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Fig. 10 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 10. Pugnacoid brachiopod Leiorhynchoidea? sp. from the Tornaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. A, B. Two isolated dorsal valves, PKUM02−0422 (A) and PKUM02−0423 (B), in exterior (A1, B1) and interior (A2, B2) views. C. Incomplete ventral valve, PKUM02−0424, in exterior (C1) and interior (C2) views. D. Almost complete shell, PKUM02− 0425, in dorsal view. Sample MH2.

Fig. 29 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 29. Strophopleurid brachiopod Celsifornix carteri Baliński and Sun, 2010a from the Tornaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. A. Complete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0542, in exterior (A1), interior (A2), posterior (A3), and anterior (A4) views. B. Complete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0543, in exterior (B1), lateral (B2), posterior (B3), and anterior (B4) views. C. Incomplete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0544, showing exterior (C1), interior (C2), enlarged right half of the valve (C3), and enlargement of surface ornamentation (C4); note distinct growth lamellae on C3 showing development of the cardinal extremities during ontogeny. D. Incomplete ventral valve, PKUM02−0545, in exterior (D1) and posterior (D2) views. E. Incomplete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0546, in exterior (E1), lateral (E2), and posterior (E3) views. F. Interior of a damaged ventral valve, PKUM02−0547, showing partially closed delthyrium by the umbonal callosity and dental adminicula. G. Interior of a complete ventral valve, PKUM02−00382 (G1) and enlargement showing open delthyrium and dental adminicula (G2); specimen illustrated by Baliński and Sun 2010a: pl. 1: 24–26, new photographs. H. Enlargement of the posterior region of the holotype PKUM02−0381 (figured by Baliński and Sun 2010a: pl. 1: 22–23; new photograph), viewed internally, showing cardinalia. All from sample MH1. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 7 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 7. Shell encrustation in silicified brachiopods from the Tornaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. A. Chonetoid shell encrsuted by strophalosiidine Muhuarina haeretica Baliński and Sun, 2005, PKUM02−0080, (new photograph of specimens illustrated by Baliński and Sun 2008: fig. 1E and Sun and Baliński 2008: fig. 18C). B. Interior of dorsal valve of spiriferinide Spiriferellina cf. insculpta Phillips, 1836, PKUM02−0388, in general (B1) and enlarged (B2) views showing infestation by endobiont Haplorygma dorsalis Baliński and Sun, 2010b (see also Baliński and Sun 2010b: fig. 1A; new photographs). C. SEM micrographs of dorsal valve of spiriferide Tylothyris laminosa (M'Coy, 1841), PKUM02−0389, showing infestation by H. dorsalis in general (C1) and enlarged (C2) views (see also Baliński and Sun 2010b: fig. 1B; new photographs). Samples GB (A, B) and MH1 (C).

Fig. 8 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 8. Rhynchotrematoid brachiopod Macropotamorhynchus cf. insolitus Carter, 1987 from the Tornaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. A. Incomplete juvenile shell, ZPAL V.XXVI/60, in dorsal (A1), ventral (A2), and lateral (A3) views. B. Shell, ZPAL V.XXVI/61, in dorsal (B1), ventral (B2), lateral (B3), posterior (B4), and anterior (B5) views. C. Incomplete juvenile shell, ZPAL V.XXVI/62, in oblique lateral view showing distal parts of crura. D. Almost complete shell, PKUM02−0413, in dorsal (D1), ventral (D2), lateral (D3), posterior (D4), and anterior (D5) views. E. Incomplete and slightly deformed dorsal valve, ZPAL V.XXVI/63, in interior view (E1), and enlargement showing cardinalia (E2). F. Incomplete shell, ZPAL V.XXVI/64, in dorsal view. G. Interior of dorsal valve, ZPAL V.XXVI/65. Sample D2 (A–C, F, G) and M2−8 (D). C, E–G, SEM micrographs. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 31 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 31. Delthyridoid brachiopod Tylothyris laminosa (M'Coy, 1841) from the Tornaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. A, B. Exterior of ventral (A) and dorsal (B) valves, PKUM02−0557 (A) and PKUM02−0558 (B). C. Ventral valve, PKUM02−0559, in exterior (C1), interior (C2), and lateral (C3) views. D. Detail of external shell micro−ornamentation, PKUM02−0560. E, F. Interior of two dorsal valves, PKUM02−0561 (E) and PKUM02−0562 (F), in general (E1, F1) and enlarged (E2, F2) views. G. Dorsal valve, PKUM02−0563, in exterior (G1) and interior (G2) views. H. Exterior of dorsal valve, PKUM02−0564. I. Slightly damaged ventral valve, PKUM02−0565, in anterior (I1) and enlarged (I2) views; SEM micrographs. J. Juvenile ventral valve, PKUM02−0566, in exterior (J1) and interior (J2) views. K. Exterior of juvenile ventral valve, PKUM02−0567. L. Incomplete dorsal valve, PKUM02−0568, with well preserved lamellose ornamentation, in general (L1) and detailed (L2) views. All from sample MH1.

