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Figure 25. Ornithischian skeletal forms. A, Eocursor. B, Edmontonia. C in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 25. Ornithischian skeletal forms. A, Eocursor. B, Edmontonia. C, Stegosaurus. No gastralia are present in these or any other known ornithischians. Images kindly provided by Scott Hartman who retains the copyright of each. Scale bars in centimetres.

Figure 42 in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 42. Taxon deletion tree. Kunbarrasaurus and Jinyunpelta have been deleted. Tree length (of the 6 MPTs) is 212 steps, 14 steps fewer than found in the MPTs of the original dataset (Fig. 39). The principal clades: THYREOPHORA, STEGOSAURIA, ANKYLOSAURIA, Nodosauridae and Ankylosauridae conform topographically with those established by previous analyses. However, the ankylosauromorph branch and its composition, if confirmed in subsequent analyses, implies that the way Sereno (1986, et seq.) envisioned Eurypoda and Thyreophoroidea are meaningless.

Figure 22 in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 22. Cartoons approximating pelvic region crosssectional body profiles of (A) an ankylosaur and (B) a stegosaur.

Figure 23. A in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 23. A theoretical model of pelvic aspiration in ornithopod ornithischians (based on a hadrosaur pelvis). A, B, dorsal views of the pelvic region showing the transverse motion suggested for the pubes that serially compressed and decompressed the abdominal cavity. Note: the ischia should meet distally on the midline, rather than remaining separate as shown here. C, lateral view of the pelvis showing a reconstruction of a hypothetical pubic abductor muscle. After Carrier & Farmer (2000a: fig. 10B). Abbreviations: Exp, expiration (pubes adducted); Insp, inspiration (pubes abducted); il, ilium; ipm, (hypothetical) iliopubic muscle; is, ischium; pu, pubis.

Figure 18. Scelidosaurus. Skull diagrammatics. A in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 18. Scelidosaurus. Skull diagrammatics. A, pivot point between the squamosal and quadrate head viewed laterally, joint (q-sq.j) highlighted in black. B, posterior

Figure 27. Theropod skeletal forms. A in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 27. Theropod skeletal forms. A, Herrerasaurus (a dinosauriform, stem-dinosaur or a basal theropod – according to various analyses). B, Allosaurus a tetanuran theropod – see Fig. 28). C, Ornithomimus a coelurosaur. D, Nothronychus, a coelurosaur. E, Oviraptor, a maniraptoran. F, Deinonychus, a paravian. Herrerasaurus and all other theropods possess gastralia. Images kindly provided by Scott Hartman who retains the copyright of each. Scale bar in centimetres.

Figure 19. Scelidosaurus. A in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 19. Scelidosaurus. A, epistyloids as preserved in the large articulated referred skeleton (BRSMG LEGL 0004 – after Norman, 2020a). B, an isolated epistyloid as preserved in lateral view in the considerably smaller referred individual (CAMSM X39256). Scale bars in centimetres. Abbreviations: at, atlas; at.r, atlas rib; ba, baseplate; ep (l, r), epistyloids; ost, osteoderm; pap, paroccipital process; Q, quadrate. Scale bars in cms. Pale tone – sediment.

Figure 37 in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 37. Early (non-numerical) cladistics-based attempt to establish a topology for armoured dinosaurs within the clade Ornithischia. This topology is derived from Sereno (1984: fig. 1).

Figure 36 in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 36. Early (non-numerical) cladistics-based attempt to establish a topology for armoured dinosaurs within the clade Ornithischia. The topology was created by Norman (1984b: fig. 2).

Figure 32 in Scelidosaurus harrisonii (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Early Jurassic of Dorset, England: biology and phylogenetic relationships

Figure 32. Scelidosaurus. Femoral muscle maps. Includes small and large femora to show the change of curvature of shaft that occurs during ontogeny. A. 'juvenile' (NHMUK R6704 – after Norman, 2020b: fig. 79). B–D, 'adult' (NHMUK R1111 – the lectotype, after Norman, 2020b: fig. 78) in medial (B), anterior (C) and lateral (D). Abbreviations: add, adductor; cfb, m. caudifemoralis brevis; cfl, m. caudifemoralis longus; ft, m. femorotibialis; if, m. iliofemoralis; if?, possible area for attachment of a slip of the m. iliofemoralis; itr-pife?, area available for insertion of the m. iliotrochantericus (m. iliofemoralis) and perhaps the m. puboischiofemoralis externus (site of origin uncertain); ist, m. ischiotrochantericus; pifi, m. puboischiofemoralis internus.

