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FIGURE 1 in New early Pleistocene Alligator (Eusuchia: Crocodylia) from Florida bridges a gap in Alligator evolution

FIGURE 1. View of the Haile 7G quarry (with fossil excavation seen at left) and approximate location of Haile 7C and Haile 7G in Alachua County, North-central Florida (at right). Left image courtesy of S. C. Wallace.

FIGURE 7 in New early Pleistocene Alligator (Eusuchia: Crocodylia) from Florida bridges a gap in Alligator evolution

FIGURE 7. Occlusal view of left Alligator lower jaws showing the role of the splenial in lingual alveolar support. Alligator hailensis (UF 162517), top, shows extensive splenial support of the posterior toothrow, more than seven posterior alveoli (splenial outlined in white). The dentary alone provides most of the lingual toothrow in the derived condition seen in A. mississippiensis (ETMNH-Z 265), five posterior alveoli or less, bottom. Abbreviations are: dentary (d) and splenial (spl). Numbers refer to alveoli (counted from posterior to anterior). Scale = 2 cm.

FIGURE 13 in New early Pleistocene Alligator (Eusuchia: Crocodylia) from Florida bridges a gap in Alligator evolution

FIGURE 13. Occurrence of the three youngest Florida Alligator species. The early Pleistocene A. hailensis is intermediate between A. mefferdi (including A. cf. A. mefferdi indicated by dashed line, Snyder, 2007) and A. mississippiensis (Holman, 1995) both morphologically and temporally.

FIGURE 5 in New early Pleistocene Alligator (Eusuchia: Crocodylia) from Florida bridges a gap in Alligator evolution

FIGURE 5. Occipital region of Alligator hailensis holotype (UF 224688) in posterior view (top) and line drawing (bottom). Abbreviations are: basioccipital (bo), exoccipital (eo), foramen magnum (FM), parietal (p), posttemporal fenestra (PTF), squamosal (sq), and supraoccipital (so). Scale = 2 cm.

FIGURE 11. Coprolites from Haile 7C in New early Pleistocene Alligator (Eusuchia: Crocodylia) from Florida bridges a gap in Alligator evolution

FIGURE 11. Coprolites from Haile 7C (right, UF 162527, and top left, UF 162528) and Haile 7G (left middle, UF 310185, and left bottom, UF 310180) attributed to Alligator hailensis. Scale = 2 cm.

FIGURE 6 in New early Pleistocene Alligator (Eusuchia: Crocodylia) from Florida bridges a gap in Alligator evolution

FIGURE 6. Comparison of anterior portion of splenial in lingual view. (A.) Alligator mississippiensis (ETMNH-Z 265) showing absence of anterior foramen intermandibularis oralis (FIO, splenial outlined in red), (B.) A. sinensis (ETMNH-Z 6953) with anterior FIO present (splenial outlined in red), and (C.) A. hailensis (UF 162533) showing autapomorphic incompletely closed anterior FIO (preserved portion of splenial outlined in white). Scale in each = 2 cm.

FIGURE 4 in New early Pleistocene Alligator (Eusuchia: Crocodylia) from Florida bridges a gap in Alligator evolution

FIGURE 4. Ventral view of the Alligator hailensis holotype (UF 224688) skull during laboratory preparation. Inset enlargement and drawing shows suture between left palatine and pterygoid. Abbreviations are: palatine (pal), pterygoid (pt), and suborbital fenestra (SOF). Scale = 2 cm.

FIGURE 3 in New early Pleistocene Alligator (Eusuchia: Crocodylia) from Florida bridges a gap in Alligator evolution

FIGURE 3. Posterior skull fragment of Alligator hailensis in dorsal view (UF 294863). Abbreviations are frontal (f), jugal (j), lacrimal (l), parietal (p), postorbital (po), prefrontal (pf), squamosal (sq), and supratemporal fenestra (STF). Scale = 2 cm.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

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Data from: Persistence with episodic range expansion from the early Pleistocene: the distribution of genetic variation in the forest tree Corymbia calophylla (Myrtaceae) in south-western Australia

Phylogeographic patterns of trees in topographically subdued, unglaciated landscapes are under-reported, and might reflect population persistence and the influences of environment and distance over historical (~2.6Mya-present) and contemporary (recent generations) time-scales. We examined this hypothesis using genetic analyses of four slowly evolving non-coding chloroplast sequences and 16 nuclear microsatellites in the tree Corymbia calophylla from south-western Australia that has been unglaciated since the Permian (.300-250Mya). We found strong population differentiation for chloroplast DNA and low differentiation for nuclear loci, consistent with higher gene flow by pollen than seed. We identified three divergent chloroplast lineages distributed in central, north and south geographic regions, and diversifying from the early (.3.028Mya), mid- (.0.793Mya) and late- (.0.426Mya) Pleistocene, respectively. Moderate-high nucleotide diversity with population-specific haplotypes supported long-term persistence but diversification of lineages provided evidence of unexpected episodic range expansion. We suggest this pattern reflects environmental influences of climatic oscillations during progressive drying of south-western Australia from the early Pleistocene. Significant tests for isolation by environment for nuclear loci also supported an influence of contemporary environmental (aridity) conditions on genetic structure, but isolation by distance (IBD) was greater. Significant chloroplast and nuclear IBD suggested distance was a major influence on gene flow at both time-scales.