Fig. 6 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 6. Shell damage and malformation in silicified brachiopods from the Tornaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. A. Incomplete dorsal valve of orthotetide Schuchertella sp., PKUM02−0320, in general external (A1) and more detailed (A2) views showing damage to the middle anterior margin at the earlier stage of growth resulting in bilobate outline of the valve; note also disturbance of median costellae and a later recovery after some arrest of growth (specimen illustrated also by Sun and Baliński 2008: fig. 22C). B, C. Two dorsal valves of orthotetide Lamellispina spinosa Sun and Baliński, 2008, PKUM02−0406 and PKUM02−0407, viewed from the interior showing distortion/malformation of growth due to crowding. D. Seriously damaged ventral valve of spiriferide Celsifornix carteri Baliński and Sun, 2010a, PKUM02−0408, in external (D1) and internal (D2) views showing full recovery after some arrest of growth; note another (subsequent) repaired damage on the left flank of the specimen. E. Incomplete ventral valve of spiriferide Parallelora sp., PKUM02−0409, in external (E1) and enlarged (E2) views showing repaired damage. F. Incomplete ventral valve of spiriferide Celsifornix carteri Baliński and Sun, 2010a, PKUM02−0410, in external (F1) and internal (F2) views showing broken off and repaired the lateral part of the right flank. G. Ventral valve of spiriferide Eochoristites neipentaiensis Chu, 1933, PKUM02−0411, in oblique lateral view showing repaired damage of the right lateral extremity. H. Dorsal valve of spiriferide Eochoristites neipentaiensis, PKUM02−0412, in external (H1) and internal (H2) views with scalloped anterolateral margin of the left flank showing full repair of the damage. Samples MH1 (A–D, F), MH2 (G, H), and GB (E). Scale bars 2 mm.

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Fig. 1 in A monospecific assemblage of terebratulide brachiopods in the Upper Cretaceous seep deposits of Omagari, Hokkaido, Japan

Fig. 1. Geological map of the Nakagawa area, Hokkaido, showing the location of the Omagari site. Modified from Takahashi et al. (2003).

Fig. 35 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 35. Fragmentary and juvenile undetermined brachiopods from the Tornaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. A–N. Small shells and single valves probably representing juveniles of athyrididoids. A–D. Four complete shells in dorsal view, PKUM02−0592 (A), PKUM02−0593 (B), PKUM02−0594 (C), and PKUM02−0595 (D). E. Shell PKUM02−0596 with damaged dorsal valve in dorsal view showing partially preserved spiralium and jugum (arrowed). F, N. Two dorsal valves, PKUM02−0597 (F) and PKUM02−0598 (N), viewed from the interior. G, I. Two shells, PKUM02−0599 (G) and PKUM02−0600 (I), in dorsal (G1, I1), ventral (G2, I2), lateral (G3, I3), and posterior (G4, I4) views. H. Complete shell, PKUM02−0601, in dorsal (H1), lateral (H2), and anterior (H3) views. J, L, M. Three ventral valves viewed internally, PKUM02−0602 (J), PKUM02−0603 (L), and PKUM02−0604 (M). K. Slightly damaged ventral valve, PKUM02−0605, interior (K1) and enlargement of the posterior region (K2). O–U. Fragmentary specimens probably representing juvenile rhynchonellides. O. Umbonal region of conjoined valves, PKUM02−0606, in posterior (O1), anterior (internal) (O2), and oblique lateral (O3) views, showing convergent ventrally dental plates and cardinalia. P, Q. Interior of two fragmentary umbonal regions of conjoined valves showing convergent ventrally dental plates and cardinalia, PKUM02−0607 (P) and PKUM02−0608 (Q). R–T. Interior of three fragmentary dorsal valves, PKUM02−0609 (R), PKUM02−0610 (S), and PKUM02−0611 (T), showing cardinalia and long median septum. U. Interior of umbnonal fragment of the ventral valve, PKUM02−0612, showing well developed dental plates. A–F, K, L–N SEM micrographs. All from sample MH1.

