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2,911 results for “dispersal”
Association of NOTCH3 with Elastic Fiber Dispersion in the Infrarenal Abdominal Aorta of Cynomolgus Monkeys
GEO Series GSE227434. Macaca fascicularis. 16 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Application of the TGx-28.65 genomic biomarker to assess the genotoxicity of disperse orange and 1,2,4-benzenetriol in human cells [DO]
GEO Series GSE95187. Homo sapiens. 13 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
Transcriptional instability prevents dispersion of functional vomeronasal receptor genes [rat]
GEO Series GSE190612. Rattus norvegicus. 7 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Role of saturation on elastic dispersion and attenuation of tight rocks: An experimental study
<p>Using the forced-oscillation method, we measure the dispersion of Young’s modulus, extensional attenuation, and Poisson’s ratio of tight sandstone and carbonate samples at seismic frequencies (1-1000 Hz) under a constant confining pressure of 20 MPa, and for a water saturation varying between 0% and 100%. The experimental data suggest that the dispersion of Young’s modulus and attenuation of tight rocks is significant in a broad frequency band spanning over 1-1000 Hz. A comparison with the high-porosity and high-permeability sample data shows a contrasting dispersion and attenuation characteristics. For the tight sandstone, Young’s modulus reaches a maximum dispersion of 16% at 60% water saturation, and a 13% dispersion at 100% saturation. Attenuation is insignificant in dry condition, and for water saturation 30%. In contrast with the peak attenuation occurring at very high water saturation (e.g. 80 - 100%) in partially saturated high-porosity rocks, peak attenuation of tight sandstone takes place at a water saturation of 60%. For the tight carbonate, the magnitude of dispersion (~3%) and attenuation are markedly lower for all saturation levels. In the explored frequency range (1 - 1000 Hz), Young’s modulus increases monotonously, and no obvious attenuation peak is observed when saturation levels are greater than 10%. Using well-established theoretical models based on physical properties and microstructure of the tested rocks, we suggest that the observed attenuation characteristics are possibly attributed to the combined physical mechanism of microscopic (squirt) flow, mesoscopic flow in partially saturated rock, and shear dispersion due to viscous flow in grain contacts.</p>
Figure 8 in Do Morphological Similarities and human-induced dispersal explain the non-native occurrence of Serpulidae (Annelida) in Southwest Atlantic? Taxonomic detailing is the key
Figure 8. Protula balboensis, types of chaetae. (A) Collar chaetae; limbate chaetae; (B) Thoracic chaetae; limbate chaetae; (C) Abdominal chaetae; geniculate chaetae. Scale bars: A-C: 500 µm.
Figure 6 in Do Morphological Similarities and human-induced dispersal explain the non-native occurrence of Serpulidae (Annelida) in Southwest Atlantic? Taxonomic detailing is the key
Figure 6. Hydroides dianthus, types of chaetae. (A) Collar chaetae; bayonet chateae with rounded process; (B) Thoracic chaetae; limbate; (C) Uncini thoracic with 8 teeth; (D) Uncini abdominal with 6 teeth. Scale bars: A-D: 500 µm.
Figure 5 in Do Morphological Similarities and human-induced dispersal explain the non-native occurrence of Serpulidae (Annelida) in Southwest Atlantic? Taxonomic detailing is the key
Figure 5. Hydroides dianthus. (A) Tube; (B) Operculum detail; (C) Complete body, dorso-lateral view. Scale bars: A and C: 2 mm; B: 500 µm.
Figure 3 in Do Morphological Similarities and human-induced dispersal explain the non-native occurrence of Serpulidae (Annelida) in Southwest Atlantic? Taxonomic detailing is the key
Figure 3. Spirobranchus tetraceros, operculum morphotypes. (A) Conical operculum, latero-dorsal view; (B) Initial bifurcation of operculum, dorsal view; (C) Bihorned operculum, latero-dorsal view; (D) Bi-horned operculum, lateral view. Scale bars: A-D: 500 µm.
Figure 2 in Do Morphological Similarities and human-induced dispersal explain the non-native occurrence of Serpulidae (Annelida) in Southwest Atlantic? Taxonomic detailing is the key
Figure 2. Spirobranchus tetraceros. (A) Tube with longitudinal ridge and projection in the anterior part of the tube; (B) Complete body, lateral view. Scale bars: A-B: 2 mm.
