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1,929 results for “ARMS”
Data from: The escalatory Red Queen: population extinction and replacement following arms-race dynamics in poplar rust
Host-parasite systems provide convincing examples of Red Queen co-evolutionary dynamics. Yet, a key process underscored in Van Valen's theory – that arms-race dynamics can result in extinction – has never been documented. One reason for this may be that most sampling designs lack the breadth needed to illuminate the rapid pace of adaptation by pathogen populations. In this study we used a 25-years temporal sampling to decipher the demographic history of a plant pathogen: the poplar rust fungus, Melampsora larici-populina. A major adaptive event occurred in 1994 with the breakdown of R7 resistance carried by several poplar cultivars widely planted in Western Europe since 1982. The corresponding virulence rapidly spread in M. larici-populina populations, and nearly reached fixation in northern France, even on susceptible hosts. Using both temporal records of virulence profiles and temporal population genetic data, our analyses revealed that (i) R7 resistance breakdown resulted in the emergence of a unique and homogeneous genetic group, the so-called cultivated population, which predominated in northern France for about 20 years, (ii) selection for Vir7 individuals brought with it multiple other virulence types via hitchhiking, resulting in an overall increase in the population-wide number of virulence types and (iii) – above all – the emergence of the cultivated population superseded the initial population which predominated at the same place before R7 resistance breakdown. Our temporal analysis illustrates how antagonistic co-evolution can lead to population extinction and replacement, hence providing direct evidence for the escalation process which is at the core of Red Queen dynamics.
Data from: Ambulatory versus inpatient management of severe nausea and vomiting of pregnancy: a randomized control trial with patient preference arm
ABSTRACT Objective To determine whether ambulatory (outpatient, OP) treatment of severe nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP) is as effective as inpatient (IP) care. Design Non-blinded randomized control trial (RCT) with patient preference arm Setting Multi-center Participants Women less than 20 weeks pregnant with severe NVP and associated ketonuria Methods Women participating in the RCT were randomized via web-based application to either ambulatory or IP treatment. Women declining randomisation entered the patient preference trial (PPT) arm. Protocols, data collection and follow-up were the same for all participants. Main Outcome Measures Primary outcome was reduction in Pregnancy Unique Quantification of Emesis (PUQE) score at 48 hours. Secondary outcomes were duration of treatment; improvement in symptom scores and ketonuria at 48 hours; re-attendances within 7 days of discharge; and comparison of symptoms at 7 days post discharge Results 152/174 eligible women agreed to participate with 77/152 (51%) recruited to the RCT and 79/152 (49%) to the PPT. Patients were initially compared in 4 groups (randomized IP, randomized OP, non-randomized IP and non-randomized OP). Comprehensive cohort analysis of participants in the (RCT) and (PPT) did not demonstrate any differences in patient demographics or baseline clinical characteristics. Pooled analysis of IP versus OP groups showed no difference in reduction in PUQE score at 48 hours (p=0.86). There was no difference in change in eating score (p=0.69), drinking score (p=0.77), wellbeing rating (p=0.64) or reduction in ketonuria (p=0.47) at 48 hours, with no difference in duration of index treatment episode (p=0.83) or re-attendances within 7 days (p=0.52). Conclusions Ambulatory management is an effective alternative to inpatient management of severe NVP. The trial also demonstrated that many women requiring treatment for HG have a strong preferences regarding treatment setting, which needs to be considered by care providers, especially given the psychological impact of HG.
Data from: The role of ecology, neutral processes and antagonistic coevolution in an apparent sexual arms race
Some of the strongest examples of a sexual 'arms race' come from observations of correlated evolution in sexually antagonistic traits among populations. However, it remains unclear whether these cases truly represent sexually antagonistic coevolution; alternatively, ecological or neutral processes might also drive correlated evolution. To investigate these alternatives, we evaluated the contributions of intersex genetic correlations, ecological context, neutral genetic divergence and sexual coevolution in the correlated evolution of antagonistic traits among populations of Gerris incognitus water striders. We could not detect intersex genetic correlations for these sexually antagonistic traits. Ecological variation was related to population variation in the key female antagonistic trait (spine length, a defence against males), as well as body size. Nevertheless, population covariation between sexually antagonistic traits remained substantial and significant even after accounting for all of these processes. Our results therefore provide strong evidence for a contemporary sexual arms race.
