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831 results for “Partition”
Data for: Many-body thermodynamics on quantum computers via partition function zeros
<p>Partition functions are ubiquitous in physics: they are important in determining the thermodynamic properties of many-body systems, and in understanding their phase transitions. As shown by Lee and Yang, analytically continuing the partition function to the complex plane allows us to obtain its zeros and thus the entire function. Moreover, the scaling and nature of these zeros can elucidate phase transitions. Here we show how to find partition function zeros on noisy intermediate-scale trapped ion quantum computers in a scalable manner, using the XXZ spin chain model as a prototype, and observe their transition from XY-like behavior to Ising-like behavior as a function of the anisotropy. While quantum computers cannot yet scale to the thermodynamic limit, our work provides a pathway to do so as hardware improves, allowing the future calculation of critical phenomena for systems beyond classical computing limits.</p>
Interspecific soil water partitioning as a driver of increased productivity in a diverse mixed Mediterranean forest
<p><strong>Interspecific soil water partitioning as a driver of increased productivity in a diverse mixed Mediterranean forest</strong></p> <p>Ido Rog<sup>1</sup>, Christina Tague<sup>2</sup>, Gilad Jakoby<sup>1</sup>, Shacham Megidish<sup>1</sup>, Assaf Yaakobi<sup>1</sup>, Yael Wagner<sup>1</sup>, Tamir Klein<sup>1</sup></p> <ol> <li>Plant & Environmental Sciences department, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel</li> <li>Bren School of Environmental Science & Management, University of California Santa Barbara, California, USA</li> </ol> <p> </p> <p>Empiric data from Yishi forest (31º 43´N 34º 57´E, 320 m elevation) and RHESSys simulation. </p>
Varying partitioning of surface turbulent fluxes regulates temperature-humidity dissimilarity in the convective atmospheric boundary layer
<p>This dataset contains the data used in the submitted manuscript of Liu, Liu, Huang, and Xiao 2021. Please refer to the manuscript for the detailed description of the dataset.</p>
Global patterns of rainfall partitioning by invasive woody plants
<p>Aim: Invasive species have the potential to alter hydrological processes by changing the local water balance. However, general patterns of how rainfall is partitioned into interception, throughfall and stemflow for invasive species worldwide have been seldom explored. We (a) describe the percentage of interception, throughfall and stemflow for the invasive woody plant species; (b) analyse the influence of morphological attributes (i.e., life-form, bark roughness, leaf type, leaf phenology and leaf area index) of invasive species on rainfall partitioning; and (c) compare the rainfall partitioning fluxes for co-occurring invasive and native species, testing whether these fluxes variation depends on water availability of the study location.</p> <p>Location: Global.</p> <p>Time period: Present.</p> <p>Major taxa studied: Plants.</p> <p>Methods: We compiled data of 100 studies that assessed rainfall partitioning by invasive species (N=67) and registered their morphological attributes. By means of a meta-analysis we compared the rainfall partitioning by native and invasive species (N=47 comparisons) and assessed how their fluxes were affected by water availability.</p> <p>Results: Interception, throughfall and stemflow ranged from 1.6 - 59.5%, 39.1 - 92.7% and 0.1 - 31.6% of total rainfall, respectively. The bark roughness and leaf type were the most important attributes driving rainfall partitioning fluxes. While rough-barked species constrain rainfall inputs by promoting higher losses due to interception, smooth-barked species with broadleaves enhance the amount of rainwater reaching the soil by maximizing stemflow. For pair-wise comparisons, invasive species have higher stemflow values than native species for both drylands and humid areas, and higher throughfall in drylands, but less in humid areas.</p> <p>Main conclusions: Our findings suggest that specific morphological attributes of invasive species determine higher localized water inputs, which may represent an ecohydrological advantage, particularly in water-limited ecosystems. These insights also suggest that the ecological role of stemflow, throughfall and interception should be considered in future plant invasions research.</p>
Core-mantle partitioning and the bulk Earth abundances of hydrogen and carbon: implications for their origins