Fig. 1 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 1. Stratigraphic columns (A) and map (B) of the sampling sites around Muhua and Gedongguan villages in Guizhou Province, southern China (after Sun and Baliński 2008).

Fig. 4 in Silicified Mississippian brachiopods from Muhua, southern China: Rhynchonellides, athyridides, spiriferides, spiriferinides, and terebratulides

Fig. 4. Shell damage in silicified brachiopods from the Tournaisian Muhua Formation, southern China. A. Drilled ventral valve of Subglobosochonetes gedongguensis Sun and Baliński, 2008, PKUM02−0390, in exterior (A1) and interior (A2) views. B, C. Two shells of Cleiothyridina deroissyi (Léveillé, 1835) with boreholes, PKUM02−0391 (B) and PKUM02−0392 (C), in dorso−lateral (B) and ventral (C) views, respectively. D, E. Two damaged shells of Cleiothyridina tenuilineata (Rowley, 1900) with boreholes, PKUM02−0393 (D) and PKUM02−0394 (E), in dorsal (D1, E1) and enlarged (D2, E2) views. F. Damaged ventral valve of Cleiothyridina tenuilineata (Rowley, 1900), PKUM02−0395, in general exterior (F1) and more detailed (F2) views. G, H. Two shells of Crurithyris cf. nastus Brunton and Champion, 1974 with boreholes, PKUM02−0396 (G) and PKUM02−0397 (H), in general dorsal (G1, H1) and detailed (G2, H2) views. I. Shell of Cleiothyridina deroissyi (Léveillé, 1835), PKUM02−0398, with a few small−sized boreholes in dorsal valve. J. Shell of Cleiothyridina tenuilineata (Rowley, 1900) with a series of small−sized boreholes, PKUM02−0399, in ventral (J1) and enlarged (J2) views. K, L. Two dorsal valves of Cesifornix carteri Baliński and Sun, 2010a, PKUM02−0400 (K) and PKUM02−0401 (L), bored from the exterior (K1, L1) and showing "blister" deposits in the interior (K2, L2) as a response to borings. M. Dorsal valve of Schellwienella sp., PKUM02−0317, showing numerous external borings of a barnacle (M1) and internal "blisters" sealing the damages (M2) (illustrated by Baliński and Sun 2008: fig. 21D; M2 new photograph). N. Koskinoid perforations in posterior region of ventral valve of Serratocrista sp., PKUM02−0402. Samples GB/GT (A, N), MH1 (B–G, I–L), and MH2 (H, M).

Fig. 2 in X-ray Microtomography (XMT) of Fossil Brachiopod Shell Interiors for Taxonomy

Fig. 2. Transverse serial sections of Terebratula terebratula (Linnaeus, 1758), through specimen ZPAL Bp.XLIV/9; Pliocene, Velerín, Spain. Numbers indicate distance in mm from the tip of the ventral umbo.

