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527 results for “Mesozoic.”
Data from: Fossil evidence of the avian vocal organ from the Mesozoic
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The coevolution of rostral keratin cover and toothrow distribution in Mesozoic dinosaurs
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Supplementary data from: Reassessment of body temperature and thermoregulation strategies in Mesozoic marine reptiles
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Mesozoic origin and out-of-India radiation of ricefishes (Adrianichthyidae)
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Evolution of ecospace occupancy by Mesozoic marine tetrapods
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Data from: Structural colours in diverse Mesozoic insects
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Cenozoic evolutionary history obscures the Mesozoic origins of acanthopterygian fishes
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FIGURE 2 in Review of Mesozoic Perissommatidae (Insecta: Diptera)
FIGURE 2. Male of Collessomma sibirica gen. et sp. nov. A–E. holotype PIN No. 5340/1681. A. Total view. B. Terminalia. C, D. Head, dorsal and ventral view. E. Anterior part of wing with pterostigma. F. PIN No. 5026/1558, head with facets of different size. Scale bars 1 mm (A), 200 μm (B–F).
FIGURE 7 in Review of Mesozoic Perissommatidae (Insecta: Diptera)
FIGURE 7. Mesozoic Perissommatinae (modified originals of V.G. Kovalev). A–B.?Palaeoperissomma demetrii Kovalev, 1990, holotype PIN No. 1742/667 (Turga, K1). A. Total view. B. Antenna. C. Total view of Gurvaniella hosbayari Kovalev, 1986, holotype PIN No. 3149/1789 (Gurvan, K1). Scale bars 1 mm. Figs A, B after Kovalev 1990: fig. 105a, b; Fig C after Kovalev 1986: fig. 97a.
FIGURE 3 in Review of Mesozoic Perissommatidae (Insecta: Diptera)
FIGURE 3. Collessomma sibirica gen. et sp. nov. Paratype PIN No. 5026/206,?male. A. Total view. B. Tarsus. C. Anterior part of wing with pterostigma. Abbreviations: CuA, anterior branch of cubital vein; CuP, posterior branch of cubital vein; im, medial crossvein; M1, M2, M3+4, branches of media; m-cu, media–cubital crossvein; R1, R3, R4, R5, branches of radius; r-m, radial–medial crossvein; Sc, subcostal vein. Scale bars 1 mm (A), 500 μm (C), 100 μm (B).
Data from: Variations of mesozoic feathers: insights from the morphogenesis of extant feather rachises
<p><span>The rachises of extant feathers, composed of dense cortex and spongy internal medulla, are flexible and light, yet stiff enough to withstand the load required for flight, among other functions. Incomplete knowledge of early feathers prevents a full understanding of how cylindrical rachises have evolved. Bizarre feathers with unusually wide and flattened rachises, known as "rachis-dominated feathers" (RDFs) have been observed in fossil non-avian and avian theropods. Newly discovered RDFs embedded in early Late Cretaceous Burmese ambers (~99 Ma) suggest the unusually wide and flattened rachises mainly consist of a dorsal cortex, lacking a medulla and a ventral cortex. Coupled with findings on extant feather morphogenesis, known fossil RDFs were categorized into three morphotypes based on their rachidial configurations. For each morphotype, potential developmental scenarios were depicted by referring to the rachidial development in chickens, and relative stiffness of each morphotype was estimated through functional simulations.</span><span> The results suggest</span><span> rachises of </span><span>RDFs are developmentally equivalent to a variety of immature stages of cylindrical rachises. Similar rachidial morphotypes documented in extant penguins suggest that the RDFs are not unique to Mesozoic theropods, though they are likely to have evolved independently in extant penguins. </span></p>
Data and script for: The patterns and modes of the evolution of disparity in Mesozoic Birds