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Data for: Evaluating the impact of anatomical partitioning on summary topologies obtained with Bayesian phylogenetic analyses of morphological data
<p>Morphological data are a fundamental source of evidence to reconstruct the Tree of Life, and Bayesian phylogenetic methods are increasingly being used for this task. Bayesian phylogenetic analyses require the use of evolutionary models, which have been intensively studied in the past few years, with significant improvements to our knowledge. Notwithstanding, a systematic evaluation of the performance of partitioned models for morphological data has never been performed. Here we evaluate the influence of partitioned models, defined by anatomical criteria, on the precision and accuracy of summary tree topologies considering the effects of model misspecification. We simulated datasets using partitioning schemes, trees, and other properties obtained from two empirical datasets, and conducted Bayesian phylogenetic analyses. Additionally, we reanalysed 32 empirical datasets for different groups of vertebrates, applying unpartitioned and partitioned models, and, as a focused study case, we reanalysed a dataset including living and fossil armadillos, testing alternative partitioning hypotheses based on functional and ontogenetic modules. We found that, in general, partitioning by anatomy has little influence on summary topologies analysed under alternative partitioning schemes with a varying number of partitions. Nevertheless, models with unlinked branch lengths, which account for heterotachy across partitions, improve topological precision at the cost of reducing accuracy. In some instances, more complex partitioning schemes, led to topological changes, as tested for armadillos, mostly associated with models with unlinked branch lengths. We compare our results with other empirical evaluations of morphological data and those from empirical and simulation studies of partitioning of molecular data, considering the adequacy of anatomical partitioning relative to alternative methods of partitioning morphological datasets.</p>
Mass spectrometry-based aerosolomics: a new approach to resolve sources, composition, and partitioning of secondary organic aerosol
<p>Dataset of Thoma et al. published at Atmospheric Measurements and Techniques:</p> <p>Mass spectrometry-based aerosolomics: a new approach to resolve sources, composition, and partitioning of secondary organic aerosol</p>
Divergent water requirements partition exposure risk to parasites in wild equids
<p><span>For grazing herbivores, dung density in feeding areas is an important determinant of exposure risk to faecal-orally transmitted parasites. When host species share the same parasite species, a non-random distribution of their cumulative dung density and/or non-random ranging and feeding behaviour may skew exposure risk and the relative selection pressure parasites impose on each host. The arid-adapted Grevy's zebra (<em>Equus grevyi</em>) can range more widely than the water-dependent plains zebra (<em>Equus quagga</em>), with which it shares the same species of gastrointestinal nematodes. We studied how the spatial distribution of zebra dung relates to ranging and feeding behaviour to assess parasite exposure risk in Grevy's and plains zebras at a site inhabited by both zebra species. We found that zebra dung density declined with distance from water, Grevy's zebra home ranges (excluding those of territorial males) were farther from water than those of plains zebras, and plains zebra grazing areas had higher dung density than random points while Grevy's zebra grazing areas did not, suggesting a greater exposure risk in plains zebras associated with their water dependence. Faecal egg counts increased with home range proximity to water for both species, but the response was stronger in plains zebras, indicating that this host species may be particularly vulnerable to the elevated exposure risk close to water. We further ran experiments on microclimatic effects on dung infectivity and showed that fewer nematode eggs embryonated in dung in the sun than in the shade. However, only 5% of the zebra dung on the landscape was in shade, indicating that the microclimatic effects of shade on the density of infective larvae is not a major influence on exposure risk dynamics. Ranging constraints based on water requirements appear to be key mediators of nematode parasite exposure in free-ranging equids.</span></p>
Quasi-Newton methods for partitioned simulation of fluid-structure interaction reviewed in the generalized Broyden framework: code and data