Figure 1 in Do Morphological Similarities and human-induced dispersal explain the non-native occurrence of Serpulidae (Annelida) in Southwest Atlantic? Taxonomic detailing is the key
Figure 1. Distribution of the sampling locations at Sepetiba Bay, Ilha Grande and Marambaia Island in the Rio de Janeiro coast.
Source matrices used to obtain the trophic and spatial seed dispersal networks
<p>1. Trophic relationships have inherent spatial dimensions associated with the sites where species interactions, or their delayed effects, occur. Trophic networks among interacting species may thus be coupled with spatial networks linking species and habitats whereby animals connect patches across the landscape thanks to their high mobility. This trophic and spatial duality is especially inherent in processes like seed dispersal by animals, where frugivores consume fruit species and deposit seeds across habitats.</p> <p>2. We analysed the frugivore-plant interactions and seed deposition patterns of a diverse assemblage of frugivores in a heterogeneous landscape in order to determine whether the roles of frugivores in network topology are correlated across trophic and spatial networks of seed dispersal.</p> <p>3. We recorded fruit consumption and seed deposition by birds and mammals during two years in the Cantabrian Range (N Spain). We then constructed two networks of trophic (i.e. frugivore-plant) and spatial (i.e. frugivore-seed deposition habitat) interactions and estimated the contributions of each frugivore species to the network structure in terms of nestedness, modularity and complementary specialization. We tested whether the structural role of frugivore species was correlated across the trophic and spatial networks, and evaluated the influence of each frugivore abundance and body mass in that relationship.</p> <p>4. Both the trophic and the spatial networks were modular and specialized. Trophic modules matched medium-sized birds with fleshy-fruited trees, and small bird and mammals with small-fruit trees and shrubs. Spatial modules associated birds with woody canopies, and mammals with open habitats. Frugivore species maintained their structural role across the trophic and spatial networks of seed dispersal, even after accounting for frugivore abundance and body mass.</p> <p>5. The modularity found in our system points to complementarity between birds and mammals in the seed dispersal process, a fact that may trigger landscape-scale secondary succession. Our results open up the possibility of predicting the consumption pattern of a diverse frugivore community, and its ecological consequences, from the uneven distribution of fleshy-fruit resources in the landscape.</p>
Cross-correlation functions, dispersion data, and 3D velocity models of the Chao lake
<p>We obtained a 3-D isotropic and azimuthal anisotropic model beneath the Chao Lake. These datasets contain the cross-correlation functions, dispersion data we picked, and the models we obtained.</p>
High-yield, wafer-scale fabrication of ultralow-loss, dispersion-engineered silicon nitride photonic circuits
<p>Available data for "High-yield, wafer-scale fabrication of ultralow-loss, dispersion-engineered silicon nitride photonic circuits"</p>
Data from: Correct calculation of CO2 efflux using a closed-chamber linked to a non-dispersive infrared gas analyzer
1. Improved understanding of the carbon (C) cycle is essential to model future climates and how this may feedback to affect greenhouse-gas fluxes. 2 .We summarize previous work quantifying respiration rates of organic substrates and briefly discuss how advances in technology, specifically the use of chambers linked to a non-dispersive infra-red gas analyzer (NDIR), can be applied to assess carbon dynamics from short-term field measurements. This technology hastens measurement and is relatively inexpensive, enabling researchers to increase replication and investigate temporal and spatial variation. 3. We describe the theory behind calculations of CO2 efflux released through organic substrates, when using a closed-chamber linked to a NDIR. These methods can in principle be extended to any chamber-based measurement of gas fluxes, including partially closed chambers as used for soil surface CO2, nitrous oxide or methane effluxes and stem CO2 respiration, although additional assumptions may apply. 4. We show that incorrect application of formulae in some earlier studies resulted in either under- or over-estimation of CO2 effluxes. Of the studies we reviewed measuring the respiration of woody debris, leaf-litter, or woody stems using closed chambers linked to a NDIR, only 22% (11 of 51) provided the equations used to calculate CO2 efflux, and 72% (8 of 11) of those provided contained basic errors. Using our data on the decomposition of woody debris as an example, we found that such mistakes resulted in anywhere from 8% underestimation to 22% overestimation of CO2 efflux. The errors varied among studies and hence may limit understanding of the factors affecting emissions of CO2 and our ability to incorporate this knowledge into global carbon models. 5. We provide formulae for the correct calculation of respiration rates in future studies using closed-chambers and thus provide a basis for comparative studies of factors affecting CO2 efflux from woody debris, leaf litter and other substrates. Ultimately this will contribute to improved parameterization of forest respiration.