<p>The origin of birds from non-avian theropod dinosaurs is one of the greatest transitions in evolution. Shortly after diverging from other theropods in the Late Jurassic, Mesozoic birds diversified into two major clades—the Enantiornithes and Ornithuromorpha—acquiring many features previously considered unique to the crown groups along the way. Here we present a comparative phylogenetic study of the patterns and modes of Mesozoic bird skeletal morphology and limb proportions. Our results show that the major Mesozoic avian groups are distinctive in discrete character space, but constrained in morphospace defined by limb proportions. The Enantiornithines, despite being the dominant group of Mesozoic birds, are much less morphologically disparate than their sister clade, the Ornithuromorpha—the clade that gave rise to living birds, showing decoupled disparity and diversity in early avian history. This relatively low disparity suggests that diversification of enantiornithines was characterized in exhausting fine morphologies, whereas ornithuromorphs continuously explored a broader array of morphologies and ecological opportunities. We suggest this clade-specific evolutionary versatility contribute to their contrasting survivorship of the end-Cretaceous mass extinction.</p>
Data from: Rates of dinosaur limb evolution provide evidence for exceptional radiation in Mesozoic birds
Birds are the most diverse living tetrapod group and are a model of large-scale adaptive radiation. Neontological studies suggest a radiation within the avian crown group, long after the origin of flight. However, deep time patterns of bird evolution remain obscure because only limited fossil data have been considered. We analyse cladogenesis and limb evolution on the entire tree of Mesozoic theropods, documenting the dinosaur–bird transition and immediate origins of powered flight. Mesozoic birds inherited constraints on forelimb evolution from non-flying ancestors, and species diversification rates did not accelerate in the earliest flying taxa. However, Early Cretaceous short-tailed birds exhibit both phenotypic release of the hindlimb and increased diversification rates, unparalleled in magnitude at any other time in the first 155 Myr of theropod evolution. Thus, a Cretaceous adaptive radiation of stem-group birds was enabled by restructuring of the terrestrial locomotor module, which represents a key innovation. Our results suggest two phases of radiation in Avialae: with the Cretaceous diversification overwritten by extinctions of stem-group birds at the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary, and subsequent diversification of the crown group. Our findings illustrate the importance of fossil data for understanding the macroevolutionary processes generating modern biodiversity.
Data from: Near-stasis in the long-term diversification of Mesozoic tetrapods
How did evolution generate the extraordinary diversity of vertebrates on land? Zero species are known prior to ~380 million years ago, and more than 30,000 are present today. An expansionist model suggests this was achieved by large and unbounded increases, leading to substantially greater diversity in the present than at any time in the geological past. This model contrasts starkly with empirical support for constrained diversification in marine animals, suggesting different macroevolutionary processes on land and in the sea. We quantify patterns of vertebrate standing diversity on land during the Mesozoic–early Paleogene interval, applying sample-standardization to a global fossil dataset containing 27,260 occurrences of 4,898 non-marine tetrapod species. Our results show a highly stable pattern of Mesozoic tetrapod diversity at regional and local levels, underpinned by a weakly positive, but near-zero, long-term net diversification rate over 190 million years. Species diversity of non-flying terrestrial tetrapods less than doubled over this interval, despite the origins of exceptionally diverse extant groups within mammals, squamates, amphibians, and dinosaurs. Therefore, although speciose groups of modern tetrapods have Mesozoic origins, rates of Mesozoic diversification inferred from the fossil record are slow compared to those inferred from molecular phylogenies. If high speciation rates did occur in the Mesozoic, then they seem to have been balanced by extinctions among older clades. An apparent 4-fold expansion of species richness after the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary deserves further examination in light of potential taxonomic biases, but is consistent with the hypothesis that global environmental disturbances such as mass extinction events can rapidly adjust limits to diversity by restructuring ecosystems, and suggests that the gradualistic evolutionary diversification of tetrapods was punctuated by brief but dramatic episodes of radiation.
