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306 results for “Early Cambrian”
Figure 1. Radiodont phylogeny. A in The early Cambrian Emu Bay Shale radiodonts revisited: morphology and systematics
Figure 1. Radiodont phylogeny. A, strict consensus of nine shortest cladograms under equal character weights; numbers at nodes are jackknife frequencies>50%. B, single best fit cladogram under implied weights (k = 3); numbers at nodes are G/C values>50%. Colours indicate clades: Euarthropoda (yellow), Hurdiidae (purple), Amplectobeluidae (blue), Anomalocarididae (green), and Tamisiocarididae sensu stricto (pink).
Figure 11 in The early Cambrian Emu Bay Shale radiodonts revisited: morphology and systematics
Figure 11. Echidnacaris briggsi (Nedin, 1995) comb. nov. SAMA P54790a. Frontal appendage. A, B, photograph and camera lucida drawing, respectively. Abbreviations: Cp5—Cp13, claw podomeres 5–13; ds, dorsal spine; En5–13, endites of claw podomeres 5– 13; sp, spinules. Scale bars: 10 mm.
Figure 18. Unassigned Emu Bay Shale radiodont setal blades. A, B, SAMA P54822. Body flap and setal blades. A, SAMA P54822a. B, camera lucida drawing incorporating information from counterpart SAMA P54822b. C, SAMA P50287. D, SAMA P43611a in The early Cambrian Emu Bay Shale radiodonts revisited: morphology and systematics
Figure 18. Unassigned Emu Bay Shale radiodont setal blades. A, B, SAMA P54822. Body flap and setal blades. A, SAMA P54822a. B, camera lucida drawing incorporating information from counterpart SAMA P54822b. C, SAMA P50287. D, SAMA P43611a. Scale bars: A, B, D = 10 mm; C = 5 mm.
Figure 14 in The early Cambrian Emu Bay Shale radiodonts revisited: morphology and systematics
Figure 14. Echidnacaris briggsi (Nedin, 1995) comb. nov. oral cones. A, B, SAMA P57418. Photograph and camera lucida drawing, respectively. C, SAMA P55646a. D, SAMA P48195. Scale bars: 10 mm.
Figure 16 in The early Cambrian Emu Bay Shale radiodonts revisited: morphology and systematics
Figure 16. Echidnacaris briggsi (Nedin, 1995) comb. nov. oral cones. A, B, SAMA P55600. Deformed oral cone. A, SAMA P55600a. B, SAMA P55600b (light from upper right). C, SAMA P55650a. Detail of teeth (arrowheads) on inner margin of large and medium-sized plates. D, E, SAMA P55433. Smallest known oral cone. D, SAMA P55433a. E, SAMA P55433b. Scale bars: A, B = 10 mm; C = 5 mm; D, E = 2 mm.
Figure 10 in The early Cambrian Emu Bay Shale radiodonts revisited: morphology and systematics
Figure 10. Echidnacaris briggsi (Nedin, 1995) comb. nov. SAMA P48975a. Frontal appendage. A, B, photograph and camera lucida drawing, respectively. C, detail of BEn and En1. Abbreviations: BEn, base endite; Cp1–Cp9, claw podomeres 1–9; En1–5, endites of claw podomeres 1–5; sp, spinules. Scale bars: A, B = 20 mm; C = 10 mm.
Figure 15 in The early Cambrian Emu Bay Shale radiodonts revisited: morphology and systematics
Figure 15. Echidnacaris briggsi (Nedin, 1995) comb. nov. oral cones. A, SAMA P57415a. B, SAMA P47415b. C, D, SAMA P52881a. C, overview. D, detail of teeth (arrowheads) at inner margin of a large plate (arrowhead in C). Scale bars: A–C = 10 mm; D = 1 mm.
