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Figure 3. A–F in Bone histology of the Late Pleistocene Prolagus sardus (Lagomorpha: Mammalia) provides further insights into life-history strategy of insular giant small mammals
Figure 3. A–F, boxplots of log-transformed geometrical (CA, MA, CA/MA, and CA/TA) and size variables (DAPm and DTm). A–C, Prolagus sardus age categories (J, Y, and A). D–F, adults of Oc. princeps, Oc. collaris, and Oc. dauurica. See Supporting Information, Table S2 for the raw data, including mean and standard deviation for species and age category. G–I, growth trajectories of CA, MA, and TA, considering DTm (size proxy), of P. sardus (N = 15) and Ochotona (N = 13). See Supporting Information, Appendix S1 for statistical results.
Figure 5 in Finding the world's oldest mammals: sieving, dialectical materialism, and squabbles
Figure 5. Francis Rex Parrington (1905–1981), shown in the 1960s (A), and his two prize Mesozoic mammal teeth, the type specimens of Eozostrodon parvus (B) and Eozostrodon problematicus (C), both found by Walter Kühne at Holwell, Somerset.
Figure 14 in Finding the world's oldest mammals: sieving, dialectical materialism, and squabbles
Figure 14. The old and the new generations, Jim Hopson (left), Kenneth Kermack (centre), and George Gaylord Simpson (right), at the meeting on 'Early Mammals' in the rooms of the Linnean Society, London, 1970. At this point, Simpson, with his walking stick on his lap, was 68 years old, Kermack 51, and Hopson 35.
Figure 1. Charles Moore and the Holwell Quarry fissures. A in Finding the world's oldest mammals: sieving, dialectical materialism, and squabbles
Figure 1. Charles Moore and the Holwell Quarry fissures. A, formal portrait of Charles Moore, sitting in front of a geological map of the Bath area, the local stratigraphic section, and some choice specimens on the table and floor, including his hammer. B, quarry wall at Holwell, the Microlestes quarry; the image bears an embossed message reading 'EXCURSIONS OF THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION. Photographed by J D Cogan & F York Bath 1864', so it was provided to conference delegates who attended Moore's field trip to the Mendips during the meeting of the British Association in bath in September 1864. Images courtesy of Matt Williams, Bath Royal Literary and Scientific Institution.
Figure 2 in Finding the world's oldest mammals: sieving, dialectical materialism, and squabbles
Figure 2. Historically important mammaliaform (A–J) and reptile (K–O) fossils from Bristol and South Wales Late Triassic/Early Jurassic fissures. A–C, Haramiyid mammaliaform fossils; Charles Moore's Holwell 1850s and 1860s collection, showing typical display boxes with BRLSI M213 and M218 (A), BRLSI M216, a molar of 'Microlestes moorei', now Thomasia moorei (B), two examples (of four) of BRLSI M220, haramiyid anterior teeth (C). D, CAMZM Eo D45, from the Parrington collection in Cambridge, a Morganucodon watsoni right dentary, medial view; Pontalun 3. E, Jaw composite of Morganucodon watsoni (Gill et al. 2014), medial view comprising three scans, including CAMZM Eo D45; anterior is from Pontalun 3 specimen NHMUK PV M85507 with complete incisor row; prepared in Bristol in 2003 by Felix Marx. F, SEM medial image of Morganucodon sp., a UCL prepared left dentary fragment and molar (m1?) NHMUK PV M23035; from Pant 2, which yielded a huge amount of material in 1955. G, NHMUK PV M27273, the only toothed specimen of a Kuehneotherium jaw in the UCL collection, prepared by David Pacey in 1973 for his PhD, under the supervision of K.A. Kermack; Pant 4. H, Kuehneotherium praecursoris tooth CAMZM Sy 87, buccal view; Pontalun 3. I, NHMUK M45079, mid-row left lower molar of Kuehneotherium sp., in lingual view; Pant 5, 1979, the last fissure collection made by the UCL team, in 1979–80. J, NHMUK R7119, right paratype dentary of Oligokyphus, antero-medial view, W.G. Kühne collection; Windsor Hill Quarry prepared either during his World war 2 internment on the Isle of Man or later; first of the fissure vertebrates to be reconstructed from isolated bones only. K, BRSUG 29383, mid and posterior part of left dentary of Gephyrosaurus bridensis in lateral view; Pontalun 3, prepared in Bristol by Maurice White, technician of R.J.G. Savage. L, NHMUK R9249, lateral view of left syntype maxilla of Clevosaurus hudsoni; collected in 1937–38 by F.G. Hudson, Cromhall Quarry. M, NHMUK R 6099, first archosaur fossil (a crocodylomorph) recorded from Cromhall; Kühne collection, 1948. N, BRSUG 1823, Kuehneosaurus latus, right scapula, medial view; Tom Fry collection, c. 1948. O, NHMUK R36832, a slightly disarticulated front skeleton of Clevosaurus hudsoni; P.L. Robinson collection (probably) 1954. Photo credits: Matt Williams and BRLSI (A–C), Andrew Conith (F), Ron Every (H), Mike Cawthorne (N); other photographs taken by the authors.
