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Fig. 3 in Fig. 4 in Fig. 4 in Responses of Phyllostomid Bats to Traditional Agriculture in Neotropical Montane Forests of Southern Mexico.

Fig. 3. Carapaces of male Austruca variegata (Heller, 1862) (a, b), A. bengali (Crane, 1975) (c) and A. triangularis (A. Milne-Edwards, 1873) (d). (a) CW 16.6 mm (ZRC 2001.0853; left-handed; Tamil Nadu, India); (b) CW 14.5 mm (ZRC 2017.0917; left-handed; West Bengal, India); (c) CW 14.5 mm (NCHUZOOL 14345; right-handed; Selangor, Malaysia); (d) CW 14.8 mm (NCHUZOOL 13574; lefthanded; Cebu, Philippines).

Fig. 2. Fresh specimen photos for West Indian Ocean II Group type A in Fig. 4 in Responses of Phyllostomid Bats to Traditional Agriculture in Neotropical Montane Forests of Southern Mexico.

Fig. 2. Fresh specimen photos for West Indian Ocean II Group type A (WIO IIA) and West Indian Ocean II Group type B (WIO IIB), and western Arabian type (WA), and the posterior part of the soft dorsal fin. Scale bar = 5 cm.

Fig. 5 in Fig. 4 in Responses of Phyllostomid Bats to Traditional Agriculture in Neotropical Montane Forests of Southern Mexico.

Fig. 5. (a) The lateral face of the left sagittal otolith, from the WIO IIA, WIO IIB, and WA groups with a scale bar of 2 mm. (b) Canonical analysis of principal coordinates on the wavelet coefficients from otolith outlines based on Euclidean distance. Letters A, B, and WA indicate the mean canonical score of the WIO IIA, WIO IIB, and WA groups, respectively. Error bars around the mean present one standard error. (c) Mean otolith shape based on wavelet reconstruction for the WIO IIA, WIO IIB, and WA groups, respectively.

Fig. 7 in Fig. 4 in Fig. 4 in Responses of Phyllostomid Bats to Traditional Agriculture in Neotropical Montane Forests of Southern Mexico.

Fig. 7. Urocardiac ossicles of Austruca variegata (Heller, 1862) (a, b, e), A. bengali (Crane, 1975) (c, f) and A. triangularis (A. Milne-Edwards, 1873) (d, g). (a) male (CW 16.1 mm, ZRC 2003.0463; Tamil Nadu, India); (b, e) female (CW 14.5 mm, ZRC 2003.0463; Tamil Nadu, India); (c) male (CW 13.1 mm, QM W27320; Phuket, Thailand); (d) male (CW 14.8 mm, NCHUZOOL 13574; Cebu, Philippines); (f) male (CW 12.5 mm, QM W27320; Phuket, Thailand); (g) female (CW 14.6 mm, NCHUZOOL 14350; Cebu, Philippines). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 1 in Responses of Phyllostomid Bats to Traditional Agriculture in Neotropical Montane Forests of Southern Mexico.

Fig. 1. Location of sampling localities (white dots; two sampling sites per locality) for phyllostomid bats in Oaxaca, Mexico. Cover types: agricultural areas (AGR), pine-oak forest (POF), and montane cloud forest (MCF). Source: Google Earth (February 2012), Digital Globe and NASA.

Fig. 2 in Responses of Phyllostomid Bats to Traditional Agriculture in Neotropical Montane Forests of Southern Mexico.

Fig. 2. Rank abundance curves of phyllostomids bats in neotropical temperate forest and agricultural areas in southern Mexico.

Fig. 11 in Fig. 4 in Fig. 4 in Responses of Phyllostomid Bats to Traditional Agriculture in Neotropical Montane Forests of Southern Mexico.

Fig. 11. The live coloration of Austruca triangularis (A. Milne-Edwards, 1873). (a–d) dorsal view of adult male; (e, f) dorsal view of juvenile male; (g, h) frontal view of adult male. (a, g) NCHUZOOL 14347 (140716, Bali, Indonesia); (b, h) male (CW 11.5 mm, NCHUZOOL 14349; Cebu, Philippines); (c, d) specimens lost (Baoli River estuary, Pingtung, Taiwan); (f) NCHUZOOL 14346 (Labuan, Malaysia).

Fig. 4 in Responses of Phyllostomid Bats to Traditional Agriculture in Neotropical Montane Forests of Southern Mexico.

