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Figure 3 in Comparative osteology and phylogenetic systematics of fossil and living bony-tongue fishes (Actinopterygii, Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha)

Figure 3. Hypotheses of osteoglossomorph interrelationships, redrawn from: A, Shen (1996); B, Bonde (1996); C, Taverne (1998). Question marks and dashed lines indicate doubt concerning the placement of a taxon. Note that Shen's (1996) hypothesis places several fossil taxa that are commonly regarded as osteoglossomorphs outside the group (e.g. †Jiaohichthys, †Lycoptera, †Tongxinichthys & †Plesiolycoptera). Taverne's (1998) hypothesis resulted from analysis of 344 characters, although these were presented as a list rather than in the form of a data matrix, and some characters were reversals of others (see Cavin & Forey, 2001). Note that Taverne (1998) considered †Brychaetus to be distantly related to †Phareodus (contrary to Li et al., 1997a), and he considered both genera to be paraphyletic. Contrary to Li & Wilson (1996a), Taverne (1998) considered †Ostariostoma and †Lycoptera to be closely related to the hiodontids, †Singida to be relatively basal, and the monophyly of Scleropages to be uncertain.

Figure 21 in Comparative osteology and phylogenetic systematics of fossil and living bony-tongue fishes (Actinopterygii, Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha)

Figure 21. Infraorbital bones of Elops and osteoglossomorphs showing different numbering strategies employed by Nelson (1969), Li & Wilson (1996a), and the present study. Nelson's and Li & Wilson's numbering systems are given anterior to posterior, and distinct elements are separated by commas. All are redrawn from those illustrated by Nelson (1969) except for †Lycoptera, which is from Jin et al. (1995) (Nelson did not illustrate †Lycoptera in his study). Black dots indicate position of the neuromast organ(s) associated with each element.

Figure 26 in Comparative osteology and phylogenetic systematics of fossil and living bony-tongue fishes (Actinopterygii, Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha)

Figure 26. Suspensorium and opercular bones of Heterotis niloticus (MCZ 50959, adult, unknown SL) in medial view. A, photograph. B, line drawing. Note the reduced subopercle. The element labelled 'dpl + ecp' has been suggested in the past to be a fusion of the dermopalatine and the ectopterygoid, although no ontogenetic evidence supports this (see Character 30). Anterior facing right.

Figure 34 in Comparative osteology and phylogenetic systematics of fossil and living bony-tongue fishes (Actinopterygii, Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha)

Figure 34. Abdominal region of Notopteridae. A, Abdominal region of Chitala sp. (UMA F10341, 75 mm SL), showing several features characteristic of the family Notopteridae. Note particularly the abdominal scutes, abdominal ribs, elongate second and third true ribs (perhaps abdominal ribs and true ribs that have fused), anal scutes and an enlarged proximal radial of the first anal pterygiophore. The abdominal ribs develop like true ribs and may fuse to the true ribs; the autogenous abdominal ribs are marked with arrows. There is a small cartilaginous element that is developed posterior to the last ossified abdominal rib, which likely is the fifth autogenous abdominal rib. B, close-up of pelvic fin region showing details of the pelvic girdle, abdominal scutes and the proximal radial of the first anal pterygiophore. Note that the abdominal and anal scutes are both paired structures.

Figure 33 in Comparative osteology and phylogenetic systematics of fossil and living bony-tongue fishes (Actinopterygii, Teleostei, Osteoglossomorpha)

Figure 33. Some elements of the left branchial arches of A, Heterotis niloticus (UMA F10653, 75 mm SL) and B, Pantodon buchholzi (FMNH 63752, 74 mm SL) in dorsal and medial views showing position of the accessory cartilages associated with the fourth and fifth branchial arches. Gill rakers omitted. Cartilage shown in black. Anterior facing right.

Fig. 2. A in Novel data support validity of Phoxinus chrysoprasius (Pallas, 1814) (Actinopterygii, Leuciscidae)

Fig. 2. A haplotype network based on cytochrome oxidase I (CO1) fragment using 112 previously published GenBank sequences and representing 20 genetic clades numbered as in Palandačić et al. (2017, 2020), of which 12 are considered valid species including P. chrysoprasius (Pallas, 1814) and Kuban' Phoxinus (an available species name not known). The lines carry the number of mutational steps (shown in red).