Figure 7 in Finding the world's oldest mammals: sieving, dialectical materialism, and squabbles
Figure 7. Tom Fry (1902–1997), pictured as a young man in the foreground with two friends on a geological excursion to the Mendip Hills in 1922 (A), and when he was 90 (B). Photographs by Harry Hodge (A) and Nick Large (B).
Figure 10 in Finding the world's oldest mammals: sieving, dialectical materialism, and squabbles
Figure 10. Photograph in the UCL laboratory in the early 1960s, showing Frances Mussett (left), Pat Ferguson, and Kenneth Kermack, in a heavily posed image where Kenneth Kermack is handing Pat Ferguson the camera back with photographic plates. Photograph from Pat Ferguson.
Figure 3. The Bristol fissures. A in Finding the world's oldest mammals: sieving, dialectical materialism, and squabbles
Figure 3. The Bristol fissures. A, Section of the edge of Durdham Down, showing Charles Moore's rendition of a drawing by William Sanders of Bristol, confirming that there were numerous semi-vertical fissures of Triassic age penetrating the uplifted and steeply dipping Lower Carboniferous limestones in and around Bristol. B, Map of the Severn Estuary and Bristol Channel showing the main fissure sites around Bristol and in South Wales, distributed on islands of Carboniferous limestone that stood above the shallow Rhaetian-to-Jurassic-aged seas. A, from Moore (1881, fig. 1). B, modified from Whiteside et al. (2016); fauna from these localities is shown in Table 1.
Figure 9 in Finding the world's oldest mammals: sieving, dialectical materialism, and squabbles
Figure 9. The leaders of vertebrate palaeontology at UCL through the 1950s to the 1980s: Kenneth Kermack (1919–2000; A) and Pamela Robinson (1919–1994; B), and their colleagues, Doris Kermack (1923–2003; C), Frances Mussett (1930–2020; D), and Pat Ferguson (née Lees; E). A, Drawing of Kermack by Tony Lee (UCL), and from the 1984 Kermack Festschrift; (B) courtesy of Saswati Bandyopadhyay; (C) from field photograph by Kenneth Kermack; (D, E) from UCL laboratory photograph supplied by Pat Ferguson.
Figure 4 in Finding the world's oldest mammals: sieving, dialectical materialism, and squabbles
Figure 4. Walter Kühne (1911–1991), as a young man about 1950 (A), and as an older more patrician-looking professor, about 1980 (B). Both images, Wikimedia.
Figure 6 in Finding the world's oldest mammals: sieving, dialectical materialism, and squabbles
Figure 6. Kühne's 'Paläontologie und dialektischer Materialismus', published in 1979, showing the characteristic orange card cover of the Gustav Fischer publishing house.
Figure 12 in Finding the world's oldest mammals: sieving, dialectical materialism, and squabbles
Figure 12. Field photographs of fieldwork by the Kermack team in the 1950s and 1960s. A, Doris Kermack packing specimens at Cnap Twt in 1953; (B) Ken Joysey at Longlands Quarry inspecting the Jurassic shell beds unconformably banked up against the Carboniferous limestones in 1954; (C) Frances Mussett checking specimens at Duchy Quarry in Spring 1956; (D) Doris Kermack (left) and Frances Mussett (right) at Beaufort Quarry, Chepstow, in September 1958. Images are C-1-29, B-VI-59, C-1-41, and B-11-39, respectively, in the NMW archives.
Figure 13 in Finding the world's oldest mammals: sieving, dialectical materialism, and squabbles
Figure 13. Field photographs of fieldwork by the Kermack team in the 1950s and 1960s. A, Doris Kermack preparing lunch at Ruthin Quarry in April 1962; (B) Pat Ferguson at Pant Quarry in July 1962; (C) Pant Quarry in September 1968, showing a new fissure (left arrow) in relation to Kühne's fissure (right arrow); (D) students at Holwell Quarry in April 1974. Images are B-IV-40, C-11-18, C-VII-6 and E-111-13, respectively, in the NMW archives.
Figure 11 in Finding the world's oldest mammals: sieving, dialectical materialism, and squabbles
Figure 11. Field photographs of fieldwork by the Kermack team in the 1950s and 1960s. A, Doris Kermack at Cnap Twt Quarry in 1953; (B) Doris Kermack taking tools from the field car at Argoed Ishaf Quarry, Glamorgan, in Spring 1956; (C) Pat Ferguson at Longlands Quarry in April 1962; and (D) Kenneth Kermack at Pontalun Quarry in September 1963. Images are C-1-8, B-VI-40, B-VI-64, and C-V-72, respectively, in the NMW archives.
