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opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Ecological opportunity alters the timing and shape of adaptive radiation

The uneven distribution of diversity is a conspicuous phenomenon across the tree of life. Ecological opportunity is a prominent catalyst of adaptive radiation and therefore may alter patterns of diversification. We evaluated the distribution of shifts in diversification rates across the cichlid phylogeny and the distribution of major clades across phylogenetic space. We also tested if ecological opportunity influenced these patterns. Colonization-associated ecological opportunity altered the tempo and mode of diversification during the adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes. Clades that arose following colonization events diversified faster than other clades. Speciation rate shifts were non-randomly distributed across the phylogeny such that they were disproportionally concentrated around nodes that corresponded with colonization events (i.e., of continents, river basins, or lakes). Young clades tend to expand faster than older clades; however, colonization-associated ecological opportunity accentuated this pattern. There was an interaction between clade age and ecological opportunity that explained the trajectory of clades through phylogenetic space over time. Our results indicate that ecological opportunities afforded by continental- and ecosystem-scale colonization events explain the dramatic speciation rate heterogeneity and phylogenetic imbalance that arose during the evolutionary history of cichlid fishes.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

Data from: Relaxed trait covariance in interspecific cichlid hybrids predicts morphological diversity in adaptive radiations

The process of adaptive radiation involves multiple events of speciation in short succession, associated with ecological diversification. Understanding this process requires identifying the origins of heritable phenotypic variation that allows adaptive radiation to progress. Hybridization is one source of genetic and morphological variation that may spur adaptive radiation. We experimentally explored the potential role of hybridization in facilitating the onset of adaptive radiation. We generated first- and second-generation hybrids of four species of African cichlid fish, extant relatives of the putative ancestors of the adaptive radiations of Lakes Victoria and Malawi. We compared patterns in hybrid morphological variation with the variation in the lake radiations. We show that significant fractions of the interspecific morphological variation and the major trajectories in morphospace that characterize whole radiations can be generated in second-generation hybrids. Furthermore, we show that covariation between traits is relaxed in second-generation hybrids, which may facilitate adaptive diversification. These results support the idea that hybridization can provide the heritable phenotypic diversity necessary to initiate adaptive radiation.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: Changes in the chlorophyll content of grape leaves could provide a physiological index for responses and adaptation to UV-C radiation

Stilbenes are a group of phytoalexins that play an important role in grapevine (Vitis) basal immunity and can be induced by biotic and abiotic stresses. The levels of chlorophylls, the main pigments in plant cells, can also indicate the tolerance of plants to various stresses. Here, the response of different grapevine genotypes to UV-C radiation treatment was tested and the abundance of chlorophyll in the Hoe29 and Ke53 genotypes was observed to increase significantly within 6 h of UV-C treatment. Conversely, chlorophyll levels decreased markedly in the Augster Weiss and Müller-Thurgau genotypes. Furthermore, stilbene abundance increased substantially in the Hoe29, Ke53, Ke83 and Pinot Blanc genotypes, but increased only slightly in Augster Weiss and Müller-Thurgau. The expression of RESVERATROL SYNTHASE, which encodes a key enzyme in the stilbene synthesis pathway, increased in Hoe29, Ke53, Ke83 and Pinot Blanc following UV-C treatment, in a manner consistent with stilbene accumulation. In addition, we observed that reactive oxygen species (ROS) provide a key trigger in physiological responses and changes in secondary metabolite contents. In summary, the results from this study support a link between ROS, chlorophyll levels and genetic diversity for stilbene abundance in different grape genotypes, providing insights into mechanisms for plant physiological and biochemical responses and adaptations to stress.

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

Data from: Evidence for a mid-Jurassic adaptive radiation in mammals

A series of spectacular discoveries have transformed our understanding of Mesozoic mammals in recent years. These finds reveal hitherto-unsuspected ecomorphological diversity that suggests that mammals experienced a major adaptive radiation during the Middle to Late Jurassic. Patterns of mammalian macroevolution must be reinterpreted in light of these new discoveries, but only taxonomic diversity and limited aspects of morphological disparity have been quantified. We assess rates of morphological evolution and temporal patterns of disparity using large datasets of discrete characters. Rates of morphological evolution were significantly elevated prior to the Late Jurassic, with a pronounced peak occurring during the Early to Middle Jurassic. This intense burst of phenotypic innovation coincided with a stepwise increase in apparent long-term standing diversity and the attainment of maximum disparity, supporting a "short-fuse" model of early mammalian diversification. Rates then declined sharply, and remained significantly low until the end of the Mesozoic, even among therians. This supports the "long-fuse" model of diversification in Mesozoic therians. Our findings demonstrate that sustained morphological innovation in Triassic stem-group mammals culminated in a global adaptive radiation of crown-group members during the Early to Middle Jurassic.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2011View details →

Figs. 36–47 in Cryptic, adaptive radiation of endoparasitic snails: sibling species of Leptoconchus (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) in corals

