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769 results for “Mosaic”
Data from: What shapes cerambycid beetle communities in a tropical forest mosaic? Assessing the effects of host tree identity, forest structure, and vertical stratification
Due to anthropogenic activities, tropical rain forests face many challenges in sustaining biodiversity and maintaining global climates. This study explores how forest successional stage, tree composition, and stratum affect communities of saproxylic cerambycid beetles—concealed feeders that play important roles in forest nutrient cycling. Forty trees in five families (Fabaceae, Lecythidaceae, Malvaceae, Moraceae, and Sapotaceae) were sampled in a mosaic of old-growth and secondary forest on the Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica. Bait branches yielded 3549 cerambycid individuals in 49 species. Species richness was almost identical in old-growth and secondary forest, and both yielded specialists, but abundance was higher in old-growth forest. Overall community structure was most strongly influenced by host plant species; within most plant families it was also impacted by forest successional status. Moraceae was the exception, presumably because the focal tree species was abundant in both old-growth and secondary forest. Several host and old-growth specialist species reached high densities within patches of old-growth forest, but seldom colonized apparently suitable trees within secondary forest. This suggests that even small areas of old-growth forest can act as refuges, but that secondary forest may act as a barrier to dispersal. The vulnerability of specialized saproxylic insects to land use change will be linked to the ability of their preferred hosts to disperse to and persist in successional habitats; rearing studies may provide the most accurate method to monitor community changes over time.
Data from: Abiotic environmental variation drives virulence evolution in a fish host-parasite geographic mosaic
1.Parasite virulence varies greatly. Theory predicts that this arises from parasites optimising a trade-off between the mortality they inflict on current hosts, and their transmission to future hosts. The effect of the environment on this coevolution is rarely considered. 2.Geographic mosaics are fertile systems for studying coevolution, but again, the diversity of outcomes is often assumed to result from co-evolutionary dynamism, rather than being moulded by the environment. 3.Here we quantify variation in virulence among lakes in a geographic mosaic of coevolution between a trematode ectoparasite (Gyrodactylus arcuatus) and its three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) host. 4.Virulence varies greatly in this system, and parasites are generally locally adapted to their hosts. 5.Parasites are also locally adapted to the water in their own lake, and virulence is strongly related to lake pH, the dominant axis of abiotic environmental variation in this system. 6.These results suggest that the evolution of virulence can be substantially affected by the abiotic environment, which has important implications for understanding coevolution. There are also implications for the evolutionary management of disease e.g. ectoparasites in aquaculture, the impacts of which might be expected to reduce given ongoing acidification of aquatic ecosystems.
Data from: Structure of a mosaic hybrid zone between the field crickets Gryllus firmus and G. pennsylvanicus
Hybrid zones provide insight into the nature of species boundaries and the evolution of barriers to gene exchange. Characterizing multiple regions within hybrid zones is essential for understanding both their history and current dynamics. Here, we describe a previously uncharacterized region of a well-studied hybrid zone between two species of field crickets, Gryllus pennsylvanicus and G. firmus. We use a combination of mitochondrial DNA sequencing, morphological data, and modeling of environmental variables to identify the ecological factors structuring the hybrid zone and define patterns of hybridization and introgression. We find an association between species distribution and natural habitat; Gryllus pennsylvanicus occupies natural habitat along forest edges and natural clearings, whereas G. firmus occupies more disturbed areas in agricultural and suburban environments. Hybridization and introgression occur across patch boundaries; there is evidence of substantial admixture both in morphological characters and mtDNA, over a broad geographic area. Nonetheless, the distribution of morphological types is bimodal. Given that F1 hybrids are viable and fertile in the lab, this suggests that strong pre-zygotic barriers are operating in this portion of the hybrid zone.
Data from: Scaling of processes shaping the clonal dynamics and genetic mosaic of seagrasses through temporal genetic monitoring
Theoretically, the dynamics of clonal and genetic diversities of clonal plant populations are strongly influenced by the competition among clones and rate of seedling recruitment, but little empirical assessment has been made of such dynamics through temporal genetic surveys. We aimed to quantify 3 years of evolution in the clonal and genetic composition of Zostera marina meadows, comparing parameters describing clonal architecture and genetic diversity at nine microsatellite markers. Variations in clonal structure revealed a decrease in the evenness of ramet distribution among genets. This illustrates the increasing dominance of some clonal lineages (multilocus lineages, MLLs) in populations. Despite the persistence of these MLLs over time, genetic differentiation was much stronger in time than in space, at the local scale. Contrastingly with the short-term evolution of clonal architecture, the patterns of genetic structure and genetic diversity sensu stricto (that is, heterozygosity and allelic richness) were stable in time. These results suggest the coexistence of (i) a fine grained (at the scale of a 20 × 30 m quadrat) stable core of persistent genets originating from an initial seedling recruitment and developing spatial dominance through clonal elongation; and (ii) a local (at the scale of the meadow) pool of transient genets subjected to annual turnover. This simultaneous occurrence of initial and repeated recruitment strategies highlights the different spatial scales at which distinct evolutionary drivers and mating systems (clonal competition, clonal growth, propagule dispersal and so on) operate to shape the dynamics of populations and the evolution of polymorphism in space and time.