Data from: Grasping the shape of belemnoid arm hooks - a quantitative approach
Chitinous arm hooks (onychites) of belemnoid coleoid cephalopods are widely distributed in Mesozoic sediments. Due to their relative abundance and variable morphology compared with the single, bullet-shaped, belemnite rostrum, arm hooks came into the focus of micropaleontologists as a promising index fossil group for the Jurassic–Cretaceous rock record and have been the target of functional, ecological, and phylogenetic interpretations in the past. Based on three well-preserved arm crowns of the Toarcian diplobelid Chondroteuthis wunnenbergi, we analyzed the shape of a total of 87 micro-hooks. The arm crown of Chondroteuthis is unique in having uniserial rather than biserial hooks. The first application of elliptic Fourier shape analysis to the arm weapons of belemnoid coleoids allows for the distinction of four micro-hook morphotypes and the quantification of shape variation within these morphotypes. Based on the best-preserved arm crown, we reconstructed the distribution of morphotypes within the arm crown and along a single arm. Our quantitative data support former observations that smaller hooks were found close to the mouth and at the most distal arm parts, while the largest hooks were found in the central part of the arm crown. Furthermore, we found a distinct arm differentiation, as not every arm was equipped with the same hook morphotype. Here, we report the functional specialization of the belemnoid arm crown for the first time and speculate about the potential function of the four morphotypes based on comparisons with modern cephalopods. Our analyses suggest a highly adapted functional morphology and intra-individual distribution of belemnoid hooks serving distinct purposes mainly during prey capture.
Data from: Climatic gradients of arms race coevolution
In nature, spatiotemporally dynamic coevolutionary processes play major roles in the foundation and maintenance of biodiversity. Here, we examined the arms race coevolution involving a seed-eating weevil with a long snout and its camellia plant host with a thick fruit coat (pericarp) throughout the marked climatic gradient observed across the Japanese islands. Results demonstrated that female weevils, which bored holes through camellia pericarps to lay eggs into seeds, had evolved much longer snouts than males, especially in areas in which Japanese camellia pericarps were very thick. The thickness of the plant pericarp was heritable, and the camellia plant evolved a significantly thicker pericarp on islands with the weevil than on islands without it. Across populations with weevils, resource allocation to plant defense increased with increasing annual mean temperature or annual precipitation, thereby geographically differentiating the evolutionary and ecological interactions between the two species. Given that the coevolutionary relationship exhibited appreciable variation across a relatively small range of annual mean temperatures, ongoing global climatic change can dramatically alter the coevolutionary process, thereby changing the ecological interaction between these species.
Data from: Fusion or hypertrophy?: The unusual arms of the Petalocrinidae (Ordovician-Devonian; Crinoidea)
The large, triangular or cylindrical second brachial plate of the Petalocrinidae was formed through fusion of brachial plates along the distal margin of the growing arms. Based on the number of ambulacral bifurcations, brachials from the primibrachitaxis through at least the quintibrachitaxis may have been fused to form this large plate. In Petalocrinus, all calcite of fused second brachials assume the same crystallographic orientation, but in Spirocrinus more than one crystal comprises the second brachial plate.
Coat Of Arms
Coat of arms found on the entry gate of fortress Vischering in Lüdinghausen, Germany. 1720. 3D scanned with 123D Catch, fixed with MeshLab. Location: 51.776331,7.442937 Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
16th C Portuguese Coat of Arms, Montemor-o-Novo
This piece belongs to the collection of the Museum of São Domingos, in Montemor-o-Novo, carved in limestone, where in the center are the arms of King D. Manuel, between two armillary spheres. At the bottom is the following inscription: ESTAS ARMAS MADOU AQUI POR FRCO FARZAO, JUIZ DE FORA EM ESTA VILA NO PRIMEIRO DIA DE JUNHO ERA DE MIL E D E XI ANOS. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
FIGURE 3. Larval polytene chromosomes, IIIS arm. a in Taxonomy and biology of Simulium clarkei Stone & Snoddy (Diptera: Simuliidae), a poorly known black fly of the southeastern United States
FIGURE 3. Larval polytene chromosomes, IIIS arm. a. Simulium emarginatum, Meherrin River, Virginia, showing standard sequence. b. Simulium clarkei, Meherrin River, North Carolina, showing IIIS inversion (brackets) with reversed orientation of 'blister' (bl) and 'capsule' (ca) markers. The centromere is on the left of each chromosome arm.
FIGURES 10–12. Macrophiothrix caenosa, holotype. 10. Dorsal arm plates, 16 in A new species of Macrophiothrix (Ophiuroidea: Ophiotrichidae) common in northern Australia
FIGURES 10–12. Macrophiothrix caenosa, holotype. 10. Dorsal arm plates, 16th and 17th from disc. 11. Ventral arm plates, 19th and 20th from mouth. 12. Single jaw. Scale bar 1 mm.
FIGURE 5. a—Arm B in Chironomus blaylocki sp. n. and C. bifurcatus sp. n., North American species near the base of the decorus-group (Diptera: Chironomidae)
FIGURE 5. a—Arm B of C. blaylocki sp. n. heterozygous for B1.2. The relative position of band groups 7 and 8 in the two homologs is marked. b—Arm G of a mid-Western larvae of C. bifurcatus sp. n. showing strong heterochromatin near the nucleolus, and also the presence of B-chromosomes (Bch). Other symbols as in Fig. 1.