Figs. 36–47 Shell aspects; left and center columns = frontal and apical view of female holotype; right column = frontal view of male paratype. (36–38) L. intalpina sp. nov.; (39–41) L. inalbechi sp. nov.; (42–44) L. incrassa sp. nov.; (45–47) L. ingrandifungi sp. nov. Scale bar = 1 cm

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2011View details →

Figs. 6–20 in Cryptic, adaptive radiation of endoparasitic snails: sibling species of Leptoconchus (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) in corals

Figs. 6–20 Shell aspects; left and center columns = frontal and apical view of female holotype; right column = frontal view of male paratype. (6–8) Leptoconchus inactiniformis sp. nov.; (9–11) L.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2011View details →

Fig. 3 Cytochrome Oxidase I in Cryptic, adaptive radiation of endoparasitic snails: sibling species of Leptoconchus (Gastropoda: Coralliophilidae) in corals

Fig. 3 Cytochrome Oxidase I phylogeny reconstruction of fungiidassociated Leptoconchus species, showing strict consensus of five trees, i.e. the two most parsimonious trees resulting from a heuristic search, and the three 50% consensus trees with compatible groupings

opennotspecifiedOct 2015View details →

Figure 106 in The tribe Bryocorini (Insecta: Heteroptera: Miridae: Bryocorinae): phylogeny, description of a new genus, and adaptive radiation on ferns

Figure 106. Host associations of Bryocorinae superimposed on phylogeny from Fig. 105.

opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

Phylogenetic signatures of ecological divergence and leapfrog adaptive radiation in Espeletia

PREMISE: Events of accelerated species diversification represent one of Earth's most celebrated evolutionary outcomes. Northern Andean high-elevation ecosystems, or páramos, host some plant lineages that have experienced the fastest diversification rates, likely triggered by ecological opportunities created by mountain uplifts, local climate shifts and key trait innovations. However, the mechanisms behind rapid speciation into the new adaptive zone provided by these opportunities have long remained unclear. METHODS: We address this issue by studying the Venezuelan clade of Espeletia, a species-rich group of páramo-endemics showing a dazzling ecological and morphological diversity. We performed a number of comparative analyses to study both lineage and trait diversification, using an updated molecular phylogeny of this plant group. KEY RESULTS: We showed that sets of either vegetative or reproductive traits have conjointly diversified in Espeletiaalong different vegetation belts, leading to adaptive syndromes. Diversification in vegetative traits occurred earlier than in reproductive ones. The rate of species and morphological diversification showed a tendency to slow down over time, probably due to diversity dependence. We also found that closely related species exhibit significantly more overlap in their geographic distributions than distantly related taxa, suggesting that most events of ecological divergence occurred at close geographic proximity within páramos. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide compelling support for a scenario of small-scale ecological divergence along multiple ecological niche dimensions, possibly driven by competitive interactions between species, and acting sequentially over time in a leapfrog pattern.

opennotspecifiedSep 2018View details →

Fig. A.1 in Phylogenomics, biogeography, and adaptive radiation of grapes

Fig. A.1 Bioinformatics flow chart of the genome resequencing analysis of Vitis.

opennotspecifiedSep 2018View details →

Fig. A.3 in Phylogenomics, biogeography, and adaptive radiation of grapes

Fig. A.3 The principal components analysis (PCA) of 39 grapes of subgenus Vitis.

restrictedIPD-UNDECIDEDFeb 2026View details →

A Pilot Study of Individualized Adaptive Radiation Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02460835. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.

Adaptive Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy to the Prostate and Pelvic Nodes With Simultaneous Integrated Boost to the MR-detected Nodule for Patients With High-risk and Unfavorable Intermediate-risk

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05628363. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.

restrictedIPD-UNDECIDEDFeb 2026View details →

A Pilot Study of Response-Driven Adaptive Radiation Therapy for Patients With Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02492867. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.

restrictedIPD-UNDECIDEDFeb 2026View details →

Hypofractionated Adaptive Image-Guided Radiation Therapy for Localized Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00809991. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.

Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer Treated With ABLAtivE Stereotactic MRI-guided Adaptive Radiation Therapy

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05585554. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 0. Publications: 1.

ADMIRAL Trial: Adaptive Mediastinal Radiation With Chemo-Immunotherapy

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04372927. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.

Phase I Study of IMRT and Molecular-Image Guided Adaptive Radiation Therapy for Advanced HNSCC

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01283178. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.

controlledIPD-YESFeb 2026View details →

NRSTS2021, A Risk Adapted Study Evaluating Maintenance Pazopanib, Limited Margin, Dose-Escalated Radiation Therapy and Selinexor in Non-Rhabdomyosarcoma Soft Tissue Sarcoma (NRSTS)

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT06239272. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.

Adaptive Staged Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy in Treating Patients With Spinal Metastases That Cannot Be Removed by Surgery

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02527304. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.