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Fig. 11 in A Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) bivalve-dominated molluscan fauna from the Stairway Sandstone, Amadeus Basin, central Australia

Fig. 11. Nucularcid and pteriomorphian bivalves from the Stairway Sandstone, Middle Ordovician, Australia. Internal moulds (B–K) and latex casts of external moulds (A, L, M). A. Sthenodonta sp. B (CPC 41468) from Petermann Creek, left-lateral view showing well marked growth lines. B. Johnmartinia cordata Pojeta and Gilbert-Tomlinson, 1977 (CPC 41469) from Areyonga Gorge; left-lateral view with dorsal border (B1), anterior view showing the pointy beak (B2). C–F. Nuculites wattii Tate, 1896 from Areyonga Gorge. C–E. Specimens in left (C, E) and right-lateral (D) dorsal views, showing well-defined anterior myophoric buttress, D additionally shows dorsal teeth (C, CPC 41470; D, CPC 41472; E, CPC 41472). F. Right-lateral view of fragmentary specimen with chevron shaped posterior teeth pointing anteriorly (CPC 41473). G. Cyrtodonta carberryi Pojeta and Gilbert-Tomlinson, 1977 (CPC 41474) from Areyonga Gorge; in right-lateral view with growth lines and at least one dorsal lateral tooth (G1), dorsal view illustrating the height of shell profile (G2). H–K. Cyrtodonta staffordae Pojeta and Gilbert-Tomlinson, 1977 from Petermann Creek (H–I, K) and Areyonga Gorge (J). H. Specimen in right-lateral view showing distinct growth lines (CPC 41475). I. Specimen in left-lateral view with three posterior lateral teeth (CPC 41476). J. Fragmentary posterior margin with duplivincular ligament and indications of three posterior lateral teeth (CPC 41478). K. Specimen in right-lateral view with a posterior lateral tooth (CPC 41477). L, M. Cyrtodonta sp. B. L. Anterior (L1) and left-lateral (L2) views of sub-ovate shell-profile (CPC 41479) from Petermann Creek. M. Sub-ovate shell-profile with growth lines (CPC 41480) from Areyonga Gorge. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 10 in A Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) bivalve-dominated molluscan fauna from the Stairway Sandstone, Amadeus Basin, central Australia

Fig. 10. Nucularcid bivalves from the Stairway Sandstone, Middle Ordovician, Australia. Internal (A–H, I1, J1, K–N) and external (I2, J2) moulds. A–J. Sthenodonta eastii Pojeta and Gilbert-Tomlinson, 1977 from the Petermann Creek. A–D. Specimens in left-lateral views with chevron-shaped palaeotaxodont teeth (A, CPC 41455; B, CPC 41456; C, CPC 41456; D, CPC 41457). E. Specimen in dorsal view with teeth (CPC 41458). F, G. Specimens in right-lateral view with teeth and ventral border (F, CPC 41459; G, CPC 41460). H. Specimen in left-lateral view with anterior myophoric buttress preserved (CPC 41461). I. Specimen in right-lateral view showing indistinct growth lines (CPC 41462). J. Specimen in left-lateral view (CPC 41463). K, L. Sthenodonta paenesymmetrica sp. nov. from the Areyonga Gorge (K) and Petermann Creek (L), right-valves in dorsomedial views. K. Holotype (CPC 41464). L. Juvenile specimen (CPC 41465). M, N. Sthenodonta sp. A. M. Specimen (CPC 41467) from the Petermann Creek in right-lateral view with anterior muscle scars indicated and part of original shell material preserved. N. Specimen (CPC 41466) from Areyonga Gorge in right-lateral view with curved anterodorsal margin. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 8 in A Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) bivalve-dominated molluscan fauna from the Stairway Sandstone, Amadeus Basin, central Australia

Fig. 8. Number of individual bivalves (A) and bivalve species (B) distributed within orders/infraclasses in the Areyonga Gorge and Petermann Creek sections.

Fig. 4 in A Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) bivalve-dominated molluscan fauna from the Stairway Sandstone, Amadeus Basin, central Australia

Fig. 4. Composite log of the Stairway Sandstone and abundance-charts showing distribution of bivalves and rostroconchs in the Areyonga Gorge section.