Fig. 6 in Jurassic rhynchonellide brachiopods from the Jordan Valley

Fig. 6. Serial sections of rhynchonellide brachiopod Pycnoria magna Cooper, 1989. AMNH FI−72403. Bed 25, Hamam Formation, Arda, Jordan. Numbers describe sectional distance from apex. Abbreviations: c, crus; cb, crural base; dms, dorsal median septum; dp, dental plate; isr, inner socket ridge; osr, outer socket ridge; pf, pedicle foramen; s, socket; t, tooth.

Fig. 1 in X-ray Microtomography (XMT) of Fossil Brachiopod Shell Interiors for Taxonomy

Fig. 1. Terebratulide brachiopod Terebratula terebratula (Linnaeus, 1758), Pliocene, Velerín, Spain; complete specimen, ZPAL Bp.XLIV/9. A. Dorsal view. B. Reconstruction of 3−D internal structure with virtually cut out part of the ventral valve.

Fig. 5 in Jurassic rhynchonellide brachiopods from the Jordan Valley

Fig. 5. Serial sections of rhynchonellide brachiopod Daghanirhynchia susanae sp. nov. AMNH FI−72410. Bed 21b, Hamam Formation, Arda, Jordan. Numbers describe sectional distance from apex. Abbreviations: c, crus; cb, crural base; dms, dorsal median septum; dp, dental plate; isr, inner socket ridge; osr, outer socket ridge; s, socket; sp, septalial plate; ssm, secondary shell material; t, tooth; vms, ventral median septum.

Fig. 4 in Jurassic rhynchonellide brachiopods from the Jordan Valley

Fig. 4. Serial sections of the rhynchonellide brachiopod Cymatorhynchia quadriplicata (Zieten, 1830). AMNH FI−72369. Bed 21a, Hamam Formation, Arda, Jordan. Numbers describe sectional distance from apex. Abbreviations: c, crus; cb, crural base; dms, dorsal median septum; dp, dental plate; isr, inner socket ridge; osr, outer socket ridge; s, socket; sp, septalial plate; ssm, secondary shell material; t, tooth.

Fig. 2 in Jurassic rhynchonellide brachiopods from the Jordan Valley

Fig. 2. Stratigraphical columns of the sections sampled showing lithology and brachiopod yielding beds. A. Arda section. B. Tel el Dhahab section. Abbreviation: L. Cret., Lower Cretaceous.

Fig. 1 in Jurassic rhynchonellide brachiopods from the Jordan Valley

Fig. 1. Geographical map of the study area in northwestern Jordan. The collecting localities are indicated by circles: Locality 1, Tel el Dhahab section; Locality 2, Arda section. Modified from Muneizel and Khalil (1993) and Swarieh and Barjous (1993).

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Fig. 14 in The Early Cambrian (Botomian) stem group brachiopod Mickwitzia from Northeast Greenland

Fig. 14. Schematic reconstruction of inferred relationships between mantle, shell, pedicle, and the various types of setae in a reconstructed cross−section of a living Mickwitzia cf. occidens Walcott, with enlarged crosssections showing the interpretation of the various types of cylindroid structures penetrating the shell.

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Fig. 11 in The Early Cambrian (Botomian) stem group brachiopod Mickwitzia from Northeast Greenland

Fig. 11. Mickwitzia cf. occidens Walcott. Fragmentary mature valves (indeterminate) MGUH 26280 (A), MGUH 26314 (B), MGUH 26315 (C), MGUH 26316 (D). A1. Section through primary and secondary layer with large tube and smaller acrotretoid−type columns; scale bar 20 µm. A2. Detail of large tube perforating primary layer of A1; scale bar 20 µm. A3. Detail of tubular wall of A1 showing adhering cocci and possibly annulations; scale bar 5 µm. B1. Detail of secondary layer with acrotretoid−type columns and laminar shell; scale bar 20 µm. B2. Detail of B1 showing median slit between laminae and cover of adhering discoidal structures; scale bar 5 µm. C. Detail of secondary layer with numerous acrotretoid−type columns and single large tube; scale bar 20 µm. D. Detail of secondary layer with thin laminae with median slit and acrotretoid−type columns and single cross−section through large tube; scale bar 20 µm. All specimens from the Ella Island Formation, sample GGU 314816.