Data from: Evidence for ecological divergence across a mosaic of soil types in an Amazonian tropical tree: Protium subserratum (Burseraceae)
Soil gradients are known to be an important driver of divergent natural selection in plant populations. Neotropical trees have the highest diversity on earth and it is not uncommon to find soil specialist congeners distributed parapatrically. Nevertheless very little is known about the role that edaphic heterogeneity plays in the origin and maintenance of tropical tree diversity. We predict that the mosaic of different soils in the lowland Amazon rainforest play a major role in generating and maintaining genetic variation in tropical tree populations through ecological divergence. This study examines genetic and morphological differentiation in the tropical tree Protium subserratum populations growing on the mosaic of white-sand, brown-sand and clay soil types distributed parapatrically throughout the western Amazon basin. We use nuclear microsatellites and vegetative characters to answer four major questions: (1) Are populations phenotypically and genetically differentiated across all three habitat types? (2) Can we detect a signature of natural selection over drift divergence among populations on different soil types? (3) What is the extent of hybridization and introgression across habitat types? (4) What is the relative importance of spatial distance and soil type in structuring P. subserratum tree populations and influencing migration rates among populations? We found significant morphological variation in populations across the three soil types. Higher levels of genetic differentiation and lower levels of gene flow were observed between adjacent populations found on different soil types than between geographically distant populations on the same soil type. Comparisons of phenotypic and neutral genetic variation among soil specialist populations suggest a role for natural selection in population divergence and a small number of hybrid individuals were detected between soil ecotypes showing that gene flow among populations may be occurring at a low frequency. Our results suggest that edaphic specialization in P. subserratum populations has occurred across multiple soil boundaries. While we cannot discern which factors caused initial divergence our results do suggest that natural selection is plays an important role in maintaining the integrity of populations across ecological boundaries and that edaphic specialization may be a general mechanism that promotes and maintains Amazonian tree diversity.
Data from: Range dynamics, rather than convergent selection, explain the mosaic distribution of red-winged blackbird phenotypes
Geographic distributions of genetic and phenotypic characters can illuminate historical evolutionary processes. In particular, mosaic distributions of phenotypically similar populations can arise from parallel evolution or from irregular patterns of dispersal and colonization by divergent forms. Two phenotypically divergent forms of the red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) show a mosaic phenotypic distribution, with a "bicolored" form occurring disjunctly in California and Mexico. We analyzed the relationships among these bicolored populations and neighboring typical populations, using ~600 bp of mitochondrial DNA sequence data and 10 nuclear short tandem repeat loci. We find that bicolored populations, although separated by ~3000 km, are genetically more similar to one other than they are to typical populations separated by ~400 km. We also find evidence of ongoing gene flow among populations, including some evidence of asymmetric gene flow. We conclude that the current distribution of bicolored forms represents incomplete speciation, where recent asymmetric hybridization with typical A. phoeniceus is dividing the range of a formerly widespread bicolored form. This hypothesis predicts that bicolored forms may suffer extinction by hybridization. Future work will use fine-scaled geographical sampling and nuclear sequence data to test for hybrid origins of currently typical populations and to more precisely quantify the directionality of gene flow.
Data from: Mosaic structure of native ant supercolonies
According to the inclusive fitness theory, some degree of positive relatedness is required for the evolution and maintenance of altruism. However, ant colonies are sometimes large interconnected networks of nests which are genetically homogenous entities, causing a putative problem for the theory. We studied spatial structure and genetic relatedness in two supercolonies of the ant Formica exsecta, by using nuclear and mitochondrial markers. We show that there may be multiple pathways to supercolonial social organization leading to different spatial genetic structures. One supercolony formed a genetically homogenous population dominated by a single mtDNA haplotype, as expected if founded by a small number of colonizers, followed by nest propagation by budding and domination of the habitat patch. The other supercolony had several haplotypes and the spatial genetic structure was a mosaic of nuclear and mitochondrial clusters. Genetic diversity probably originated from long-range dispersal, and the mosaic population structure is likely a result of stochastic short-range dispersal of individuals. Such a mosaic spatial structure is apparently discordant with the current knowledge about the integrity of ant colonies. Relatedness was low in both populations when estimated among nestmates, but increased significantly when estimated among individuals sharing the same genetic cluster or haplogroup. The latter association indicates the important historical role of queen dispersal in the determination of the spatial genetic structure.