<p>These files accompany the publication</p><p>N. Delaissé, T. Demeester, R. Haelterman and J. Degroote. Quasi-Newton methods for partitioned simulation of fluid-structure interaction reviewed in the generalized Broyden framework.<i> Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering</i>, Vol.<strong> </strong>30, 3271-3300, 2023. doi: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-023-09907-y">10.1007/s11831-023-09907-y</a></p><p>In this work, the performance of multiple quasi-Newton methods are compared in terms of memory requirements and computational time. The results are generated for the well-known flexible tube example case, using the open-source code <a href="http://github.com/pyfsi/coconut">CoCoNuT</a>. This code, developed at Ghent University, is Python-based and has the capability to couple existing solvers, both open-source and commercial solvers.</p><p>This archive consists of the following files.</p><ul><li><strong>coconut.tar.gz: </strong>the specific CoCoNuT version used (sep-2022), including the Python flow and structure solvers for the flexible tube and modifications for monitoring memory requirements</li><li><strong>compare_coupling_algorithms.tar.gz: </strong>the scripts to set up the cases and perform the calculations and post-processing</li><li><strong>results.tar.gz:</strong> the generated result data</li></ul><p>For requirements to run CoCoNuT, refer to the <a href="http://pyfsi.github.io/coconut/">documentation</a>. Additionally, the Python package guppy3 is required for monitoring the memory use. In this work the data were generated with Andaconda3-2022.05 and the package guppy3-3.1.2.</p><p>Before running the provided scripts, make sure the parent directory of the "coconut" folder is added to the PYTHONPATH. The calculations can be started with "python run.py". For the cases which names contain "_m" followed by a number, e.g. "_m100", the number refers to the number of discretization points on the interface. The cases with suffix "_c" are distinct from those without, as they don't perform the time consuming memory monitoring and are therefore used for measuring computational time.</p>
Data for: Steal the rain: Interception loses and rainfall partitioning by a broad-leaf and a fine-leaf woody encroaching species in a southern African semi-arid savanna
<p><span>Woody plant encroachment (WPE) has been found to alter ecosystem functioning and services in savannas. In rain-limited savannas, increasing woody cover can reduce streamflow and groundwater by altering </span>evapotranspiration rates and rainfall partitioning<span>, but the ecological relevance of this impact is not well known. </span><span>This study quantified the altered partitioning of rainfall by two woody plant structural types (fine- and broad-leaved trees) across a gradient of encroachment in a semi-arid savanna in South Africa. Averaged across both plant functional types, loss of rainfall through canopy interception and subsequent evaporation roughly doubled (from 20.5</span> to <span>43.6% of total rainfall) with a roughly 13-fold increase in woody cover (from 2.4 to </span>31.4 m<sup>2</sup>/ha tree basal cover). Spatial partitioning changes comprised <span>fourfold increases in stemflow (from 0.8</span> to <span>3.9% of total rainfall) and a decline in throughfall proportion of about two-fifths (from 80.2% to 47.3% of total rainfall). </span>Changes in partitioning were dependent on plant functional type; rainfall interception by the fine-leaved multi-stemmed shrub <em>Dichrostachys</em> <em>cinerea</em> was almost double that of the broad-leaved tree <em>Terminalia sericea</em> at the highest levels of woody encroachment (i.e., 49.7% vs 29.1% of total rainfall intercepted at tree basal area of 31.4 m<sup>2</sup>/ha). Partitioning was also dependent on rainfall characteristics, with the proportion of rainfall intercepted inversely related to rainfall event size and intensity. Therefore, increasing tree cover in African grassy ecosystems reduces the amount of canopy throughfall, especially beneath canopies of fine-leaved species in smaller rainfall events. Rainfall interception traits may thus confer a selective advantage, especially for fine-leaved woody plant species in semi-arid savannas. </p>
Data from: The Competitive exclusion – tolerance rule explains habitat partitioning among co-occurring species of burying beetles