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Data from: Testing the applicability of a benthic foraminiferal-based transfer function for the reconstruction of paleowater depth changes in Rhodes (Greece) during the early Pleistocene

We present paleo-water depth reconstructions for the Pefka E section deposited on the island of Rhodes (Greece) during the early Pleistocene. For these reconstructions, a transfer function (TF) using modern benthic foraminifera surface samples from the Adriatic and Western Mediterranean Seas has been developed. The TF model gives an overall predictive accuracy of ~50 m over a water depth range of ~1200 m. Two separate TF models for shallower and deeper water depth ranges indicate a good predictive accuracy of 9 m for shallower water depths (0-200 m) but far less accuracy of 130 m for deeper water depths (200-1200 m) due to uneven sampling along the water depth gradient. To test the robustness of the TF, we randomly selected modern samples to develop random TFs, showing that the model is robust for water depths between 20 and 850 m while greater water depths are underestimated. We applied the TF to the Pefka E fossil data set. The goodness-of-fit statistics showed that most fossil samples have a poor to extremely poor fit to water depth. We interpret this as a consequence of a lack of modern analogues for the fossil samples and removed all samples with extremely poor fit. To test the robustness and significance of the reconstructions, we compared them to reconstructions from an alternative TF model based on the modern analogue technique and applied the randomization TF test. We found our estimates to be robust and significant at the 95% confidence level, but we also observed that our estimates are strongly overprinted by orbital, precession-driven changes in paleo-productivity and corrected our estimates by filtering out the precession-related component. We compared our corrected record to reconstructions based on a modified plankton/benthos (P/B) ratio, excluding infaunal species, and to stable oxygen isotope data from the same section, as well as to paleo-water depth estimates for the Lindos Bay Formation of other sediment sections of Rhodes. These comparisons indicate that our orbital-corrected reconstructions are reasonable and reflect major tectonic movements of Rhodes during the early Pleistocene.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2023View details →

R Script and files for the Virtual reconstruction of Canis arnensis type from UVB (Italy, Early Pleistocene)

Dataset for the paper:  Bartolini-Lucenti, S., Cirilli, O., Melchionna, M., Raia, P., Tseng, Z.J., Flynn, J.J. and Rook, L., 2024. Virtual reconstruction of the Canis arnensis type (Canidae, Mammalia) from the Upper Valdarno Basin (Italy, Early Pleistocene). Scientific Reports, 14. doi:10.1038/s41598-024-53073-5 <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-53073-5">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-53073-5</a>

opennotspecifiedMay 2019View details →

FIGURE 2. Ichneumonidae hind wing morphology and comparison with the wing fossil. A in The first Ichneumonid fossil from the Early Pleistocene of Madeira Island (Portugal)

FIGURE 2. Ichneumonidae hind wing morphology and comparison with the wing fossil. A, position and venation in Ichneumonidae (Ophion obscuratus Fabricius, 1798), figure adapted from Prehn & Raper (2016); B, Specimen UMad-P500a (part); C, Specimen UMad-P500b (counter-part); D, drawing interpretation of specimen UMad-P500a with venation nomenclature and cell numbers; arrows point to bulla.

FIGURES 29–34 in Last snails standing since the Early Pleistocene, a tale of Calliostomatidae (Gastropoda) living in deep-water coral habitats in the north-eastern Atlantic

FIGURES 29–34. Calliostoma maurolici on various substrates. 29. Caracole/PL129-7 (ROV). Grazing on dead Lophelia pertusa framework. 30. M61-3/632 (GeoB 9285, ROV). Grazing on dead Lophelia pertusa framework portions. 31. POS 400/GeoB 14544 (ROV 3). Grazing on a Madrepora oculata colony. 32. POS400/GeoB 14548 (ROV5). Two specimens of different age grazing in close vicinity on dead coral framework. 33. POS400/GeoB 14543 (ROV2). Grazing on deep-sea anemone Phelliactis hertwigii. 34. POS400/GeoB 14548 (ROV5). Grazing on epiliths, grown on a hardground. [Fig. 29 was taken by ROV "VIC- TOR 6000", IFREMER, France. Fig. 30 was taken by ROV "QUEST 4000" and Figs 31–34 were taken via ROV "Cherokee", MARUM, Bremen University, Germany.]

FIGURES 21–28. Calliostoma maurolici, 21–24. Moundforce2004 in Last snails standing since the Early Pleistocene, a tale of Calliostomatidae (Gastropoda) living in deep-water coral habitats in the north-eastern Atlantic

FIGURES 21–28. Calliostoma maurolici, 21–24. Moundforce2004/37, Juvenile specimen, H 1.4 mm, W 1.5 mm, protoconch W 0.48 mm, T 0.36 mm, scale bar 0.1 mm. 25. Specimen from limestone outcrop, St. Paul's Bay, Rhodes, Mid-Pleistocene (private collection A. Freiwald). 26–28. M61-3/603, live-collected, H 16 mm, W 19 mm.