Fig. 5 in A Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) bivalve-dominated molluscan fauna from the Stairway Sandstone, Amadeus Basin, central Australia

Fig. 5. Composite log of the Stairway Sandstone and abundance-charts showing distribution of bivalves and rostroconchs in the Petermann Creek section.

Fig. 2 in A Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) bivalve-dominated molluscan fauna from the Stairway Sandstone, Amadeus Basin, central Australia

Fig. 2. Distribution of the Larapintine Sea in the Middle Ordovician. The extent of the Canning, Amadeus, and Georgina basins, all containing Middle Ordovician deposits, have been inferred together with the extent of continental landmass (marked with horizontal lines). Base map modified from Webby 1978. A. Webby's interpretation (1978). B. New interpretation based on faunal correlation. Note the broken connection between the Amadeus–Georgina basins and the Canning Basin.

Fig. 12 in A Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) bivalve-dominated molluscan fauna from the Stairway Sandstone, Amadeus Basin, central Australia

Fig. 12. Pteriomorphian and heteroconchian bivalves, rostroconchs and gastropods from the Stairway Sandstone, Middle Ordovician, Australia. Internal moulds (A, B, E–M, N1) and latex casts of internal (N2, O) and external (C, D) moulds. A, B. Modiolopsis pojetai sp. nov. from Petermann Creek. A. Holotype (CPC 41481) in left-lateral view showing discrete longitudinal dorsal slit-like mark. B. Paratype (CPC 41482) in right-lateral view with umbo steeply descending anteriorly. C, D. Colpantyx? sp. A from Areyonga Gorge; in right (C, CPC 41483) and left-lateral (D, CPC 41484) views with two umbonal radial ribs anteriorly and one posteriorly. E, F. Sphenosolen draperi Pojeta and Gilbert-Tomlinson, 1977 from Petermann Creek (E, CPC 41485; F, CPC 41486), specimens with flat shell and narrow elongated sub-rectangular shape. G–M. Rostroconchia. G–I. Ribeiria csiro Pojeta, GilbertTomlinson, and Shergold, 1977 from Areyonga Gorge (G) and Petermann Creek (H–I); note the prominent triangular beak and curved ventral margin (G, CPC 41487; H, CPC 41488; I, CPC 41489). J. Ribeiria jonesi? from Petermann Creek, sub-rectangular profile and strong dorsally projecting umbo (CPC 41490). K, L. Pinnocaris sp. A from Petermann Creek with inflated pear-shaped profile (K, CPC 41491; L, CPC 41492). M. Technophorus walteri Pojeta, Gilbert-Tomlinson, and Shergold, 1977 from Areyonga Gorge (CPC 41493) with a single lateral radial rib and prominent nearly erect pegma indicated. N, O. Gastropoda, Scalites? sp. from Petermann Creek. N. CPC 41494 (N1), latex cast with clear growth lines (N2). O. CPC 41495, specimen with 3.5 to 4 whorls. Scale bars 10 mm, except C, D, M, 5 mm.

Fig. 7 in A Darriwilian (Middle Ordovician) bivalve-dominated molluscan fauna from the Stairway Sandstone, Amadeus Basin, central Australia

Fig. 7. Distribution of the cosmopolitan genera Modiolopsis, Cyrtodonta, and Nuculites found in the Stairway Sandstone and coeval strata elsewhere during the Middle Ordovician. Map modified from Torsvik et al. (2014).

Fig. 4 in A new sediment-dwelling pholadid bivalve from Oligocene glaciomarine sediments of King George Island, West Antarctica

Fig. 4. Schematic illustration of exterior of Pholadidea gradzinskii sp. nov., showing main morphological features discussed. Left lateral (A), anterior (B), dorsal (C), and ventral (D) views.

Fig. 3. A in A new sediment-dwelling pholadid bivalve from Oligocene glaciomarine sediments of King George Island, West Antarctica

Fig. 3. A. Outcrops of glaciomarine strata of the Oligocene Polonez Cove Formation (the Siklawa Member) on King George Island, arrow indicates position on Pholadidea gradzinskii horizons at Mazurek Point (photograph by AG, January 2007). B. Diamictite from bed in Siklawa Member of the Polonez Cove Formation, with Pholadidea gradzinskii bearing moulds at the base (arrowed). The diamictite contains metamorphic (m) and granitoid (g) clasts.