Figure 8 in The early Cambrian Emu Bay Shale radiodonts revisited: morphology and systematics
Figure 8. Echidnacaris briggsi (Nedin, 1995) comb. nov. Holotype SAMA P40180a, b. Frontal appendage. A, overview of part. B, detail of distal end of appendage, including podomeres 12 and 13, and En11. C, camera lucida drawing (incorporating information from counterpart). D, overview of counterpart (flipped horizontally to facilitate comparison). Abbreviations: BEn, base endite; Cp2—Cp12, claw podomeres 2–12; ds, dorsal spine; En1–11, endites of claw podomeres 1–11; sp, spinules; ts, terminal spines on Cp13. Scale bars: A, C, D = 20 mm; B = 5 mm.
Figure 3 in The early Cambrian Emu Bay Shale radiodonts revisited: morphology and systematics
Figure 3. Anomalocaris daleyae sp. nov. Holotype SAMA P51398a. Details of frontal appendage and overview of oral cone. A, endite 1 (En1). B, endite 3 (En3). C, endite 5 (En5). D, distal part of frontal appendage. E, oral cone. Arrowheads in A–C indicate auxiliary spines, anterior to left, posterior to right. Abbreviations: Cp9–Cp12, claw podomeres 9–12; ds, dorsal spine; ts, terminal spine on Cp13. Scale bars: A–D = 2 mm; E = 5 mm.
Fossil evidence unveils an early Cambrian origin for Bryozoa
<p><span>Bryozoans (ectoprocts or moss animals) are aquatic, dominantly sessile, filter-feeding lophophorates that construct an organic or calcareous modular colonial (clonal) exoskeleton. The presence of six major orders of bryozoans with advanced polymorphisms in lower Ordovician rocks strongly suggests a Cambrian origin for the largest and most diverse lophophorate phylum. However, a lack of convincing bryozoan fossils from the Cambrian has hampered resolution of the true origins and character assembly of earliest members of the group. Here we interpret the millimetric, erect, bilaminate, secondarily phosphatised fossil <i>Protomelission gatehousei</i> from the early Cambrian of Australia and South China as a potential stem-group bryozoan. The monomorphic zooid capsules, modular construction, organic composition and simple linear budding growth geometry represent a mixture of organic Gymnolaemata and biomineralised Stenolaemata character traits, with phylogenetic analyses identifying <i>P. gatehousei</i> as a stem-group bryozoan. This aligns the origin of phylum Bryozoa with<i> </i>all other skeletonised phyla in Cambrian Age 3, pushing back its first occurrence by approximately 35 million years. This reconciles the fossil record with molecular clock estimations of an early Cambrian origination and subsequent Ordovician radiation of Bryozoa following the acquisition of a carbonate skeleton.</span></p>
Data from: Early postembryonic to mature ontogeny of the oryctocephalid trilobite Duodingia duodingensis from the lower Cambrian (Series 2) of southern China
Many well-preserved, articulated exoskeletons recovered from the early Cambrian (Stage 3) Mingxinsi Formation in Weng'an, Guizhou Province, southern China, permit reconstruction of the early postembryonic to mature (i.e. protaspid to holaspid) ontogeny of the small oryctocephalid trilobite Duodingia duodingensis Chow. It is likely that the type material is a latest stage meraspis, and the species had nine thoracic segments in the holaspid phase rather than the eight suggested previously. The earliest holaspis is relatively small in size (about 3.00 mm in total length), and the succeeding instars show little size-related shape change. Striking changes take place in the morphology of the glabella during early ontogeny including forward extension of the axial furrows until they reach the anterior cephalic margin in meraspid degree 0iii, and narrowing of the glabellar mid-region. This is the first noneodiscid trilobite to show three developmental stages within meraspid degree 0. Documentation of ontogenetic changes demonstrates that both Duodingia hubeiensis and D. taihuensis are junior synonyms of D. duodingensis because they bear characters of particular ontogenetic stages of their senior synonym. The per-moult growth increment in D. duodingensis was apparently small in this small trilobite. The development of trunk segmentation during the meraspid phase is apparently more complex than in many other trilobites and could include multiple moults within individual meraspid degrees, intraspecific polymorphism in the pattern of segment release, or phenotypic variation among the population in the degree of segment expression. Fluctuations between accumulative moults, in which segments are added to the meraspid pygidium, and depletive moults, in which segments are released into the thorax, if confirmed, would suggest tight coordination between these different aspects of trunk segment development.