Mosaic Room 41. Villa Romana del Casale, Sicily
Mosaic Room 41, Vestibule of the Small Circus. Villa Romana del Casale in Piazza Armerina, Sicily is home of 3500 m of the most important Roman mosaics in the world. This is an Imperial villa dating to 350 CE. It is a UNESCO World Heritage site. These models are the result of combined FARO scans and photogrammetry datasets returned to GDH in C4D format. The models were each exported out of C4D, cleaned in Meshlab, retopologized in ZBrush, UV unwrapped in Blender, and textured and normal-map baked in Blender or Substance Designer. The original project was a joint effort between the U. of Catania and CVAST at USF. Dr. Mariarita Sgarlata and Dr. H. Maschner, Investigators. We gratefully acknowledge the participation of the administrators of the Villa Romana del Casale and the Museo Archeologico di Aidone. The data were transferred to GDH for processing and analysis. Funding for this project, both at USF and at GDH, has been provided by the Hitz Foundation, H. Maschner, PI. Details: Salvatore Ciurca (1997) Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Mosaic Room 35a Villa Romana del Casale, Sicily
Mosaic Room 35a One of six rooms attached to the Xystus. Villa Romana del Casale in Piazza Armerina, Sicily is home of 3500 m of the most important Roman mosaics in the world. This is an Imperial villa dating to 350 CE. It is a UNESCO World Heritage site. These models are the result of combined FARO scans and photogrammetry datasets returned to GDH in C4D format. The models were each exported out of C4D, cleaned in Meshlab, retopologized in ZBrush, UV unwrapped in Blender, and textured and normal-map baked in Blender or Substance Designer. The original project was a joint effort between the U. of Catania and CVAST at USF. Dr. Mariarita Sgarlata and Dr. H. Maschner, Investigators. We acknowledge the participation of the administrators of the Villa Romana del Casale and the Museo Archeologico di Aidone. The data were transferred to GDH for processing and analysis. Funding for this project, both at USF and at GDH, has been provided by the Hitz Foundation, H. Maschner, PI Details: Salvatore Ciurca (1997) Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Mosaic Rooms 6,7 Villa Romana del Casale, Sicily
Mosaics of room 6, Aedicula of Venus Mosaics of room 7, Vestibule of the Baths Villa Romana del Casale in Pizza Amerina, Sicily is home of 3500 m of the most important Roman mosaics in the world. This is an Imperial villa dating to 350 CE. It is a UNESCO World Heritage site. These models are the result of combined FARO scans and photogrammetry datasets returned to GDH in C4D format. The models were each exported out of C4D, cleaned in Meshlab, retopologized in ZBrush, UV unwraped in Blender, and textured and normal-map baked in Blender or Substance Designer. The original project was a joint effort between the U. of Catania and CVAST at USF. Dr. Mariarita Sgarlata and Dr. H. Maschner, Investigators. We gratefully acknowledge the participation of the administrators of the Villa Romana del Casale and the Museo Archeologico di Aidone. The data were transferred to GDH for processing and analysis. Funding for this project, both at USF and at GDH, has been provided by the Hitz Foundation, H. Maschner, PI Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Mosaic 02
Church of St. Andrew the First-Called mosaic in Kyiv, Ukraine. UOC (Ukrainian Orthodox Church) 📍 [Church of St. Andrew the First-Called, Kyiv, Ukraine](https://scaniver.se/L50.44263,30.55288) Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Roman Mosaic, Room of the Little Hunt
Roman Mosaic, Room of the Little Hunt. A complicated set of mosaics in a living room with scenes of hunting and offering to Diana. Villa Romana del Casale, Piazza Armerina, Sicily, Italy. Photogrammetric model created in Reality Capture. Data collected by Bart McLeod. The data for this project were originally collected as a joint effort between the University of Catania and CVAST at the University of South Florida (USF), with the collaboration of the Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK). Dr. Mariarita Sgarlata and Dr. Herbert Maschner, Principal Investigators. We gratefully acknowledge the participation of the administrators of the Villa Romana del Casale and the Museo Archeologico di Aidone. The data have been transferred to Global Digital Heritage (GDH) for processing and analysis. Funding for this project, both at USF and at GDH, has been provided by the Hitz Foundation, Herbert Maschner, Principal Investigator. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Roman mosaic decorated with two fish (brown eel)