Fig. 4. Non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS) ordination of phyllostomid bats in neotropical temperate forests and agricultural areas in southern Mexico. a) species composition, b) guilds. Cover types: agriculture (solid line), montane cloud forest (dashed line), and pine-oak forest (dotted line).

Fig. 1 in Fig. 4 in Responses of Phyllostomid Bats to Traditional Agriculture in Neotropical Montane Forests of Southern Mexico.

Fig. 1. (c) one subtree in the Arabian Gulf/South Africa clade showing two clusters: the South Africa clade and the Western Arabian Gulf type (WA) clade; (d) subtree in the Arabian Gulf/South Africa clade showing one group that is identical to the West Indian Ocean II (WIO II) group from Lo et al. (2017), WIO II type A, and WIO II type B. The black numbers at nodes are bootstrap supporting values (%). Only values larger than 80% are shown. Grey numbers in italics on the branches represent branch length, with only those longer than 3% plotted. Samples collected from the Arabian Gulf are abbreviated with LKR.

Fig. 1 in Fig. 4 in Fig. 4 in Responses of Phyllostomid Bats to Traditional Agriculture in Neotropical Montane Forests of Southern Mexico.

Fig. 1. Male Austruca variegata (Heller, 1862) (a–d) and Cranuca inversa (Hoffmann, 1874) (e). (a) habitus; (b, c) major cheliped; (d, e) merus of right major cheliped. (a, b) lectotype, CW 17.2 mm (PL 24.7 mm, NHMW 25656; Madras, India), originally identified as A. perplexa. (c) "Gelasimus perplexus" in Heller (1865: pl. 5(4)). (d) male (CW 18.6 mm, ZRC 2018.1375; Tamil Nadu, India). (e) CW 19.9 mm (NCHUZOOL 14904; Al Darb, Arabia). Scale bars = 5.0 mm.

Fig. 6. Right G1s in Fig. 4 in Fig. 4 in Responses of Phyllostomid Bats to Traditional Agriculture in Neotropical Montane Forests of Southern Mexico.

Fig. 6. Right G1s of Austruca variegata (Heller, 1862) (a, b, c, f), A. bengali (Crane, 1975) (d, g) and A. triangularis (A. Milne-Edwards, 1873) (e, h). (a, f–h) lateral view of distal part; (b) mesial view of distal part; (c–e) lateral view. (a, b) CW 16.6 mm (ZRC 2001.0853; Tamil Nadu, India); (c, f) CW CW 14.5 mm (ZRC 2017.0917; West Bengal, India); (d, g) 14.5 mm (NCHUZOOL 14345; Selangor, Malaysia); (e, h) 14.8 mm (NCHUZOOL 13574; Cebu, Philippines). Scale bars: a, b, f–h = 0.5 mm, c–e = 1.0 mm.

Fig. 7 in Fig. 4 in Responses of Phyllostomid Bats to Traditional Agriculture in Neotropical Montane Forests of Southern Mexico.

Fig. 7. The first gill arch (left panels, scale bar = 10 mm) and swim bladder (right panels, scale bar = 50 mm) for the WIO IIA, WIO IIB groups, and Otolithes arabicus sp. nov.

Fig. 10 in Fig. 4 in Fig. 4 in Responses of Phyllostomid Bats to Traditional Agriculture in Neotropical Montane Forests of Southern Mexico.

Fig. 10. The live coloration of Austruca bengali (Crane, 1975) (a–g). (a, b) dorsal view of adult male; (c, d) dorsal view of juvenile male; (e) frontal view of adult male; (f) frontal view of juvenile female; (g) a female in the field (not captured; Phuket, Thailand); (h) habitat in Phuket, Thailand. (a) male (not captured; Selangor, Malaysia); (b) male (not captured; Phuket, Thailand); (c, d) male (CW 7.3, 7.8 mm, NCHUZOOL 14361; Phuket, Thailand); (e) male (CW 14.5 mm, NCHUZOOL 14345; Selangor, Malaysia); (f) female (CW 8.1 cm, NCHUZOOL 14361; Phuket, Thailand).

Fig. 5 in Fig. 4 in Fig. 4 in Responses of Phyllostomid Bats to Traditional Agriculture in Neotropical Montane Forests of Southern Mexico.