Fig. 1 in Novel data support validity of Phoxinus chrysoprasius (Pallas, 1814) (Actinopterygii, Leuciscidae)

Fig. 1. Map of the localities of Phoxinus Agassiz, 1835 in river drainages of the northern and north-eastern coasts of the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea based on numerous published sources (references available in Supp. file 1) and public museum collections (Museum of Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Kyiv, Ukraine; Natural History Museum, Vienna, Austria; Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany). Coloured circles and numbers correspond to genetically examined individuals of clades specified in Palandačić et al. (2017, 2020): yellow circle = P. marsilii, Clade 9; black circles = 'Baltic Phoxinus', Clade 17; grey circles = P. colchicus, Clade 18; purple circle = 'Kuban Phoxinus', Clade 19; pink circle = 'Crimean Phoxinus', Clade 20.

Fig. 4 in Novel data support validity of Phoxinus chrysoprasius (Pallas, 1814) (Actinopterygii, Leuciscidae)

Fig. 4. DFA based on 11 counts, two coded characters, and 55 relative measurements, for males and females separately (A) and for females only (B). Numbers of samples or clades as in Fig. 3. Abbreviations: f = females; m = males. DFA statistics values: A. Wilks' Lambda 0.00000, approx. F (156.189) = 11.390, p <0.0000. B. Wilks' Lambda 0.00002, approx. F (48.48) = 36.279, p <0.0000 (perfect discrimination).

Fig. 3 in Novel data support validity of Phoxinus chrysoprasius (Pallas, 1814) (Actinopterygii, Leuciscidae)

Fig. 3. DFA based on 11 counts and 2 coded characters as in Supp. file 4. Clade 5 = 5a, Danubian tributaries in Bulgaria (Nishava, Beli Vit, and Palakaria samples and P. csikii Hankó, 1922 from type locality). Clade 14 = non-Danubian rivers of the Black Sea coast in Bulgaria (14a, Izvorska, Veleka, Karaagach and Kamchiya) and Turkey (14b, Gönen and Sapanca). Clade 9 = P. marsilii Heckel, 1836. Clade 20 = Crimea, Salhir. DFA statistics values: Wilks' Lambda 0.16694, approx. F (45.1345) = 14.709, p <0.0000 (perfect discrimination).

Fig. 5. A in Novel data support validity of Phoxinus chrysoprasius (Pallas, 1814) (Actinopterygii, Leuciscidae)

Fig. 5. A. Neotype of Phoxinus chrysoprasius (Pallas, 1814), ♂ (ZFMK 93640-59). B. ♀ (ZFMK 93640- 59), 87.2 mm SL, same locality and date as the neotype.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2023View details →

Figure 1 in Length-weight relationship, sex ratio, and diet of three fish species (Actinopterygii: Teleostei) in streams of the Pomba River basin, Paraíba do Sul river drainage, Southeastern Brazil

Figure 1. Volumetric frequency (Vi%) of food items identified in the diet of D. intermedius (A), A. paraibae (B) and H. punctatus (C) in streams in the Pomba River basin, Brazil, from October to December 2018.

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Data from: Taxic and morphological diversification during the early radiation of Clupeomorpha (Actinopterygii, Teleostei)

<p>Evolutionary radiation is a problematic concept whose definition and classification have recently changed. Radiations can be defined as the pattern of abrupt increase in diversity of a lineage. It is relevant to evaluate the presence and interaction of different types of radiation in extant and fossil organisms to adequately delimitate the radiation types and to know the diversity in the context of Earth´s history. Here, we employed superorder Clupeomorpha in the Early-Late Cretaceous boundary as a study case to recognize the radiation types and their interactions, using both taxic and morphologic approaches. Clupeomorpha is a diverse and ancient teleostean superorder with a wide geographic and ecological distribution, that has been extensively studied. We proposed a model to calculate rates of origination to analyze the taxic diversification and employed geometric morphometrics to analyze the morphological diversification that occurred at the time boundary. The results suggest the absence of taxic radiation due to the constant increase in the taxa origination. However, the expansion of the phylomorphospace occupation and the disparity increase suggest the presence of a climatic-geographical-disparification and broad diversification-like, according to the current classifications. This exhibits the incompatibility of the current radiation classifications with the case study. </p>

