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Fig. 5 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 5. Principal component (PC) cross-plot and wireframes for all grooved specimens. A. Principal component cross plot of the first two principal components, labeled with their corresponding eigenvalues (blue, sinistral; red dextral). B. Black wireframes, the resulting form with values of the corresponding principal component values; gray outline, the mean form provided by the preliminary Procrustes fit.

Fig. 1 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 1. Paleogeographic map of Laurentia (A) and the Midcontinent sea (B) during Late Pennsylvanian time. Terrestrial/marine environments represent regions dependent on glacio-eustatic and basin controls. Modern day state outlines for reference to sample locations: 1, Sedan spillway; 2, Clinton Dam; 3, interstate I-229 roadcut. A.W.A., Ancestral-Wichita-Amarillo mountains. A, based on Heckel (1999); B, modified from Algeo and Heckel (2008).

Fig. 3 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 3. Transformation of a conodont P1 element into morphometric coordinate points: 1, specimen is photographed; 2, coordinates are placed on the image using the software TspUtil; 3, wireframe outline is created by linking landmarks to each other; 4, image is removed to illustrate that all analyses beyond this point are performed on the landmarks only, and all other biological criteria are no longer considered. Open circles, location of Type 1 landmarks, and black ovals, location of Type 2 landmarks.

Fig. 4 in Geometric morphometric analysis and taxonomic revision of the Gzhelian (Late Pennsylvanian) conodont Idiognathodus simulator from North America

Fig. 4. Wireframe created by connecting landmarks chosen for the Idiognathodus simulator morphometric analysis. Numbers represent the landmark number designations used for the morphometric analysis: 1, ventral termination of the rostral adcarinal ridge; 2, dorsal termination of the carina; 3, ventral termination of the caudal adcarinal ridge; 4, rostral termination of the most ventral transverse ridge on the rostral side; 5, caudal termination of the most ventral transverse ridge on the rostral side; 6, rostral termination of the most ventral transverse ridge on the caudal side; 7, caudal termination of the most ventral transverse ridge on the caudal side; 8, rostral termination of the transverse ridge closest to the point of maximum curvature along the rostral platform margin on the rostral side. 9, caudal termination of the transverse ridge closest to the point of maximum curvature along the rostral platform margin on the rostral side; 10, rostral termination of the transverse ridge closest to the point of maximum curvature along the caudal platform margin on the caudal side; 11, caudal termination of the transverse ridge closest to the point of maximum curvature along the caudal platform margin on the caudal side; 12, rostral termination of the most dorsal transverse ridge on the rostral side; 13, caudal termination of the most dorsal transverse ridge on the rostral side; 14, rostral termination of the most dorsal transverse ridge on the caudal side; 15, caudal termination of the most dorsal transverse ridge on the caudal side; 16, dorsal tip of the element; 17, midpoint along the rostral adcarinal ridge; 18, midpoint along the caudal adcarinal ridge.

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Fig. 7. Geometric morphometric analyses. A. Principal Component Analysis. B in Early steps in the radiation of notoungulate mammals in southern South America: A new henricosborniid from the Eocene of Patagonia

Fig. 7. Geometric morphometric analyses. A. Principal Component Analysis. B. Canonical Variate Analysis.

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Fig. 2. Geometric mean ratio and 95 in Associations between Toxoplasma gondii infection and steroid hormone levels in spotted hyenas

Fig. 2. Geometric mean ratio and 95% CI estimates from separate sex stratified models of the relationship between T. gondii infection and plasma cortisol. The red dashed line represents the null, and estimates are based on percentile bootstrapping (2000 simulations).

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Fig. 1. Geometric mean ratio and 95 in Associations between Toxoplasma gondii infection and steroid hormone levels in spotted hyenas

Fig. 1. Geometric mean ratio and 95% CI estimates from separate sex and age stratified models of the relationship between T. gondii infection and plasma testosterone. The red dashed line represents the null, and estimates are based on percentile bootstrapping (2000 simulations).

Fig. 10 in Wing geometric morphometrics to distinguish and identify Haematobosca flies (Diptera: Muscidae) from Thailand

Fig. 10. Hierarchical agglomerative clustering tree based on shape similarities of test specimens (male as yellow and female as gray) and reference data of Haematobosca sanguinolenta and H. aberrans. Euclidean distances were used for the construction of the tree. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Wing geometric morphometrics to distinguish and identify Haematobosca flies (Diptera: Muscidae) from Thailand

Fig. 2. The topographic map of the Haematobosca fly collection sites in Thailand: Chiang Mai (1), Kanchanaburi (2), and Nakhon Ratchasima (3) (A). The Nzi trap used for fly collection was placed near animal hosts at each collection site (B, C). This map was prepared from the United States Geological Survey (USGS) National Map Viewer available at http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/, accessed on February 10, 2023.