Data from: High-frequency sampling and piecewise models reshape dispersal kernels of a common reef coral
Models of dispersal potential are required to predict connectivity between populations of sessile organisms. However, to date, such models do not allow for time‐varying rates of acquisition and loss of competence to settle and metamorphose, and permit only a limited range of possible survivorship curves. We collect high‐resolution observations of coral larval survival and metamorphosis, and apply a piecewise modeling approach that incorporates a broad range of temporally‐varying rates of mortality and loss of competence. Our analysis identified marked changes in competence loss and mortality rates, whose timing implicates developmental failure and depletion of energy reserves. Asymmetric demographic rates suggest more intermediate‐range dispersal, less local retention, and less long‐distance dispersal than predicted by previously‐employed non‐piecewise models. Because vital rates are likely temporally asymmetric, at least for non‐feeding broadcast‐spawned larvae, piecewise analysis of demographic rates will likely yield more reliable predictions of dispersal potential.
Data from: Genetic drift and collective dispersal can result in chaotic genetic patchiness
Chaotic genetic patchiness denotes unexpected patterns of genetic differentiation that are observed at a fine scale and are not stable in time. These patterns have been described in marine species with free-living larvae, but are unexpected because they occur at a scale below the dispersal range of pelagic larvae. At the scale where most larvae are immigrants, theory predicts spatially homogeneous, temporally stable genetic variation. Empirical studies have suggested that genetic drift interacts with complex dispersal patterns to create chaotic genetic patchiness. Here we use a coancestry model and individual-based simulations to test this idea. We found that chaotic genetic patterns (qualified by global FST and spatio-temporal variation in FST's between pairs of samples) arise from the combined effects of (1) genetic drift created by the small local effective population sizes of the sessile phase and variance in contribution among breeding groups and (2) collective dispersal of related individuals in the larval phase. Simulations show that patchiness levels qualitatively comparable to empirical results can be produced by a combination of strong variance in reproductive success and mild collective dispersal. These results call for empirical studies of the effective number of breeders producing larval cohorts, and population genetics at the larval stage.
Data from: Estimation of the dispersal of a major pest of maize by cline analysis of a temporary contact zone between two invasive outbreaks
Dispersal is a key factor in invasion, and in the persistence and evolution of species. Despite the importance of estimates of dispersal distance, dispersal measurement remains a real methodological challenge. In this study, we characterized dispersal by exploiting a specific case of biological invasion, in which multiple introductions in disconnected areas lead to secondary contact between two differentiated expanding outbreaks. By applying cline theory to this ecological setting, we estimated σ, the standard deviation of the parent-offspring distance distribution, of the western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera, one of the most destructive pests of maize. This species is currently invading Europe, and the two largest invasive outbreaks, in Northern Italy and Central Europe, have recently formed a secondary contact zone in Northern Italy. We identified vanishing clines at 12 microsatellite loci throughout the contact zone. By analyzing both the rate of change of cline slope and the spatial variation of linkage disequilibrium at these markers, we obtained two σ estimates of about 20 km.generation−1/2. Simulations indicated that these estimates were robust to changes in dispersal kernels and differences in population density between the two outbreaks, despite a systematic weak bias. These estimates are consistent with the results of direct methods for measuring dispersal applied to the same species. We conclude that secondary contact resulting from multiple introductions is very useful for the inference of dispersal parameters and should be more widely used in other species.