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Figure 3 in Phylogenetic relationships of Sphaeromides Dollfus, 1897 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) and some related taxa, with new considerations about Trogloaega Brian, 1923

Figure 3. Phylogenetic inference tree inferred from dataset of 16S sequences for the studied taxa. The nodal numbers are Bayesian Posterior Probability (BPP) and ML bootstrap values, respectively. Abbreviations for taxa are reported in Table 1.

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Figure 2 in Phylogenetic relationships of Sphaeromides Dollfus, 1897 (Crustacea: Isopoda: Cirolanidae) and some related taxa, with new considerations about Trogloaega Brian, 1923

Figure 2. Distribution of Trogloaega spp. and Sphaeromides bureschi ssp. (Cirolanidae g.sp.). S, M, N correspond to Southern medium and Northern parts of Dinarids.

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Comparative Analysis of Complete Chloroplast Genomes of 13 Species in Epilobium, Circaea, and Chamaenerion and Insights into Phylogenetic Relationships of Onagraceae

This is all the alignments which used to constructed a phylogenetic tree in our study about Onagraceae. The evening primrose family, Onagraceae, is a well defined family of the order Myrtales, which comprises 22 genera widely distributed from boreal to tropical areas. In the present study, we report and characterize the complete chloroplast genome sequences of 13 species in Circaea, Chamaenerion, and Epilobium using a next-generation sequencing method. We also retrieved plastome sequences from two other Onagraceae genera to characterize the chloroplast genome of the family. The complete plastomes of Onagraceae showed a typical quadripartite structure and encoded an identical set of 112 genes (with exclusion of duplication), including 78 protein-coding genes, 30 transfer RNAs, and four ribosomal RNAs. The results show that chloroplast genomes are basically conserved in gene arrangement across the family. Whereas, a large segment of inversion was detected in the LSC region of all samples in the Oenothera subsect. Oenothera. An inverted repeat (IR) contraction was found in Circaea and Ludwigia samples. We also compared chloroplast genomes across the Onagraceae samples and revealed similarities in some features, including nucleotide content, codon usage, RNA editing sites, and simple sequence repeats (SSRs). Phylogeny was inferred by the chloroplast genome data using maximum-likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods. The generic relationship of Onagraceae was well resolved by the complete plastome sequences, showing potential value in inferring phylogeny within the family. Oenothera phylogeny was better resolved than other densely sampled genera. Biparental transmission may be the main cause of higher variation in the genus Oenothera.

FIGURE 7 in New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges

FIGURE 7. Crella (Pytheas) santacruzae Fernandez, Gastaldi, Thompson & Hajdu, sp. nov.: skeleton (A–F) and spicules (G–S, in SEM and light microscopy) of the holotype―ZIN 12081 (A, D–E, G–N) and paratype―ZIN 12082 (B–C, F, O–S). A, transverse section. B, transverse section. C, transverse section (another section). D, tornotes in bouquet and ectosomal acanthostyles scattered and making a continuous layer at the ectosomal region. E, bouquet of tornotes and ectosomal acanthostyles. F, tornotes in bundles and ectosomal acanthostyles at the ectosomal region. G, tornotes (strongyle-like shape). H, extremities of the tornotes. I, tornotes (in light microscopy). J, extremities of the tornotes with slightly rough appearance due to very small spines. K, choanosomal acanthostyles. L, choanosomal and ectosomal acanthostyles (in light microscopy). M, ectosomal acanthostyles. N, arcuate isochelae. O, tornotes (strongyles-like shape) and ectosomal acanthostyles. P, extremities of the tornotes. Q, choanosomal acanthostyles (in light microscopy). R, ectosomal acanthostyles. S, arcuate isochelae. Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B–C = 200 µm; D–G = 100 µm; H = 10 µm; I= 100 µm; J = 10 µm; K–L = 100; M = 50 µm; N = 20 µm; O = 100 µm; P = 10 µm; Q = 100 µm; R = 50 µm; S = 20 µm.

