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FIGURES 13a–20a in Notes on Aulocera pygmaea (Holik, 1949) and its related taxa (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)

FIGURES 13a–20a. Aulocera spp., ♀, upperside. 13a. A. atuntsensis, allotype, North Yunnan, A-tun-tse, illustrated by Gross (1959: pl. I: 16), Lep153519, ZFMK; 14a. ditto, paratypus, ditto, Lep153520, ZFMK; 15a. A. melanoleuca stat. nov., Tibet, Zayu, LSY; 16a. A. auloceroides, holotype, Tibet, Pai, QDEC; 17a. A. pygmaea vadimi, paratype, Sichuan, Pingwu, LSY; 18a. A. pygmaea pygmaea, paralectotype, Gansu, Peilingshan, MTDG; 19a. A. sybillina microsybillina, paratype, Gansu, Tanchang, LSY; 20a. A. longanfua, paratype, Sichuan, Pingwu, LSY.

FIGURES 1a–8a in Notes on Aulocera pygmaea (Holik, 1949) and its related taxa (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Satyrinae)

FIGURES 1a–8a. Aulocera spp., ♂, upperside. 1a. A. pygmaea, lectotype, Gansu, Peilingshan, illustrated by Gross (1959: pl. II: 6), Lep153451, ZFMK; 2a. ditto, paralectotype, ditto, illustrated by Gross (1959: pl. II: 7), Lep153452, ZFMK; 3a. A. p. vadimi, paratype, Sichuan, Pingwu, SATY0766, LSY; 4a. ditto, holotype, ditto, SATY0765, CQMNH; 5a. A. sybillina microsybillina, holotype, Gansu, Tanchang, ANDR0209, SATY0871, CQMNH; 6a. A. s. dieshanensis, holotype, Gansu, Zhugqu, ANDR 0227, SATY0874, CQMNH; 7a. A. longanfua, holotype, Sichuan, Pingwu, ANDR 0130, SATY0743, CQMNH; 8a. ditto, paratype, ditto, SATY0762, LSY.

Fig. 7. Cisandina philippa n in Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Fig. 7. Cisandina philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat. head capsule illustration based on 2020-FLP-IMM-0336: (a) penultimate instar in frontal view; (b) last instar in frontal view. Cisandina castanya n. sp. head capsule illustrations based on 2020-FLP-IMM-0188: c) second instar in frontal view; (d) third instar in frontal view; (e) fourth (last) instar in frontal view. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 6. Cisandina n. gen. immature stages, C. philippa n in Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Fig. 6. Cisandina n. gen. immature stages, C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat. based on 2020-FLP-IMM-0336: (a) penultimate instar in dorso-lateral view; (b) last instar in dorso-lateral view; (c) host plant of C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat., Taquara micrantha (Poaceae) in situ; (d) inflorescence material of (c); C. castanya n. sp. based on 2020-FLP-IMM-0188: (e) second instar in lateral view; (f) third instar in lateral view; (g) fourth instar in lateral view; (h) pupa in lateral view; (i) pupa in ventral view; (j) host plant of C. castanya n. sp., Olyra latifolia (Poaceae) in situ. Scale bar = 1 mm for a, b, e-g; 5 mm for h, i.

Fig. 4. Cisandina n. gen. female genitalia, C. lea n in Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Fig. 4. Cisandina n. gen. female genitalia, C. lea n. comb.: (a) dorsal view of genitalia with intersegmental membrane of seventh and eighth abdominal segments folded; illustration showing arrangement of signa below (not to scale); (b) ventral view of lamella antevaginalis with intersegmental membrane of 7th and 8th abdominal segments expanded ([a and b] based on dissection SN-20-53); C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat.: (c) dorsal view of genitalia with intersegmental membrane of seventh and eighth abdominal segments expanded; illustration showing arrangement of signa to right (not to scale); (d) ventral view of lamella antevaginalis with intersegmental membrane of seventh and eighth abdominal segments expanded ([c and d] based on dissection SN-20-11); C. castanya n. sp.: (e) dorsal view of genitalia with intersegmental membrane of seventh and eighth abdominal segments folded; (f) ventral view of lamella antevaginalis with intersegmental membrane of seventh and eighth abdominal segments expanded ([e and f] based on dissection SN-20-13); C. fida n. comb.: (g) dorsal view of genitalia with intersegmental membrane of seventh and eighth abdominal segments folded; (h) ventral view of lamella antevaginalis with intersegmental membrane of 7th and 8th abdominal segments expanded ([g and h] based on dissection SN-15-180); C. sanmarcos n. comb.: (i) female genitalia