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

figure 7 in Zebrus pallaoroi sp. nov.: a new species of goby (Actinopterygii: Gobiidae) from the Mediterranean Sea with a DNA-based phylogenetic analysis of the Gobius-lineage

figure 7 Haplotype networks constructed by a statistical parsimony method based on cytochrome b gene sequences. The number of mutational steps between the two closest haplotypes is indicated by hatch marks. Missing intermediate haplotypes are shown as small black circles.

figure 8 in Zebrus pallaoroi sp. nov.: a new species of goby (Actinopterygii: Gobiidae) from the Mediterranean Sea with a DNA-based phylogenetic analysis of the Gobius-lineage

figure 8 Haplotype networks constructed by a statistical parsimony method based on rhodopsin gene sequences. The number of mutational steps between the two closest haplotypes is indicated by hatch marks. Missing intermediate haplotypes are shown as small black circles.

figure 6 Bayesian 50 in Zebrus pallaoroi sp. nov.: a new species of goby (Actinopterygii: Gobiidae) from the Mediterranean Sea with a DNA-based phylogenetic analysis of the Gobius-lineage

figure 6 Bayesian 50% majority-rule consensus tree estimation of phylogenetic relationships of analysed species from the Gobius-lineage sensu Agorreta et al. (2013) based on the nuclear gene rhodopsin. Numbers on branches are Bayesian posterior probabilities and maximum likelihood bootstrap values, respectively. Only values higher than 0.9 for posterior probability and 70% for bootstrap are shown.

figure 5 Bayesian 50 in Zebrus pallaoroi sp. nov.: a new species of goby (Actinopterygii: Gobiidae) from the Mediterranean Sea with a DNA-based phylogenetic analysis of the Gobius-lineage

figure 5 Bayesian 50% majority-rule consensus tree estimation of phylogenetic relationships of analysed species from the Gobius-lineage sensu Agorreta et al. (2013) based on the mitochondrial gene cytochrome b. Numbers on branches are Bayesian posterior probabilities and maximum likelihood bootstrap values, respectively. Only values higher than 0.9 for posterior probability and 70% for bootstrap are shown.

figure 4 in Zebrus pallaoroi sp. nov.: a new species of goby (Actinopterygii: Gobiidae) from the Mediterranean Sea with a DNA-based phylogenetic analysis of the Gobius-lineage

figure 4 Map of sampling localities of Zebrus pallaoroi sp. nov. (circle) and Z. zebrus (square). The type locality of Z. pallaoroi and locality of neotype of Z. zebrus are marked with hatching. The westernmost record of Z. zebrus is indicated by ■. The first record of Millerigobius macrocephalus from Cyprus is indicated by ▲.

figure 1 in Zebrus pallaoroi sp. nov.: a new species of goby (Actinopterygii: Gobiidae) from the Mediterranean Sea with a DNA-based phylogenetic analysis of the Gobius-lineage

figure 1 Preserved specimens. (A) Zebrus pallaoroi sp. nov., npm P6V144302, holotype, male, 31.81 + 8.51 mm, Kostanjica, Boka Kotorska, Adriatic Sea, Montenegro. Photo by M. Kovačić. (B) Zebrus zebrus, nmp P6V 140912, neotype, female, 23.25 + 6.22 mm, Îll Gross, Banyuls sur Mer, France (C) Millerigobius macrocephalus, nmp P6V 142686, juvenile of unidentified sex, 14.28 + 3.97 mm, Îll Gross, Banyuls sur Mer, France.

figure 2 in Zebrus pallaoroi sp. nov.: a new species of goby (Actinopterygii: Gobiidae) from the Mediterranean Sea with a DNA-based phylogenetic analysis of the Gobius-lineage

figure 2 Zebrus pallaoroi sp. nov. nmp P6V 144300, paratype, male, 27.72 + 6.83 mm, Kostanjica, Boka Kotorska, Adriatic Sea, Montenegro: (A) posterior and anterior nostrils; (B) pelvic fin with anterior membrane; (C) ventrolateral head ridges marked with black arrows and transversal connection marked with a grey arrow, small mental fold visible at the lower lip, anteriorly from the transversal connection of ventrolateral ridges. Zebrus zebrus: nmp P6V 142593, male, 21.84 + 5.6 mm, Selce, Kvarner area, Croatia: (D) posterior and anterior nostrils; (E) pelvic fin with anterior membrane; (F) ventrolateral head ridges marked with black arrows. photos by m. kovačiĆ.