Data from: Structural habitat predicts functional dispersal habitat of a large carnivore: how leopards change spots
Natal dispersal promotes inter-population linkage, and is key to spatial distribution of populations. Degradation of suitable landscape structures beyond the specific threshold of an individual's ability to disperse can therefore lead to disruption of functional landscape connectivity and impact metapopulation function. Because it ignores behavioral responses of individuals, structural connectivity is easier to assess than functional connectivity and is often used as a surrogate for landscape connectivity modeling. However using structural resource selection models as surrogate for modeling functional connectivity through dispersal could be erroneous. We tested how well a second-order resource selection function (RSF) models (structural connectivity), based on GPS telemetry data from resident adult leopard (Panthera pardus L.), could predict subadult habitat use during dispersal (functional connectivity). We created eight non-exclusive subsets of the subadult data based on differing definitions of dispersal to assess the predictive ability of our adult-based RSF model extrapolated over a broader landscape. Dispersing leopards used habitats in accordance with adult selection patterns, regardless of the definition of dispersal considered. We demonstrate that, for a wide-ranging apex carnivore, functional connectivity through natal dispersal corresponds to structural connectivity as modeled by a second-order RSF. Mapping of the adult-based habitat classes provides direct visualization of the potential linkages between populations, without the need to model paths between a priori starting and destination points. The use of such landscape scale RSFs may provide insight into predicting suitable dispersal habitat peninsulas in human-dominated landscapes where mitigation of human–wildlife conflict should be focused. We recommend the use of second-order RSFs for landscape conservation planning and propose a similar approach to the conservation of other wide-ranging large carnivore species where landscape-scale resource selection data already exist.
Data from: Effects of forestry-driven changes to groundcover and soil moisture on amphibian desiccation, dispersal, and survival
Over 80% of amphibian species that are declining are forest dependent. Forestry practices are a major cause of forest alterations globally, and it is well documented that clearcutting can contribute to amphibian declines. However, there might be adverse effects of forestry practices other than clearcutting. For example, planting overstory trees in rows (plantations) can change groundcover microhabitats and soil moisture levels, but the effects of this common practice on amphibian populations are not well studied. We compared the impacts of common intensive pine plantation operations to naturally regenerated pine forests on the desiccation, movement rates, behavior, and survival of > 900 juvenile Southern toads (Anaxyrus terrestris). Pine plantations had significantly more accumulation of conifer needles and less exposed soil, herbaceous groundcover, broadleaf litter, and soil moisture than natural pine forests despite the greater canopy cover at plantations. Litter cover explained 85% of groundcover microhabitat variance among forest types and predicted minimum soil moisture levels. When toads were held in small outdoor enclosures that constrained microhabitat selection, 24-h desiccation rates and 72-h mortality were significantly greater in pine plantation than in naturally regenerated pine forest because of lower soil moisture, especially during low rainfall periods. In large outdoor pens where juvenile amphibians could select microhabitats, movement was strongly directed down slope and increased with precipitation. However, initial speeds were positively associated with pine density, likely because toads were trying to evacuate from the drier high-pine-density areas. High-intensity silviculture practices that eliminate herbaceous or vegetative groundcover, such as roller chopping and scalping, increase amphibian desiccation because planted conifers dry the upper soil layer. Our study highlights the importance of prioritizing lower intensity silviculture practices or lower pine densities to retain groundcover microhabitat that serves as amphibian refugia from dry conditions that are predicted to increase in frequency with climate change.
Data from: Sex differences in dispersal syndrome are modulated by environment and evolution
Dispersal syndromes (i.e. suites of phenotypic correlates of dispersal) are potentially important determinants of local adaptation in populations. Species that exhibit sexual dimorphism in their life history or behaviour may exhibit sex-specific differences in their dispersal syndromes. Unfortunately, there is little empirical evidence of sex differences in dispersal syndromes and how they respond to environmental change or dispersal evolution. We investigated these issues using two same-generation studies and a long-term (greater than 70 generations) selection experiment on laboratory populations of Drosophila melanogaster. There was a marked difference between the dispersal syndromes of males and females, the extent of which was modulated by nutrition availability. Moreover, dispersal evolution via spatial sorting reversed the direction of dispersal × sex interaction in one trait (desiccation resistance), while eliminating the sex difference in another trait (body size). Thus, we show that sex differences obtained through same-generation trait-associations ('ecological dispersal syndromes') are probably environment-dependent. Moreover, even under constant environments, they are not good predictors of the sex differences in 'evolutionary dispersal syndrome' (i.e. trait-associations shaped during dispersal evolution). Our findings have implications for local adaptation in the context of sex-biased dispersal and habitat-matching, as well as for the use of dispersal syndromes as a proxy of dispersal.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.