FIGURE 9 in New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges

FIGURE 9. Crellomima sigmatifera Fernandez, Gastaldi & Hajdu, sp. nov.: skeleton (A–F) and spicules (G–N, in SEM) of the holotype―IZUA-POR 172. A, transverse section. B, tornotes in vertical arrangement at the subectosomal region. C, tornotes in bouquets at the ectosomal region. C, ectosomal layer of ectosomal acanthostyles. D, detail of the ectosomal layer with ectosomal acanthostyles. E, choanosomal reticulation of choanosomal acanthostyles I equinated by choanosomal acanthostyles II. F, choanosomal acanthostyles I and II echinating a basal plate of spongin, which covers debris. G, tornotes. H, extremities of the tornotes. I, choanosomal acanthostyles I. J, choanosomal acanthostyle II. K, ectosomal acanthostyles. L, anchorate isochelae I. M, anchorate isochelae II. N, sigmas. Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B–D = 50 µm; E = 250 µm; F = 100 µm; G = 50 µm; H = 5 µm; I–J = 50 µm; K–L = 25 µm; M = 5 µm; N = 25 µm.

FIGURE 8 in New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges

FIGURE 8. Crellomima sigmatifera Fernandez, Gastaldi & Hajdu, sp. nov.: type material preserved (A–B). A, encrusting specimen (holotype―IZUA-POR 172) over shell of a barnacle, in preservative (ethanol 70%). B, surface and part of the choanosomal region of the holotype (e. = ectosome, and c. = choanosome). Scale bars: A = 5 mm; B = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 6 in New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges

FIGURE 6. Crella (Pytheas) santacruzae Fernandez, Gastaldi, Thompson & Hajdu, sp. nov.: type material preserved (A–D). A, massive fragment (MNRJ 22479) of the holotype―ZIN 12081 in preservative (ethanol 70%). B, Same fragment of holotype turned over. C, massive fragment (MNRJ 22438) of the paratype―ZIN 12082 in preservative (ethanol 70%). D, Same fragment of paratype turned over. Scale bars: A–D = 5 mm.

FIGURE 1 in New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges

FIGURE 1. Map of collection points. A, southern South America and arrow pointing to 1—off Santa Cruz province, Argentina Sea. B, Desventuradas Archipelago and arrow pointing to 2—San Ambrosio Island. C, Chiloé Island and Corcovado Gulf showing zoomed out to D (arrows ponting to 3—Puñihuil, Cocotue bay, 4—Duahatao and 5—Metalqui Island) and zoomed in to E (arrow pointing to 6—Rada Negra, Palvitad fjord). Scale bars: A = 500 km; B = 10 km; C = 20 km; D–E = 5km. Map from Google Earth.

FIGURE 5 in New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges

FIGURE 5. Crella (Pytheas) desventuradae Fernandez, Gastaldi, Zapata-Hernández & Hajdu, sp. nov.: skeleton (A–F) and spicules (G–M, in SEM and light microscopy) of the holotype―MNHNCL POR-15019. A, transverse section. B, ectosomal region. C, detail of a spongin fiber at the subectosomal region with ectosomal acanthostyles (iii) and tract of tornotes (t) inside it. D, Ectosomal and subectosomal regions with ectosomal acanthostyles. E, choanosomal region with mesh of spongin fibers echinated by choanosomal acanthostyles I and II. F, detail of a spongin fiber echinated by choanosomal acanthostyles I (i) and II (ii) and with ectosomal acanthostyles (iii) inside it. G, spiculation showing choanosomal acanthostyles I (i) and II (ii), ecotosomal acanthostyles (iii), tornotes (t) and arcuate isochelae (a). H, extremities of a tornotes; I, choanosomal acanthostyles I; J, choanosomal acanthostyles II. K, ectosomal acanthostyles. L, acanthoxeas (in light microscopy). M, arcuate isochelae. Scale bars: A = 500 µm; B–D= 50 µm; E =200 µm; F = 50 µm; G = 50 µm; H = 1 µm; I–K = 10 µm; L = 20 µm; M = 2 µm.

FIGURE 2 in New species of Crella (Pytheas) Topsent, 1890 and Crellomima Rezvoi, 1925 (Crellidae, Poecilosclerida, Demospongiae) from Chilean shallow and Argentinean deep waters, with a synthesis on the known phylogenetic relationships of crellid sponges

FIGURE 2. Crella (Pytheas) chiloensis Fernandez, Gastaldi, Pardo & Hajdu, sp. nov.: type material in life and preserved (A–F). A, massive specimen in life (holotype—IZUA-POR 170). B, another massive specimen in life (paratype—MNRJ 16989). C–F, holotype in preservative (ethanol 70%) showing whole body (C), a membrane at the surface (indicated by arrow) (D), small oscules (indicated by arrow) (E) and pore sieves (F). Scale bars: A–C= 1 cm; D–E = 1 mm; F = 0.5 mm.