Data from: Local and global abundance associated with extinction risk in late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic gastropods
Ecological theory predicts an inverse association between population size and extinction risk, but most previous paleontological studies have not confirmed this relationship. The reasons for this discrepancy between theory and observation remain poorly understood. In this study, we compiled a global database of gastropod occurrences and collection-level abundances spanning the Early Permian through Early Jurassic (Pliensbachian). Globally, the database contains 5469 occurrences of 496 genera and 2156 species from 839 localities. Within the database, 30 collections distributed across 7 stages contain at least 75 specimens and 10 genera – our minimum criteria for within-collection analysis of extinction selectivity. We use logistic regression analysis to assess the relationship between abundance and extinction risk using global and local measures of population size and stage-level extinction patterns in Early Permian through Early Jurassic marine gastropods. We find that global genus occurrence frequency is inversely associated with extinction risk (i.e., positively associated with survival) in 15 of 16 stages examined, statistically significantly so in 6 stages. Although correlation between geographic range and occurrence frequency may account for some of this association, results from multivariable regression analysis suggest that the association between occurrence frequency and extinction risk is largely independent of geographic range. Within local assemblages, abundance (number of individuals) is also inversely associated with extinction risk. The strength of association is consistent across time and modes of fossil preservation. Effect strength is poorly constrained, particularly in analyses of local collections. In addition to limited power due to small sample size, this poor constraint may result from confounding by ecological variables not controlled for in the analyses, by taphonomic or collection biases, or from non-monotonic relationships between abundance and extinction risk. Two factors are likely to account for the difference between our results and those of most previous studies. First, many previous studies focused on the end-Cretaceous mass extinction event; the extent to which these results can be generalized to other intervals remains unclear. Second, previous findings of non-selective extinction could result from insufficient statistical power rather than the absence of an underlying effect because non-selective extinction is generally used as the null hypothesis for statistical convenience. Survivorship patterns in late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic gastropods suggest that abundance has been a more important influence on extinction risk through the Phanerozoic than previously appreciated.
FIGURE 8 in Venation pattern and revision of Orthoptera sensu nov. and sister groups. Phylogeny of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Orthoptera sensu nov.
FIGURE 8. Stenoneura fayoli, holotype specimen MNHNLPR.51207 (print). (scale bar represents 1 mm). 8a: photograph of the mediocubital area of right forewing (detail of CuA; under alcohol). 8b: photograph of the mediocubital area of left forewing (detail of CuA; under alcohol; reversed).
FIGURE 1 in Venation pattern and revision of Orthoptera sensu nov. and sister groups. Phylogeny of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Orthoptera sensu nov.
FIGURE 1. Venation patterns within the 'orthopteroid' lineage. 1a: Archaeorthoptera; 1b: Orthoptera (drawing after Béthoux & Nel 2001); 1c: Haglida taxon nov (drawing after Béthoux & Nel, 2001).
FIGURE 6 in Venation pattern and revision of Orthoptera sensu nov. and sister groups. Phylogeny of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Orthoptera sensu nov.
FIGURE 6. Stenoneura fayoli, holotype specimen MNHNLPR.51207 (print). The wing venation nomenclature follows the hypothesis of its affinity with the Panorthoptera. (scale bar represents 5 mm). 6a: reconstruction of right forewing; 6b: reconstruction of left forewing (reversed).
FIGURE 2 in Venation pattern and revision of Orthoptera sensu nov. and sister groups. Phylogeny of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Orthoptera sensu nov.
FIGURE 2.New interpretations of forewing venations: 2a: Mesoedischia madygenia (drawing after Sharov 1968); 2b: Elcana media (drawing after Zessin 1988); 2c: Plesioschwinzia thalassophila (drawing after Zessin 1988).
FIGURE 11 in Venation pattern and revision of Orthoptera sensu nov. and sister groups. Phylogeny of Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Orthoptera sensu nov.
FIGURE 11. Narkeminidae sp. indet., specimen MNHNLPR.R55237ab (forewing; counterpart): photograph of the mediocubital area (detail of common stem M + CuA, distal free part of CuA, and fusion of CuA with CuPa; scale bar represents 1 mm).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.