 µm apart from B, E and G where it is 4 µm and I where it is 2 µm.

Fig. 6. Scanning electron photomicrographs from the Iresine clade. A in Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity

Fig. 6. Scanning electron photomicrographs from the Iresine clade. A, Iresine angustifolia (Zumaya & al. 81); B, Iresine nigra (Zumaya & al. 77); C, View from a different angle onto a pollen grain from the same plant; D, Iresine interrupta (Zumaya 62); E, Iresine borschii (Ventura 9443, paratype); F, Iresine arbuscula (Castillo s.n.). — Scale = 10 µm.

Fig. 1 in Pollen characters and DNA sequence data converge on a monophyletic genus Iresine (Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllales) and help to elucidate its species diversity

Fig. 1. Morphological diversity of Iresine. A, Synflorescence of I. interrupta (Borsch & al. 3789); B, Pistillate flowers at maturity and C, Staminate flowers of I. interrupta (Borsch & al. 3789); D, Upright woody stem of Iresine type XXXIV (Borsch & al. 5390); E, Inflorescence and F, Woody stem of I. nigra (S. Zumaya & al. 77); G, Part of synflorescence with staminate (Borsch & al. 5385) and H, Pistillate flowers of I. ajuscana (Borsch & al. 5367). — Photos: T. Borsch.

FIGURE 13 in Cryptic diversity within the Megophrys major species group (Amphibia: Megophryidae) of the Asian Horned Frogs: Phylogenetic perspectives and a taxonomic revision of South Asian taxa, with descriptions of four new species

FIGURE 13. Megophrys medogensis holotype: adult male (CIB 73II0015: SVL 59.7 mm [Fei et al. 2009]) in preservation: A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. profile view of head; D. ventral view of hand; E. ventral view of foot.

FIGURE 23 in Cryptic diversity within the Megophrys major species group (Amphibia: Megophryidae) of the Asian Horned Frogs: Phylogenetic perspectives and a taxonomic revision of South Asian taxa, with descriptions of four new species

FIGURE 23. Megophrys periosa sp. nov.: A. lateral view of adult male holotype (BNHS 6055: SVL 93.8 mm) in life. B. lateral view of adult male paratype (BNHS 6057: SVL 80.7 mm) in life. C–E. dorsolateral views of adult males in life showing typical variation: C. referred specimen (SDBDU 2009.1190: SVL 73.6 mm); D. referred specimen (SDBDU 2009.1189: SVL 71.3 mm); E. paratype (BNHS 6061: SVL 87.7 mm). F. dorsolateral view of adult female paratype (BNHS 6056: SVL 112.0 mm) in life. G. ventral view of two adult male paratypes immediately after euthanisation, showing variation of markings (left, BNHS 6064: SVL 88.8 mm; right BNHS 6063: SVL 81.3 mm). H. ventral view of three adult male specimens in preservation showing variation of makings (left, paratype BNHS 6059: SVL 81.9 mm; centre, paratype BNHS 6060: SVL 80.2 mm; right, holotype BNHS 6055: SVL 93.8 mm).

FIGURE 20 in Cryptic diversity within the Megophrys major species group (Amphibia: Megophryidae) of the Asian Horned Frogs: Phylogenetic perspectives and a taxonomic revision of South Asian taxa, with descriptions of four new species

FIGURE 20. Megophrys himalayana sp. nov. holotype: adult male (BNHS 6050: SVL 72.1 mm) in preservation: A. dorsal view; B. ventral view; C. profile view of head; D. ventral view of hand; E. ventral view of foot.

FIGURE 19 in Cryptic diversity within the Megophrys major species group (Amphibia: Megophryidae) of the Asian Horned Frogs: Phylogenetic perspectives and a taxonomic revision of South Asian taxa, with descriptions of four new species

FIGURE 19. Megophrys oreocrypta sp. nov.: A. and C. holotype adult female (BNHS 6045: SVL 94.9 mm) immediately after euthanisation: A. dorsolateral view; C. ventral view. B. and D. juvenile paratype (BNHS 6046: SVL 41.7 mm) in life: B. front view; D. ventral view. E. and F. recently metamorphosed paratype (BNHS 6048: SVL 20.6 mm) in life: E. dorsolateral view; F. view of head showing absence of upper lip stripe.

FIGURE 12 in Cryptic diversity within the Megophrys major species group (Amphibia: Megophryidae) of the Asian Horned Frogs: Phylogenetic perspectives and a taxonomic revision of South Asian taxa, with descriptions of four new species

FIGURE 12. Megophrys robusta: A–F. referred specimens from West Bengal state and Arunachal Pradesh state: A. adult male topotype (SDBDU 2011.1062: SVL 79.8 mm) in life; B. adult male (SDBDU 2009.1284: SVL 73.5 mm) from Arunachal Pradesh state, in life; C. adult female topotype (SDBDU 2009.1063: SVL 81.3 mm) in life; D. juvenile (SDBDU 2009.1245: SVL 29.2 mm) from Arunachal Pradesh state, in life; E. ventral view of topotype males, adult left (SDBDU 2011.416: SVL 83.1 mm), subadult right (SDBDU 2011.415: SVL 69.1 mm) in preservation; F. ventral view of a an adult pair of topotype specimens taken immediately after euthanisation, left male (SDBDU 2011.1064: SVL 79.3 mm) and right female (SDBDU 2011.1063: SVL 81.3 mm).

FIGURE 9 in Cryptic diversity within the Megophrys major species group (Amphibia: Megophryidae) of the Asian Horned Frogs: Phylogenetic perspectives and a taxonomic revision of South Asian taxa, with descriptions of four new species

FIGURE 9. Habitat images for collection localities of MMSG species in Northeast India. A. Sessa River, near Sessa village (1110 m asl.), West Kameng dist., Arunachal Pradesh, collection locality of Megophrys robusta and Megophrys periosa sp. nov.; B. and D. Mawphlang Sacred Grove (~1810 m asl.), near Mawphlang village, East Khasi Hills dist., Meghalaya, type locality of Megophrys flavipunctata sp. nov.; C. Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary (2220 m asl.), Rambi (East Range), Darjeeling Sadar subdiv., Darjeeling dist., West Bengal, collection locality of M. monticola; E. Sessa River near Elephant village (370 m asl.), West Kameng dist., Arunachal Pradesh, off which smaller side streams were the type locality of Megophrys himalayana sp. nov.; F. stream near Pangin town (450 m asl.), East Siang dist., Arunachal Pradesh, type locality of Megophrys periosa sp. nov.