Fig. 3. Cisandina n. gen. male genitalia, C. lea n in Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Fig. 3. Cisandina n. gen. male genitalia, C. lea n. comb.: (a) lateral view of genitalic capsule without phallus; (b) posterior view of juxta; (c) lateral view of phallus; (d) posterior view of genitalic capsule indicating the reduced appendices angulares ([a to c] based on dissection KW-14-18, [d] based on dissection SN-20-16); C. esmeralda n. sp.: (e) lateral view of genitalic capsule without phallus; (f) posterior view of juxta; (g) lateral view of phallus (e to g) based on dissection SN-20- 14); C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat.: (h) lateral view of genitalic capsule with phallus; (i) posterior view of juxta; (j) lateral view of phallus ([h to j] based on dissection SN-20-34); C. castanya n. sp.: (k) lateral view of genitalic capsule without phallus; (l) posterior view of juxta; (m) lateral view of phallus; (n) vesica everted to visualize cornuti ([k to m] based on dissection SN-20-12, [n] based on SN-20-32); C. fida n. comb.: (o) lateral view of genitalic capsule without phallus; (p) posterior view of juxta; (q) lateral view of phallus ([o to q] based on dissection SN-20-40); C. sanmarcos n. comb.: (r) lateral view of genitalic capsule with phallus; (s) posterior view of juxta; (t) lateral view of phallus ([r to t] based on dissection SN-14-149); C. trinitesis n. comb.: (u) lateral view of genitalic capsule without phallus; (v) posterior view of juxta; (w) lateral view of phallus ([u to w] based on dissection SN-20-84). Scale bar = 1 mm. Drawings of C. sanmarcos n. comb. are reproduced from Nakahara et al. (2018a).

Fig. 2. Cisandina n. gen. adults, C. lea n in Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Fig. 2. Cisandina n. gen. adults, C. lea n. comb.: (a) male lectotype of Papilio lea in dorsal view; (b) male lectotype of Papilio lea in ventral view (associated labels to the right); (c) female lectotype of Papilo junia in dorsal view; (d) female lectotype of Papilo junia in ventral view (associated labels to the right); C. esmeralda n. sp., e) male holotype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right); (f) female paratype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right); C. philippa n. comb. & reinst. stat.: (g) male indivdual in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right) (MUSM-LEP-103081); (h) female individual in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right) (MUSM-LEP-103092); C. castanya n. sp.: (i) male holotype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right); (j) female paratype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right) (BC-DZ-139); C. fida fida n. comb.: (k) male paralectotype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right); (l) female lectotype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right); C. fida directa n. ssp.: (m) male holotype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right); (n) female paratype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right) (DNA voucher LEP-14650, but sequence not obtained); C. sanmarcos n. comb.: (o) male holotype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right); (p) female paratype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right) (MUSM-LEP 103661); C. trinitesis n. comb.: (q) male holotype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right); (r) female allotype in dorsal view (left), ventral view (right). Scale bar = 10 mm.

Fig. 1 in Systematic Revision of a New Butterfly Genus, Cisandina Nakahara & Espeland, n. gen., with Descriptions of Three New Taxa (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae)

Fig. 1. Maximum likelihood tree (LnL = −11380.331) inferred in IQ-TREE v2.0.5, showing monophyly of Cisandina n. gen., as well as relationships of taxa within these genera. Numbers beside branches are SH-aLRT/UFBoot values. HT denotes holotype specimens.

FIGURE 4 in Description of life cycle and immature stages of Yphthimoides celmis (Godart, [1824]) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a contribution to the taxonomic status of the genus

FIGURE 4 Lateral view diagram showing Yphthimoides celmis body chaetotaxy of first instar. For chaetotaxy abbreviations see Stehr (1987) and Murray (2001).