FIGURE 4 in Early larval morphology of the armed nylon shrimp Heterocarpus ensifer ensifer A. Milne-Edwards, 1881 (Decapoda, Caridea, Pandalidae) from laboratory culture
FIGURE 4. Heterocarpus ensifer ensifer, second maxilliped: A, zoea I; B, zoea II; C, zoea III; D, zoea IV; third maxilliped: E, zoea I; F, zoea II; G, zoea IV. Scale bars: 100 μm.
FIGURE 3 in Early larval morphology of the armed nylon shrimp Heterocarpus ensifer ensifer A. Milne-Edwards, 1881 (Decapoda, Caridea, Pandalidae) from laboratory culture
FIGURE 3. Heterocarpus ensifer ensifer, maxillule: A, zoea I; B, zoea II; C, zoea IV; maxilla: D, zoea I; E, zoea III; first maxilliped: F, zoea I; G, zoea IV. Scale bars: 100 μm.
FIGURE 1 in Early larval morphology of the armed nylon shrimp Heterocarpus ensifer ensifer A. Milne-Edwards, 1881 (Decapoda, Caridea, Pandalidae) from laboratory culture
FIGURE 1. Heterocarpus ensifer ensifer, dorsal view: A, zoea I; lateral view: B, zoea II; C, zoea III; D, zoea IV; ventral margin of carapace: E, zoea I; F, zoea III; G, zoea IV; carapace dorsal view: H, zoea I; I, zoea II; J, zoea III; K, zoea IV. Scale bars: A-D, H-K = 500 μm; E-G = 100 μm.
FIGURE 2 in Early larval morphology of the armed nylon shrimp Heterocarpus ensifer ensifer A. Milne-Edwards, 1881 (Decapoda, Caridea, Pandalidae) from laboratory culture
FIGURE 2. Heterocarpus ensifer ensifer, antennule: A, zoea I; B, zoea II; C, zoea III; D, zoea IV; antenna: E, zoea I; F, zoea III; G, zoea IV. Scale bars: 100 μm.
FIGURE 5 in Early larval morphology of the armed nylon shrimp Heterocarpus ensifer ensifer A. Milne-Edwards, 1881 (Decapoda, Caridea, Pandalidae) from laboratory culture
FIGURE 5. Heterocarpus ensifer ensifer, first pereiopod: A, zoea II; B, zoea III; C, zoea IV; second pereiopod: D, zoea IV; pleon: E, zoea I; F, zoea II; G, zoea III; H, zoea IV. Scale bars: A – D = 100 μm; E – H = 500 μm.
FIGURE 3. Salivary gland chromosome arms B and F. a in Chironomus polonicus sp. n. (Diptera: Chironomidae) from southern Poland
FIGURE 3. Salivary gland chromosome arms B and F. a: chromosome BF of Chironomus polonicus sp. n. [band patterns of arm F can compare with the same arm of C. aprilinus (b)]; b: chromosome arm F of Chironoimus aprilinus Kieffer [according to Keyl (1962)]. The arrow indicates the localization of the centromere. Bar = 100 μm.
FIGURE 2. Salivary gland chromosome arms A and E. a in Chironomus polonicus sp. n. (Diptera: Chironomidae) from southern Poland
FIGURE 2. Salivary gland chromosome arms A and E. a: Chromosome arm A of Chironomus piger Strenzke (according to Keyl, 1962); b: Chromosome arm A of Chironomus pseudothummi Strenzke (according to Keyl, 1962); c: Chromosome AE of Chironomus polonicus sp. n. [band patterns of arm A can compare with the same arm of C. piger (a) and C. pseudothummi (b); band patterns of arm E can compare with the same arm of C. pseudothummi (d)]; d: Chromosome arm of Chironomus pseudothummi Strenzke [according to Keyl (1962)]. The arrow indicates the localization of the centromere. Bar = 100 μm.
FIGURE 4. Salivary gland chromosome arms C, D and G. a in Chironomus polonicus sp. n. (Diptera: Chironomidae) from southern Poland
FIGURE 4. Salivary gland chromosome arms C, D and G. a: chromosome CD of C. polonicus sp. n; b: chromosome G of C. polonicus sp. n. BR—Balbiani Ring, NOR—Nucleolar organizer. The arrow indicates the position of the centromere. Bar = 100 μm.
FIGURE 1 in Sometimes two arms are enough—an unusual life-stage in brittle stars (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea)
FIGURE 1. Morphology of Amphiura ungulata, adults. (A) dorsal disc, (B) radial shields, (C) arm dorsolaterally with spines, (D) ventral aspect, disc lost, (E) oral frame, (F) ventral arm. M, madreporite. SEM images, scale bars in millimetre.
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