<p>Habitat partitioning among co-occurring, ecologically similar species is widespread in nature and thought to be an important mechanism for coexistence. The factors that cause habitat partitioning, however, are unknown for most species. We experimentally tested among three alternative hypotheses to explain habitat partitioning among two species of co-occurring burying beetle (<em>Nicrophorus</em>) that occupy forest (<em>N. orbicollis</em>) and wetland (<em>N. hebes</em>) habitats. Captive experiments revealed that the larger <em>N. orbicollis </em>(forest) was consistently dominant to <em>N. hebes </em>(wetland) in competitive interactions for carcasses that they require for reproduction. Transplant enclosure experiments in nature revealed that <em>N. hebes</em> had poor reproductive success whenever the dominant <em>N. orbicollis</em> was present. In the absence of <em>N. orbicollis</em>, <em>N. hebes</em> performed as well, or better, in forest versus its typical wetland habitat. In contrast, <em>N. orbicollis </em>performed poorly in wetlands regardless of the presence of <em>N. hebes</em>. These results support the Competitive exclusion – tolerance rule where the competitively dominant <em>N. orbicollis</em> excludes the subordinate <em>N. hebes</em> from otherwise suitable or preferable forest habitat, while the subordinate <em>N. hebes</em> is uniquely able to tolerate the challenges of breeding in wetlands. Transplant experiments further showed that carcass burial depth – an important trait thought to enhance the competitive ability of the dominant <em>N. orbicollis</em> – is costly in wetland habitats. When in the presence of <em>N. hebes, N. orbicollis</em> buried carcasses deeper; deeper burial is thought to provide a competitive advantage in forests, but further compromised the reproductive success of <em>N. orbicollis </em>in wetlands. Overall, results provide evidence that the Competitive exclusion – tolerance rule underlies habitat partitioning among ecologically similar species, and that the traits important for competitive dominance in relatively benign environments are costly in more challenging environments, consistent with a trade-off.</p>
Incomplete partitioning of pollinators by Linum suffruticosum and its co-flowering congeners
<p>Data used in the manuscript "Incomplete partitioning of pollinators by <em>Linum suffruticosum</em> and its co-flowering congeners" accepted for publication in American Journal of Botany</p> <p>flower_morphology.csv includes measurements of floral traits</p> <p>Natural_pollen_arrival.csv includes data on pollen arrival on the stigmas and formation of pollen tubes of <em>L. suffruticosum</em> in sympatric and allopatric populations in the Central Pyrenees in Spain and SW Spain</p> <p>Lnarbonense_heterospecific_pollination.csc, Lviscosum_heterospecific_pollination.csv and Ltenue_heterospecific_pollination.csv correspond to the hand-pollination experiments using <em>L. narbonense, L. viscosum </em>and <em>L. tenue</em> as heterospecific pollen donors</p>
Global runoff partitioning based on Budyko-constrained machine learning
<p>Global 0.25° datasets of runoff partitioning are developed by Budyko-constrained machine learning. The datasets include runoff (<em>Q</em>, TFlow_0.25), runoff coefficient (<em>Q</em>/<em>P</em>, TFC_0.25), baseflow (<em>Q<sub>b</sub></em>, BFlow_0.25) and baseflow coefficient (<em>Q<sub>b</sub></em>/<em>P</em>, BFC_0.25).</p>
Fine-scale intraspecific niche partitioning in a highly mobile, marine megafauna species: implications for ecology and conservation
<p>A species may partition its realized ecological niche along bionomic and/or scenopoetic axes due to intraspecific competition for limited resources. How partitioning manifests depends on resource needs and availability by and for the partitioning groups. Here we demonstrate the utility of analyzing short- and long-term stable carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios from imperiled marine megafauna to elucidate realized niche partitioning in these species. We captured 113 loggerhead (<em>Caretta</em> <em>caretta</em>) sea turtles at a high-use area near Crystal River, Florida, between 2016–2022, comprising 53 subadults, 10 adult males, and 50 adult females. Isotopic analyses indicated that loggerheads partition their realized ecological niche by life stage, along a scenopoetic axis. Most adults likely forage and reside in shallow areas of the study site, with most subadults displaying habitat switching between deeper locations to forage and shallower locations to rest. Some subadults, like adults, also forage and reside in shallow areas, and may display behaviors to avoid intraspecific competition. Analysis of stable isotopes with different turnover rates was critical for this characterization of intraspecific niche partitioning in loggerhead turtles, which has direct implications for ongoing research and conservation efforts for this and other imperiled species.</p>