Fragment of Roman mosaic dating back to the 4th century A.D. from the archaeological site of Herdade da Fonte Coberta. The mosaic is decorated with two fish (brown eel). One of the eels is preserved almost entirely while the second specimen has only survived its final end. For its realization, white, pink, ocher, black and orange-brick limestone tesserae were used. It is currently preserved in the Frei Manuel do Cenáculo National Museum (Évora, Portugal). Catalog No. ME18319. ABRAÇOS, Maria de Fátima S. - História da Conservação e Restauro do Mosaico Romano. Subs´dios para o conhecimanto do estado de conservação dos mosaicos no sul de Portugal. Tese de Mestrado, FLUL: 2000, pp. 133-135. PEREIRA, Gabriel - Estudos Eborenses, I, 2ª ed. Évora: Edições Nazareth, 1947, p. 129. 464 photos from Canon 5D Mk IV. Completely processed (aligned, scaled, meshed, cleaned, simplified, unwrapped, textured) in Reality Capture. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Tomb of San Gennaro and Mosaics
The so-called tomb of San Gennaro is located in the lower level and the so-called bishop's crypt in the upper one of the catacombs. The decoration of the latter is in a poor conservation state. The i.a. figural marble imitation is mostly lost, also the paintings. Four mosaic tombs are preserved. They show the portrait of a bishop. Three belong to the 5th century, e.g. on the back wall: John I. of Naples, who brought the relics of San Gennaro in the catacomb; on the right side (below): the bishop Quodvultdeus of Carthage; the one (above) belongs to the 6th century. The four painted saints (i.a. Gennaro) on the front of the crypt are from the Middle Ages. Processed from 1735 photos and 10 laser scans. The result of a joint project of GDH, the Zamani Project, Università degli Studi di Napoli "L'Orientale", and the Administration of the Catacombe di Napoli. Processed in Reality Capture. The descriptions were provided by Seniorprofessor Dr. Dieter Korol, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Wall mosaic, male, Els Munts (Tarragona, Spain)
Wall mosaic depicting a male from the site of Els Munts (Tarragona, Spain), dated in the mid-2nd century AD. From the Roman villa of Els Munts, where it would have been part of the wall decoration of the main floor, together with the depiction of Mnemosine and the Nine Muses. It is hypothesised that it is Caius Valerius Avitus, the master of the villa during part of the 2nd century AD. 387 photos completely processed in Reality Capture. The project was done with the support of the National Archaeological Museum of Tarragona and the Agència Catalana del Patrimoni Cultural. Catalog No. MNAT 45252_4. Museu Nacional Arqueològic de Tarragona (2019): Tarraco: Exposición de síntesis. Generalitat de Catalunya Publicacions. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
FIGURE 1 in A new genus of millipedes (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Dalodesmidae) from Tasmania, Australia with a mosaic distribution
FIGURE 1. Atrophotergum spp. details. Setation and antennal apical cones not shown; drawings not to same scale. (A) Dorsal view of trunk of A. montanum n. sp. emphasizing metatergites; male from QVM 23:25316; (B) antenna, (C) somite 12, (D) leg 6 (somite 6) and (E) leg 19 (somite 12) of A. silvaticum n. sp.; male from QVM 23:25286; (F) anterior view of somite 6 showing leg 6 (left) and leg 7 (right) of A. montanum n. sp.; male from QVM 23:25322; (G) posterior view of somite 3 of A. montanum n. sp.; female from QVM 23:25345.
FIGURE 5 in A new genus of millipedes (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Dalodesmidae) from Tasmania, Australia with a mosaic distribution
FIGURE 5. Diagrammatic posterolateral view of the left gonopod telopodite of an Atrophotergum sp. LES = lateral end structure, MES = mesal end structure, PBC = posterobasal corner of solenomerite flange, PDC = posterodistal corner of solenomerite flange, S = solenomerite, SF = solenomerite flange, TT = tibiotarsus.
FIGURE 12 in A new genus of millipedes (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Dalodesmidae) from Tasmania, Australia with a mosaic distribution
FIGURE 12. Known localities in Tasmania of Atrophotergum bonhami n. sp. (open squares), A. montanum n. sp. (filled squares), A. pastorale n. sp. (crosses), A. silvaticum n. sp. (filled triangles), A. sodalis n. sp. (filled circles) and A. wurrawurraense n. sp. (open triangles). The top map shows overall distributions, while the bottom map shows localities and major streams within the rectangular area marked on the top map.
FIGURE 9 in A new genus of millipedes (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Dalodesmidae) from Tasmania, Australia with a mosaic distribution
FIGURE 9. Gonopod of A. pastorale n. sp. Posterior (left) and lateral (right) drawings of left gonopod telopodite of male from QVM 23:25446. Setation not shown; dashed line marks course of prostatic groove.
FIGURE 8 in A new genus of millipedes (Diplopoda: Polydesmida: Dalodesmidae) from Tasmania, Australia with a mosaic distribution
FIGURE 8. Gonopod of A. montanum n. sp. Posterior (left) and lateral (center) drawings of left gonopod telopodite of male from QVM 23:25322. Lateral and slightly anterior SEM (right) of left gonopod telopodite of male from QVM 23:25326. Setation not shown in drawings; dashed line marks course of prostatic groove.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.