Fig. 8 in A new sediment-dwelling pholadid bivalve from Oligocene glaciomarine sediments of King George Island, West Antarctica

Fig. 8. Paleogene arrangement of Southern Gondwana with distribution of species of Pholadidea in The Weddellian Biogeographic Province from the Late Cretaceous–Paleogene. Abbreviations: 1, Pholadidea (Hatasia) wiffenae, Campanian–Maastrichtian; 2, Pholadidea frenguellii, Eocene; 3, Pholadidea patagonica, Oligocene–early Miocene; 4, Pholadidea gradzinskii, Oligocene; CAS, Central American Seaway; full arrows, possible dispersal route of Pholadidea from New Zealand to Antarctica/South America during the latest Cretaceous and the Paleogene (in the latest Cretaceous situation, New Zealand was immediately adjacent to Australia and Antarctica); stippled arrows, two possible dispersal routes of Pholadidea out from the Weddellian Biogeographic Province. Map adopted after Clarke and Crame (1989).

Fig. 1. A in A new sediment-dwelling pholadid bivalve from Oligocene glaciomarine sediments of King George Island, West Antarctica

Fig. 1. A. Map of Antarctic Peninsula area, arrow shows position of King George Island in South Shetland Islands archipelago. B. King George Island showing location of the study area. C. Low Head–Lions Rump area, arrow shows position of Pholadidea gradzinskii sp. nov. horizons at Mazurek Point (after Gaździcki et al. 1982).

Fig. 7 in A new sediment-dwelling pholadid bivalve from Oligocene glaciomarine sediments of King George Island, West Antarctica

Fig. 7. Vertical transverse sections through pholadid bivalve Pholadidea gradzinskii sp. nov. (ZPAL Mo XVIII/12/A–W), preserved in life position within a boring from the Oligocene of King George Island. The numbers refer to distance from the anterior of the shell in milimeters. Abbreviations: ap, apophysis; b, beak; ch, chondrophore; cl, callum; dcle, dorsal extension of the callum; hp, hypoplax; mt, metaplax; r, rasp; sp, siphonoplax; ur, umbonal reflection.

Fig. 5 in A new sediment-dwelling pholadid bivalve from Oligocene glaciomarine sediments of King George Island, West Antarctica

Fig. 5. Pholadid bivalve Pholadidea gradzinskii sp. nov. (ZPAL Mo. XVIII/3, holotype) from the Oligocene of King George Island. A. Left-lateral view of the complete specimen (A1), arrow marks deformation of the callum; anterior of the left valve (A2), showing callum covered with growth lines. B. Rightlateral view of the complete specimen (B1), arrow marks deformation of the callum; anterior of the right valve (B2), showing umbonal reflection raised anteriorly and appressed on the umbo. C. Dorsal view of the complete specimen showing metaplax formed by partially calcified periostracal mantle connecting the dorsal margin of the valves. D. Ventral view of the complete specimen showing a hypoplax formed by partially calcified periostracal mantle extending beyond the ventral margin of the shells and connected with the callum; arrows mark deformation of the callum and hypoplax. E. Inclined dorsal view of the anterior showing umbonal reflection covered with the dorsal extension of the callum. F. Anterior view showing the callum and umbonal reflection covered by the dorsal extension of the callum.

Fig. 2 in A new sediment-dwelling pholadid bivalve from Oligocene glaciomarine sediments of King George Island, West Antarctica

Fig. 2. Simplified lithostratigraphic profile of the Polonez Cove Formation, with lithological profile of the Siklawa Member at Mazurek Point where investigated fossils were collected. The arrow marks the mudstone interval where the majority of the specimens of Pholadidea gradzinskii sp. nov. described in this paper was collected. The lithostratigraphy after Birkenmajer (1983), Porębski and Gradziński (1987), Birkenmajer (2001), Troedson and Smellie (2002). Dating of the units after Smellie et al. (1984), Birkenmajer (1989), Dingle et al. (1997), Dingle and Lavelle (1998), and Troedson and Smellie (2002). The lithological profile of the Siklawa Member at Mazurek Point partially adapted from Gaździcki et al. (1982).