Data from: Go large or go conical: allometric trajectory of an early Cambrian acrotretide brachiopod
<p>Acrotretides are extinct micromorphic brachiopods that exhibited considerable morphological variation during their rapid evolution in the early Palaeozoic. The plano-conical shells of acrotretides are distinct in comparison to other brachiopod groups and despite their diversity and abundance in early Palaeozoic communities, their origins, early evolution, life history and phylogeny are poorly understood. Here, we employ advanced geometric morphometrics to quantitatively investigate ontogenetic variation and allometry in the ventral valve of the oldest known acrotretide species from the early Cambrian of South China. Our results identify substantial shape variation for <i>Eohadrotreta zhenbaensis</i>, along with a parabolic morphological trajectory through ontogeny, demonstrating a remarkable reversal to a juvenile morphology during later ontogenetic stages. The evolutionary novel body plan (diminutive and plano-conical) of Acrotretida was established gradually during two phases of allometry, formed initially during the final stage of the Cambrian evolutionary radiation from an ancestral low, equivalved lingulide body plan. The development of a conical shaped valve seems to have resulted in an overall smaller body size, when compared with non-conical forms. The heterochronic processes responsible for generating these ontogenetic modifications at different allometric phases may have facilitated the evolutionary diversification of acrotretide brachiopods during the early Palaeozoic.</p>
Cambrian comb jellies from Utah illuminate the early evolution of nervous and sensory systems in ctenophores - Phylogenetic dataset
<p>Ctenophores are a group of predatory macroinvertebrates whose controversial phylogenetic position has prompted several competing hypotheses regarding the evolution of animal organ systems. Although ctenophores date back at least to the Cambrian, they have a poor fossil record due to their gelatinous bodies. Here, we describe two ctenophore species from the Cambrian of Utah, which illuminate the early evolution of nervous and sensory features in the phylum. Thalassostaphylos elegans has 16 comb rows, an oral skirt, and an apical organ with polar fields. Ctenorhabdotus campanelliformis has 24 comb rows, an oral skirt, an apical organ enclosed by a capsule and neurological tissues preserved as carbonaceous films. These are concentrated around the apical organ and ciliated furrows, which connect to a circumoral nerve ring via longitudinal axons. C. campanelliformis deviates from the neuroanatomy of living ctenophores, and demonstrates a substantial complexity in the nervous system of Cambrian ctenophores.</p>
The stable isotope data, and statistic of percentage of bioturbation and their halo from early Cambrian carbonate, North China
<p>The stable isotope data, and statistic of percentage of bioturbation and their halo from early Cambrian carbonate, North China</p>
Data from: Early post-embryonic development in Ellipsostrenua (Trilobita, Cambrian, Sweden) and the developmental patterns in Ellipsocephaloidea
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Data from: Linguliform brachiopods across a Cambrian–Ordovician (Furongian–Early Ordovician) biomere boundary: the Sunwaptan/Skullrockian North American stage boundary in the Wilberns and Tanyard Formations of central Texas
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The post-embryonic ontogeny of the early Cambrian trilobite Estaingia bilobata from South Australia: trunk development and phylogenetic implications
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Data from: Small Carbonaceous Fossils (SCFs) from North Greenland: new light on metazoan diversity in early Cambrian shelf environments
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Data from: Restricted morphospace occupancy of early Cambrian reef-building archaeocyaths
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Data from: Developmental biology of the early Cambrian cnidarian Olivooides
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