Fig. 5. Outer and inner sides of major palm of Austruca variegata (Heller, 1862) (a–d), A. bengali (Crane, 1975) (e, f) and A. triangularis (A. MilneEdwards, 1873) (g, h). (a, b) CW 16.6 mm (ZRC 2001.0853; left-handed; Tamil Nadu, India); (c, d) CW 14.5 mm (ZRC 2017.0917; left-handed; West Bengal, India); (e, f) CW 14.5 mm (NCHUZOOL 14345; right-handed; Selangor, Malaysia); (g, h) CW 14.8 mm (NCHUZOOL 13574; lefthanded; Cebu, Philippines).

Fig. 9 in Fig. 4 in Fig. 4 in Responses of Phyllostomid Bats to Traditional Agriculture in Neotropical Montane Forests of Southern Mexico.

Fig. 9. The live coloration of Austruca variegata (Heller, 1862) (a–h). (a, b) dorsal view of male; (c, d) frontal view of male; (e) dorsal view of female; (f) two males fighting; (g) two males moving to low intertidal zone for feeding; (h) a male A. variegata (left) and a male A. annulipes (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) (right) sympatric in one locality. Specimens not captured. Photos taken from Vellar River estuary, Porto Novo, Tamil Nadu, India.

Fig. 3 in Fig. 4 in Responses of Phyllostomid Bats to Traditional Agriculture in Neotropical Montane Forests of Southern Mexico.

Fig. 3. (a) Canonical analysis of principal coordinates for 30 standardized morphology measurements based on Euclidean distance. Letters A, B, and WA indicate the mean canonical value of the WIO IIA, WIO IIB, and WA groups, respectively. Error bars around the mean present one standard error. (b) Contributions of different measurements (measurement scores, proportional to the eigenvalues) on the constrained ordination plot. The measurement abbreviations refer to appendix 1.

Fig. 1 in Fig. 4 in Responses of Phyllostomid Bats to Traditional Agriculture in Neotropical Montane Forests of Southern Mexico.

Fig. 1. (a) Full phylogenetic tree of the genus Otolithes with specimens from the Indo-Pacific, Western Arabian Gulf, and South Africa by Kimura- 2P distance and maximum-likelihood distance using the GTR + G nucleotide substitution model and Protonibea diacanthus as the outgroup; (b) subtree showing three clades: the Otolithes cuvieri complex, the Otolithes ruber Western Indo Pacific clade, and the Otolithes sp. Arabian Gulf/South Africa clade. The black numbers at nodes are bootstrap supporting values (%). Only values larger than 80% are shown. Grey numbers in italics on the branches represent branch length, with only those longer than 3% plotted.

Fig. 6 in Fig. 4 in Responses of Phyllostomid Bats to Traditional Agriculture in Neotropical Montane Forests of Southern Mexico.

Fig. 6. Fresh specimen of the holotype of Otolithes arabicus sp. nov. The scale bar represents 5 cm, and each block represents 1 cm.

Fig. 3 in Responses of Phyllostomid Bats to Traditional Agriculture in Neotropical Montane Forests of Southern Mexico.

Fig. 3. Asymptotic analysis of the diversity (Hill numbers, q = 0, 1 and 2) of phyllostomid bats in neotropical temperate forests (MCF: montane cloud forest, POF: pine-oak forest) and agricultural areas (AGR) in southern Mexico. Shadded areas are confidence intervals at 0.95%.

Fig. 4 in Fig. 4 in Responses of Phyllostomid Bats to Traditional Agriculture in Neotropical Montane Forests of Southern Mexico.

Fig. 4. (a) Illustration of 17 landmarks on the Otolithes sp. 1: tip of snout, 2: termination of maxilla, 3: ventral margin of interopercle, 4: anterior margin of eye orbit, 5: posterior margin of eye orbit, 6: dorsal termination of cranium, 7: origin of lateral line, 8: origin of pectoral fin, 9: origin of pelvic fin, 10: anterior insertion of spinous dorsal fin, 11: origin of soft dorsal fin, 12: origin of anal fin; 13: termination of anal fin, 14: termination of second dorsal fin, 15: insertion of dorsal-most caudal fin ray, 16: termination of lateral line, and 17: insertion of ventral-most caudal fin ray. Procrustes superimposition showing the pair-wise differences in shapes between (b) Western Arabian Gulf group (WA) vs. West Indian Ocean II group, and (c) West Indian Ocean II group type A vs. B. Arrows indicate the difference vector, which is amplified four times for clarity.