Fig. 10. Hybolophus crassatellines from Peru. A−G in Fossil Cenozoic crassatelline bivalves from Peru: New species and generic insights

Fig. 10. Hybolophus crassatellines from Peru. A−G. Hybolophus maleficae sp. nov., middle Miocene, Pisco depositional sequence, south-central Peru. A. UWBM 101862, paratype, exterior of left valve. B. UWBM 101858, holotype, interior of left valve. C. UWBM 101860, paratype, interior of left valve. D. MUSM INV 222, paratype, exterior of left valve. E. UWBM 101864, dorsal margin of paired valves, anterior at right. F. UWBM 101859, paratype, interior of right valve. G. UWBM 101865, dorsal margin of paired valves, anterior at right. H, J, K. Hybolophus gibbosus (Sowerby, 1832), early to middle Pleistocene, tablazos, northern Peru. H. OSU 37600, exterior (H1) and interior (H2) of right valve. J. OSU 37597, exterior (J1) and interior (J2) of left valve. K. OSU 37601, dorsal margin of left valve, anterior at left. I. Hybolophus nelsoni (Grzybowski 1899), USNM 562398, late Miocene, Quebrada Heath, northern Peru; exterior of right valve. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 9. Veneriform Hybolophus crassatellines from Peru. A−D in Fossil Cenozoic crassatelline bivalves from Peru: New species and generic insights

Fig. 9. Veneriform Hybolophus crassatellines from Peru. A−D. Hybolophus disenum sp. nov., late Eocene or Oligocene, Mancora, northern Peru. A. USNM 618239, holotype, exterior (A1) and dorsal margin (A2) of right valve. B. USNM 618238, paratype, exterior (B1) and interior (B2) of left valve. C. USNM 618241, paratype, hinge plate of left valve. D. USNM 618240, paratype, dorsal margin of right valve (D1), anterior at right, hinge plate (D2). E−J. Hybolophus terrestris sp. nov., late Miocene, mid-section in Pisco depositional sequence, south-central Peru. E. UWBM 101874, paratype, exterior of left valve. F. UWBM 101873, paratype, interior of right valve. G. UWBM 101879, dorsal margin of paired valves, anterior at right. H. UWBM 101877, paratype, exterior of posteriorly elongated left valve. I. UWBM 101875, paratype, exterior of left valve with posterior shortening. J. UWBM 101871, holotype, interior of left valve. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 7 in Fossil Cenozoic crassatelline bivalves from Peru: New species and generic insights

Fig. 7. Crassatellid bivalve Crassatella rafaeli sp. nov. from the late Eocene, Otuma depositional sequence, south-central Peru. A. UWBM 101834, exterior A1), and interior (A2) of right valve. B. UWBM 101838, right hinge plate. C. MUSM INV 210, fragment of anterioventral margin showing striations terminating in marginal crenulations. D. UWBM 101840, interior of left valve with resilifer extending half way to the vmHP. E. MUSM INV 213, interior of left valve with resilifer reaching nearly to the vmHP. F UWBM 101836, dorsal margin of paired valves (F1), anterior to right, exterior of right valve (F2). G. UWBM 101835, interior of right valve. H. UWBM 101837, exterior of right valve. Abbreviation: vmHP, ventral margin of the hinge plate. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 5 in Fossil Cenozoic crassatelline bivalves from Peru: New species and generic insights

Fig. 5. Crassatellid veneriform bivalves Hybolophus species from the late Miocene of Ecuador and Colombia. A, B. Hybolophus picaderus (Olsson, 1964), Ecuador. A. USNM 643826, holotype, Picaderos Formation, Picaderos; exterior (A1) and interior (A2) of left valve. B. USNM 645393, paratype, Mompiche-Portete; interior of right valve. C. Hybolophus tuberus (Olsson, 1964), USNM 643827, holotype, Tubera Formation, Tubera-Puerto Caiman, Colombia; exterior of left (C1) and right (C2) valves, dorsal margin of paired valves (C3), anterior at right. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 1 in Fossil Cenozoic crassatelline bivalves from Peru: New species and generic insights

Fig. 1. Forearc basins in Peru with crassatelline-bearing Cenozoic deposits. A. Talara Basin of northern Peru. B. Location of three crassatelline-bearing Peruvian forearc basins. C. East Pisco Basin of south-central Peru. Dashed black line marks the inferred boundary between the East and West Pisco basins. D. The much smaller Sacaco Basin of southern Peru.