Dataset for Paper "An Event Model for Trace-Based Performance Analysis of MPI Partitioned Point-to-Point Communication"
<p>Test cases, measurement and processing scripts, and measurement data for the referenced paper. </p>
Behavioural thermoregulation and food availability drives fine-scale seasonal habitat partitioning in limpets
<ol> <li>Small-scale spatial variation in temperature plays a key role in limiting the distribution of organisms in thermally heterogeneous environments. In the rocky intertidal zone, intra-day temperature variation at small scales (cm-m) can easily exceed 30°C.</li> <li>To experimentally test the impact of this small-scale temperature heterogeneity on the distribution of an ecologically important limpet species (<em>Cellana</em> <em>denticulata</em>), boulders on an intertidal rocky reef in New Zealand were rotated, and small-scale temperature variability and food availability were measured throughout one year. Small-scale variability in thermal tolerance, heart rate, and heat shock protein expression was also measured to relate in situ limpet distributions with environmental conditions. Temperature variability was measured using limpet bio-mimics and HOBO pendant temperature loggers, while food availability (chlorophyll <em>a</em> concentration) was measured on in situ concrete fiberboard tiles.</li> <li>To measure limpet distributions, every tagged limpet on each of 18 boulders was followed from June 2021–2022. During each sampling, the location of each limpet, compass direction, and slope of the surface that each limpet inhabited were measured. To test for physiological differences among limpets from each microhabitat, thermal tolerance, and heat shock protein expression were measured in collected limpets; in situ heart rates and body temperatures were also measured sporadically on hot days.</li> <li>Maximum predicted body temperatures (36–39°C), heart rates, and actual body temperatures were greatest on equatorial surfaces (i.e., surfaces facing the equator) whereas food availability was greatest on poleward-facing surfaces. During summer, limpets moved towards surfaces that minimised their body temperatures and maximised food availability, namely vertical and poleward facing surfaces and undersides of boulders.</li> <li>Thermal tolerance, measured using Arrhenius breakpoint temperatures (mean ± SE: 34.7–35.8 ± 0.4–0.7°C) and flat line temperatures (36.2–37.4 ± 0.3–0.4°C), were similar among limpets facing different directions. Surprisingly, heat shock protein expression was relatively consistent throughout the year and among directions.</li> <li>Overall, limpet populations are resilient to thermal stress because they effectively use behavioural thermoregulation to exploit cooler microhabitats that also have greater food availability during summer.</li> </ol>
Hydrogen partitioning between stishovite and hydrous phase δ: Implications for water cycle and distribution in the lower mantle
<p>FTIR data (wav number vs absorption coefficient) for starting stishovite crystals and crystals after annealing.</p>
Belowground niche partitioning is maintained under extreme drought
<p>Belowground niche partitioning presents a key mechanism maintaining species coexistence and diversity. Its importance is currently reinforced under climate-change-altering soil hydrological conditions. However, experimental tests examining the magnitude of its change under climate change are scarce. We combined measurements of oxygen stable isotopes to infer plant water-uptake depths and extreme drought manipulation in grasslands. Belowground niche partitioning was evidenced by different water-uptake depths of co-occurring species under ambient and extreme drought conditions despite an increased overlap among species due to a shift to shallower soil layers under drought. A co-occurrence of contrasting strategies related to change of species water-uptake depths' distribution was likely key for species to maintain some extent of belowground niche partitioning and could contribute to stabilizing coexistence under drought. Our results suggest that belowground niche partitioning could mitigate negative effects on diversity imposed by extreme drought under future climate.</p>
Model Partition of Three-Dimensional Space
* Model Relating to the Regular Partition of Three-Dimensional Space. This white plaster model has faces that are rectangles, pentagons, hexagons, and septagons. Four line segments are indicated. * *(метка Р127.3)* Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Minnesota peat viromes reveal terrestrial and aquatic niche partitioning for local and global viral populations
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