Supplementary file 3; Photographs illustrating different ways in which signs of livestock, humans or wild mammals were detected and recorded as either direct sighting, tracks, spoor or other signs:
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Camera trap data of mammals from Baluran National Park
<p>Dholes (<em>Cuon alpinus</em>) are endangered large carnivores found in scattered populations in Asia. One of the main threats to dholes is the decreasing prey availability throughout their distribution range. In the present study we used camera trap data collected over six years to investigate the temporal activity patterns of dholes and their putative prey species in Baluran National Park in Java, Indonesia. We also explored the overlap in activity between dholes and the park's other remaining large carnivore the Javan leopard (<em>Panthera pardus melas</em>), as well as humans. Furthermore, we investigated potential differences in activity patterns between dholes in packs and dholes roaming in pairs or alone. We found a high temporal overlap between dholes and their wild ungulate prey species (ranging from D=0.66–0.90), with the lowest overlap observed between dholes and bantengs (<em>Bos javanicus</em>) (D=0.66), and the highest between dholes and muntjacs (<em>Muntiacus muntjak</em>) (D=0.90). A very low overlap was found between dholes and domestic cattle (<em>Bos indicus</em>) (D=0.27) whereas a moderately high overlap was found between dholes and leopards (D=0.70) and dholes and humans (D=0.62). We found a significant difference in activity patterns between dholes in packs and dholes roaming alone or in pairs (D=0.78, p=0.01). Single/pairs of dholes were more active both during the day and at night, whereas packs were predominantly active around sunrise and sunset. The high overlap with humans potentially has a negative effect on dhole activity, particularly for dispersing individuals, and the low overlap with domestic species questions the extent to which dholes are considered to predate on them.</p>
Landscape-level habitat connectivity of large mammals in Chitwan Annapurna Landscape, Nepal
<p>The populations of many species of large mammals occur in small isolated and fragmented habitat patches in the human-dominated landscape. Maintenance of habitat connectivity in fragmented landscapes is important for maintaining a healthy population of large mammals. This study evaluated the landscape patches and their linkages on two carnivores (leopard and Himalayan black bear) and seven prey species (northern red muntjac, chital, sambar, wild pig, Himalayan goral, rhesus macaque, and langur) between Chitwan National Park (CNP) and Annapurna Conservation Area (ACA) by using the least-cost path approach and the Linkage Mapper tool in ArcGIS. A total of 15 habitat patches (average area 26.67 ± 12.70 km<sup>2</sup>) were identified that had more than 50% of the total studied mammals. A weak relation among the habitat patches was found for chital and sambar (Cost-weighted distance CWD: Euclidean distance EucD >100), showed poor connectivity between the habitat patches, while the ratio of CWD and EucD was low (i.e., low least-cost path) between the majority of the patches for muntjac, wild pig and leopard hence had potential functional connectivity along the landscape. Similarly, a low least cost path between the habitat patches located in the mid-hills was observed for Himalayan goral and Himalayan black bears. Furthermore, the multi-species connectivity analysis identified the potential structural connectivity between the isolated populations and habitat patches. Therefore, these sites need to be considered connectivity hotspots and be prioritized for the conservation of large mammals in the landscape.</p>
FIGURE 4. Bayesian trees constructed using 16S in Species diversity and phylogeny of fleas of small terrestrial mammals in the forests of the Central Highlands of Madagascar
FIGURE 4. Bayesian trees constructed using 16S (A) and 12S (B) sequences. Values at nodes correspond to the posterior probability values (P) obtained after 100 replicates. P values under 0.7 are not shown. Trees were rooted using sequences of the species Tunga trimamillata, T. penetrans, Hectopsylla cypha and H. pulex. The number of sequences we obtained for each species was given in brackets. Sequences of exotic species (available in our data) such as Xenopsylla brasiliensis and X. cheopis were added.
FIGURE 2 in Species diversity and phylogeny of fleas of small terrestrial mammals in the forests of the Central Highlands of Madagascar
FIGURE 2. Flea species isolated in this study. (a) Centetipsylla madagascariensis, male. (b) C. madagascariensis, female. (c) Synopsyllus fonquerniei, male. (d) S. fonquerniei, female. (e) S. estradei, male. (f) S. estradei, female. (g) S. robici, male. (h) Paractenopsyllus vauceli, male. (i) P. vauceli, female. (j) P. petiti, male. (k) P. petiti, female. (l) P. viettei, male.
FIGURE 3 in Species diversity and phylogeny of fleas of small terrestrial mammals in the forests of the Central Highlands of Madagascar
FIGURE 3. Bayesian trees constructed using COII (A) and ITS2 (B) sequences. Values at nodes correspond to the posterior probability values (P) obtained after 100 replicates. P values under 0.7 are not shown. Trees were rooted using sequences of the species Tunga penetrans, T. trimamillata and Hectopsylla cypha. The number of sequences we obtained for each species was given in brackets. Sequences of exotic species (available in our data) such as Xenopsylla cheopis, X. brasiliensis, Pulex irritans, Peromyscopsylla fallax and one endemic species isolated in other site Synopsyllus girardi were added.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.