FIGURES 15–20 in Last snails standing since the Early Pleistocene, a tale of Calliostomatidae (Gastropoda) living in deep-water coral habitats in the north-eastern Atlantic

FIGURES 15–20. Calliostoma bullatum on substrates. 15. MSM16-3/GeoB 14871 (ROV5). Grazing on carnivorous sponge Cladorhiza corallophila; arrow indicating grazing effect. 16. MSM16-3/GeoB 14902 (ROV10). On framework encrusting sponge. 17. MSM16-3/GeoB 14902 (ROV10). Grazing on a valve of live Acesta excavata, which is colonised by epibionts; the two laser points are at a distance of 6 cm. 18. MSM16-3/GeoB 14902 (ROV10). Grazing on a valve of dead Acesta excavata (note in direct surrounding the free portions of epibionts on the valve and the white framework portions of Lophelia pertusa lacking any tissue). 19. MSM16-3/GeoB 14902 (ROV10). Grazing on a gastropod shell (Ranella olearium). 20. MSM16-3/ GeoB 14891 (ROV9). Grazing on dead hydroid axis in close vicinity to a Solenogastres.

FIGURE 1 in Last snails standing since the Early Pleistocene, a tale of Calliostomatidae (Gastropoda) living in deep-water coral habitats in the north-eastern Atlantic

FIGURE 1. Distribution maps of Calliostoma bullatum and Calliostoma leptophyma (left) and of Calliostoma maurolici (right). In the left map, empty shells of Calliostoma bullatum as red diagonal crosses, live observations as yellow triangles, empty shells of Calliostoma leptophyma as red normal crosses, live observations in this study as green triangles, live observations from literature as green diamonds. In the right map, empty shells of Calliostoma maurolici as red normal crosses, live observations as yellow triangles, live observations from literature as green diamonds. Bathymetry data source: GEBCO, depth contour intervals 500 m.

FIGURES 9–14 in Last snails standing since the Early Pleistocene, a tale of Calliostomatidae (Gastropoda) living in deep-water coral habitats in the north-eastern Atlantic

FIGURES 9–14. Calliostoma bullatum on various substrates. 9. MSM16-3/GeoB 14871 (ROV4). Grazing on hydroids. 10. MSM16-3/GeoB 14871 (ROV4). Elongated, muscular foot supports feeding on polyp tissue (Madrepora oculata). Operculum and dorsal groove on foot indicated by arrow. 11. MSM16-3/GeoB 14873 (ROV7). Muscular foot enables elevation of body above substrate (live Lophelia pertusa). Epipodial sense organs spread directly below the shell (arrow). 12. MSM16-3/GeoB 14871 (ROV4). Feeding on apical portions of a live Madrepora oculata. 13. MSM16-3/GeoB 14779 (ROV2). Two individuals feeding on Lophelia pertusa tissue; note the grazing tracks showing the bare, white coral skeleton devoid of polyp tissue in contrast to the orange to pale-pinkish live portions. 14. MSM16-3/GeoB 14891 (ROV9). Three individuals of different sizes all feeding on epibionts of Lophelia pertusa framework; note the grazing traces on adjacent live Lophelia pertusa portions (see arrow). [Figs 9-20 were taken by ROV "Sperre", Tomas Lundälv, Sven Lovén Centre for Marine Infrastructure, Tjärnö, University of Gothenburg, Strömstad, Sweden].

FIGURES 35–43. Calliostoma leptophyma. 35–37. HERMES2006 in Last snails standing since the Early Pleistocene, a tale of Calliostomatidae (Gastropoda) living in deep-water coral habitats in the north-eastern Atlantic

FIGURES 35–43. Calliostoma leptophyma. 35–37. HERMES2006/12, 35–36. H 1.0 mm, W 1.1 mm. 37. Protoconch W 0.59 mm, T 0.45 mm, scale bar 0.1 mm. 38. Moundforce2004/37, H 2.2 mm, W 2.3 mm, protoconch W 0.56 mm, T 0.43 mm. 39. HERMES2006/23A, H 2.9 mm, W 2.9 mm, protoconch W 0.57 mm, T 0.43 mm. 40. M151/GeoB 23434-4, live-collected, H 13 mm, W 14 mm. 41–43. Moundforce2004/41C, H 22 mm, W 23 mm.

FIGURES 2–8. Calliostoma bullatum, 2–5. POS346 in Last snails standing since the Early Pleistocene, a tale of Calliostomatidae (Gastropoda) living in deep-water coral habitats in the north-eastern Atlantic

FIGURES 2–8. Calliostoma bullatum, 2–5. POS346/ GeoB 11579, 2–3. H 1.4 mm, W 1.7 mm. 4–5. W 2.0 mm, T 1.6 mm, protoconch W 0.47 mm, T 0.35 mm, scale bar 0.1 mm. 6–7. MSM16-3/ GeoB 14871, live-collected, scale bars 10 mm, 6. H 36 mm, W 36 mm. 7. H 31 mm, W 32 mm. 8. Trochus bullatus, original illustration by Philippi (1844), H 34 mm, W 34 mm.