Fig. 9 in Wing geometric morphometrics to distinguish and identify Haematobosca flies (Diptera: Muscidae) from Thailand

Fig. 9. Factor map of the principal components (PC1, 46% as horizontal axis and PC2, 22% as vertical axis) from wing shape variables of test specimens (male and female) and reference data of Haematobosca sanguinolenta and H. aberrans. Squares represent mean values in each group.

Fig. 8 in Wing geometric morphometrics to distinguish and identify Haematobosca flies (Diptera: Muscidae) from Thailand

Fig. 8. Linear regression between centroid size and the first shape-based principal component (PC) of Haematobosca sanguinolenta (A) and H. aberrans (B). Linear regression prediction is shown by the orange dots. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 3. The 10 in Wing geometric morphometrics to distinguish and identify Haematobosca flies (Diptera: Muscidae) from Thailand

Fig. 3. The 10 landmarks on the wing of Haematobosca flies used in the wing geometric morphometric analysis.

Fig. 7 in Wing geometric morphometrics to distinguish and identify Haematobosca flies (Diptera: Muscidae) from Thailand

Fig. 7. Hierarchical agglomerative clustering tree based on shape similarities of each individual for male and female Haematobosca sanguinolenta and H. aberrans. Euclidean distances were used for the construction of the tree.

Fig. 1 in Wing geometric morphometrics to distinguish and identify Haematobosca flies (Diptera: Muscidae) from Thailand

Fig. 1. Heads in the lateral view and the pleura of Haematobosca sanguinolenta (A, B) and H. aberrans (C, D). The anterior and posterior katepisternal setae (arrow) were used to distinguish between both species. Photographs were prepared by the authors.

Fig. 5 in Wing geometric morphometrics to distinguish and identify Haematobosca flies (Diptera: Muscidae) from Thailand

Fig. 5. Mean shape of male (A) and female (B) Haematobosca sanguinolenta and H. aberrans after Procrustes superimposition.

Fig. 6 in Wing geometric morphometrics to distinguish and identify Haematobosca flies (Diptera: Muscidae) from Thailand

Fig. 6. Factor map of the first two principal components (PC1, 47% as horizontal axis and PC2, 33% as vertical axis) of wing shape variables (A) and factor map of the first two discriminant factors (DF1, 66.8% as horizontal axis and DF2, 31.8% as vertical axis, the two discriminant factors represent 98.6% of the total discriminant space) of wing shape variables (B). Each point represents the individuals of male and female Haematobosca sanguinolenta and H. aberrans, and each polygon corresponds to a different species and sex. Squares represent the mean values in each group.

FIGURE 5 in Non-linear ontogenetic shape change in Cryptolithus tesselatus (Trilobita) using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics

FIGURE 5. Principal components analysis of 3D fixed and semi landmarks. 1, PC 1 vs PC 2; point size represents relative centroid size of specimen. 2-4, Landmark configuration of shape represented by low PC 1 score, typical of largest specimens, in dorsal, anterior, and right lateral views, respectively. 5-7, Landmark configuration of shape represented by high PC 1 score, typical of smallest specimens, in dorsal, anterior, and right lateral views, respectively.

FIGURE 4 in Non-linear ontogenetic shape change in Cryptolithus tesselatus (Trilobita) using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics

FIGURE 4. Slice through volume rendering of Cryptolithus tesselatus (AMNH FI-101479), shown in dorsal view in inset. Red line in inset shows the orientation of the slice across the specimen. Bright white area is sediment trapped within the bilaminar structure of the cephalon. Blue arrows point to suture between upper and lower lamellae; red arrows point to fringe-pits.

FIGURE 1 in Non-linear ontogenetic shape change in Cryptolithus tesselatus (Trilobita) using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics

FIGURE 1. Cephalon of Cryptolithus tesselatus (AMNH FI-101479) showing morphological terms used in this paper, following Whittington (1968) and Hughes et al. (1975). Concentric arcs are labeled according to their placement relative to the girder (expressed on the ventral side): E = external; I = internal. "Fringe-pits" are circled in yellow; the "F-pits" represent a subset of these interior to the labeled concentric arcs. Specimen is 6.6 mm long.

FIGURE 8 in Non-linear ontogenetic shape change in Cryptolithus tesselatus (Trilobita) using three-dimensional geometric morphometrics

FIGURE 8. Length vs width of Cryptolithus tesselatus cephala, coded for the number of concentric arcs of fringe-pits expressed in each specimen. The first three concentric arcs (E, I1, and I2) are complete when first expressed. Based on clustering, I3 is likely completed over three molts, first by only 1-3 fringe-pits, then 8-10 fringe-pits, then 13-15 fringe-pits with the anteriormost in line with the 10th radial rows of fringe-pits in arcs E-I. The dataset includes the 23 2 specimens, which were CT-scanned as well as 31 additional silicified specimens from the collection; specimens that were CT-scanned are outlined in red. Arrows indicate the specimens shown in Figures 1 and 7. Inset in upper right corner is a magnified view of the specimens in the dashed box. The scaling component describing the relationship between length and width is 1.153 (1 = isometric growth).