FIGURE 3 in Description of life cycle and immature stages of Yphthimoides celmis (Godart, [1824]) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a contribution to the taxonomic status of the genus

FIGURE 3 Head chaetotaxy and capsule of Yphthimoides celmis. a frontal and b lateral view of head chaetotaxy of first instar, c head capsule first instar, d head capsule second instar, e head capsule third instar, f head capsule fourth instar, g head capsule fifth instar, h head capsule sixth instar. For chaetotaxy abbreviations see Stehr (1987) and Murray (2001).

FIGURE 2 in Description of life cycle and immature stages of Yphthimoides celmis (Godart, [1824]) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae): a contribution to the taxonomic status of the genus

FIGURE 2 Life stages of Yphthimoides celmis. a egg, b first instar before feeding, c first instar after feeding, d dorsal view of second instar, e dorsal view of third instar, f dorsal view of fourth instar, g lateral view of fifth instar (last no overwinter individuals), h dorsal view of sixth instar (last overwinter individuals), i lateral view of pupa, j ventral view of pupa, k adult from General San Martín Urban Nature Reserve, Córdoba (photo courtesy of Nicola Rossi), l dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view of adult male, m dorsal (left) and ventral (right) view of adult female.

Fig. 7 in Immature stages of Blepolenis bassus (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Brassolini)

Fig. 7. Blepolenis bassus. Filiform setae of first instar under scanning electronic microscopy: A) general view of filiform setae on segments T1 and T2; B) detail of SD1 and FP chalazae on T1; C) detail of L2 and FA chalazae on T1; D) general view of filiform setae on segments A5 and A6; E) general view of filiform seta on segment A9; F) detail of F and L3 chalazae on segment A9.

Fig. 2 in Immature stages of Blepolenis bassus (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Brassolini)

Fig. 2. Blepolenis bassus. Larva: A) first instar, dorsal view; B) first instar, lateral view; C) second instar, dorsal view; D) second instar, lateral view; E) third instar, dorsal view, yellow variation; F) third instar, lateral view, yellow variation; G) third instar, dorsal view, burgundy variation; H) third instar, lateral view, burgundy variation; I) fourth instar, dorsal view; J) fourth instar, lateral view; K) fifth instar, dorsal view; L) fifth instar, lateral view; M) sixth instar, dorsal view; N) sixth instar, lateral view.

Fig. 1 in Immature stages of Blepolenis bassus (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Brassolini)

Fig. 1. Blepolenis bassus. Eggs: A) dorsal view, three days after oviposition; B) dorsal view, ten days after oviposition; C) dorsal view close to eclosion; D) dorsal view of chorion; E) lateral view of chorion; F–H) different magnifications of the micropylar area under scanning electronic microscopy; I) aeropyles under scanning electron microscopy.

Fig. 6 in Immature stages of Blepolenis bassus (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Brassolini)

Fig. 6. Blepolenis bassus. Spiracles and dorsal setae of first instar under scanning electronic microscopy: A) thoracic (T1) spiracle; B) abdominal (A8) spiracle; C) abdominal (A1) dorsal setae; d) apical view of abdominal (A1) dorsal seta.

Fig. 5 in Immature stages of Blepolenis bassus (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Brassolini)

Fig. 5. Blepolenis bassus. Larval head under scanning electronic microscopy: A-B) different magnifications; C) flat setae of the anterior region; D) apical view of flat seta; E) cylindrical setae of the posterior region; F) apical view of cylindrical seta.

Fig. 4 in Immature stages of Blepolenis bassus (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Brassolini)

Fig. 4. Blepolenis bassus. First instar, ventral view showing mandibles and everted prothoracic gland.

Fig. 9 in Immature stages of Blepolenis bassus (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Brassolini)

Fig. 9. Blepolenis bassus. The habitat in which Blepolenis bassus were found: A-B) open habitat with host plant Saccharum villosum; C-D) third instars on the host plant.

Fig. 10 in Immature stages of Blepolenis bassus (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Brassolini)

Fig. 10. Blepolenis bassus. Pupation in laboratory conditions: A) pre-pupa; B) pupa, lateral view; C) pupa, dorsal view. Funding

Fig. 11 in Immature stages of Blepolenis bassus (C. Felder & R. Felder, 1867) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae: Brassolini)

Fig. 11. Blepolenis bassus. Male: A) dorsal view; B) ventral view; C) feeding on fermented fruits of Campomanesia xanthocarpa (Mart.) O. Berg (Myrtaceae) (guavirova).