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FIG. 8 in Silurian acanthodian biostratigraphy of Lithuania

FIG. 8. — Stratigraphic ranges and zones of Silurian acanthodians in the eastern area of Lithuania. Taxa are not established yet in the dotted parts of stratigraphic range. Zonal species in bold.

FIG. 10 in Silurian acanthodian biostratigraphy of Lithuania

FIG. 10. — Distribution of the most valuable acanthodian taxa superimposed on the local stratigraphical units in the selected boreholes of west Lithuania. Zonal species in bold.

FIG. 2 in Silurian acanthodian biostratigraphy of Lithuania

FIG. 2. — Silurian climatiiform acanthodians of Lithuania, flank scales, crown views, anterior upwards; A, B, Nostolepis amplifica Valiukevičius, 2003, Ledai-179 borehole, depth 535.0 m, Lapės Formation; A, LIGG-25-A-2397; B, LIGG-25-A-2400, holotype; C, D, Nostolepis magnicostata Valiukevičius, 2003, Nida-44, 1213.0 m, Jūra Fm.; C, LIGG-25-A-2537, holotype; D, LIGG-25-A- 2538; E, F, Nostolepis consueta Valiukevičius, 2003, Ledai-179, 508.5 m, Lapės Fm.; E, LIGG-25-A-2427, holotype; F, LIGG-25-A- 2428; G, H, Nostolepis musca Valiukevičius, 2003; G, morphotype 1, LIGG-25-A-2435, Nida-44, 1213.0 m, Jūra Fm.; H, morphotype 2, LIGG-25-A-2493, Ledai-179, 541.7 m, Lapės Fm.; I, J, Nostolepis elegans (Brotzen, 1934); I, LIGG-25-A-2426, Gėluva-99, 679.3 m, Jūra Fm.; J, LIGG-25-A-2442, Nida-44, 1213.0 m, Jūra Fm.; K-M, Nostolepis linleyensis Miller & Märss, 1999, Kurtuvėnai-162, 1063.4 m, Jūra Fm.; K, LIGG-25-A-2464; L, LIGG-25-A-2465; M, LIGG-25-A-2468; N, Nostolepidida indet., LIGG-25-A-2449, Ledai- 179, 547.6 m, Vievis Fm.; O, P, Nostolepis sp. cf. N. robusta (Brotzen, 1934); O, LIGG-25-A-2462, Nida-44, 1221.0 m, Jūra Fm.; P, LIGG-25-A-2507, Nida-44, 1213.0 m, Jūra Fm.; Q, Nostolepis alta Märss, 1986, LIGG-25-A-2471, Kurtuvėnai-162, depth 1043.0 m, Jūra Fm. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

FIG. 9 in Silurian acanthodian biostratigraphy of Lithuania

FIG. 9. — Distribution of the most valuable acanthodian taxa superimposed on the local stratigraphical units in the selected boreholes of east Lithuania. Zonal species in bold.

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FIG. 4. — Avicenia kocyani n in A new Silurian Avicenia (Tabulata): taxonomy, growth pattern, and colony integration

FIG. 4. — Avicenia kocyani n. sp., paratypes: A, B, specimen (ZPAL T. 26 AVI-2) from Jastrzębia Góra; probably latest Llandovery- Wenlockian; C, D, specimen (ZPAL T. 26 AVI-4) from Kołobrzeg; probably latest Llandovery-Wenlockian; A, C, longitudinal sections; B, D, transverse sections. Scale bars: 500 μm.

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FIG. 3 in A new Silurian Avicenia (Tabulata): taxonomy, growth pattern, and colony integration

FIG. 3. — Longitudinal section of Avicenia kocyani n. sp. (holotype; ZPAL T. 26 AVI-1) from the erratic boulder of Międzyzdroje, probably latest Llandovery-Wenlockian: high density zones in corallites (dashed line) do not correspond to high density zones in diaphragm distribution in coenenchymal tubes (continuous line). Scale bar: 500 μm.

FIG. 6 in Silurian acanthodian biostratigraphy of Lithuania

FIG. 6. — Silurian ischnacanthiform (A-J) and climatiiform (K, L) acanthodians of Lithuania, flank scales, crown views, anterior upwards; A, B, Gomphonchus sandelensis Gross, 1971, Nida-44, 1213.0 m, Jūra Fm.; A, LIGG 25-A-2502; B, LIGG 25-A-2501; C, D, Gomphonchus sp. cf. G. hoppei; C, LIGG 25-A-2479, Gėluva-99, 656.9 m, Jūra Fm.; D, LIGG 25-A-2495, Ledai-179, 535.0 m, Lapės Fm.; E, F, Gomphonchus hoppei (Gross, 1947), Nida-44, 1213.0 m, Jūra Fm.; E, LIGG 25-A-2644; F, LIGG 25-A-2643; G, H, Gomphonchus mediocostatus Vergoossen, 1999, Gėluva-99, 650.0 m, Jūra Fm.; G, LIGG 25-A-2646; H, LIGG 25-A-2648; I, J, Gomphonchus? minutus Valiukevičius, 2004, Lūžni-4, 307.5 m, Minija Fm.; I, LIGG 25-A-2584; J, LIGG 25-A-2581, holotype; K, L, Nostolepis amplifica or N. elegans, a transitional scale variety; K, LIGG 25-A-2482, Kurtuvėnai-162, 1060.8 m, Jūra Fm.; L, LIGG 25-A-2483, Nida-44, 1213.0 m, Jūra Fm. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.

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FIG. 2 in A new Silurian Avicenia (Tabulata): taxonomy, growth pattern, and colony integration

FIG. 2. — Transverse section of Avicenia kocyani n. sp. (holotype; ZPAL T. 26 AVI-1) from the erratic boulder of Międzyzdroje, probably latest Llandovery-Wenlockian: A, B, general view (notice the dimetrism of corallites and differences in coenenchymal tissue distribution); C, a detail showing the connecting pore, polarized light. Scale bars: 500 μm.

FIG. 11. — A-Q, T, U, W in Conodonts in the Silurian of Severnaya Zemlya and Sedov archipelagos (Russia), with special reference to the genus Ozarkodina Branson & Mehl, 1933

FIG. 11. — A-Q, T, U, W, Ozarkodina? aff. waugoolaensis Bischoff, 1986; A, B, E, Cn 6045, lateral and lower views of Pa element (B in translucent light); C, Cn 6057, posterior view of Sb element; D, G, K, Cn 6044, lateral and lower views of Pa element (G in translucent light); F, J, P, Cn 6046, lateral and lower views of Pa element (P in translucent light); H, Cn 6053, posterior view of Sb element; I, Cn 6050, lateral view of M element; L, O, Cn 6047, lateral and lower views of Pb element; M, Cn 6051, lateral view of Sc element; N, Cn 6055, posterior view of Sa element with denticulated posterior process; Q, Cn 6049, lateral view of M element; T, W, Cn 6047, lateral views of Pb element (W in translucent light); U, Cn 6057, posterior view of Sa element without posterior process; all specimens from the lowermost part of the Samojlovich Formation, Srednij Island, section 1(79), sample MF 1-1; R, S, V, Ozarkodina waugoolaensis Bischoff, 1986, Cn 6082, lateral and lower views of Pa element (S in translucent light); uppermost part of the Srednij Formation, October Revolution Island, Ushakov River, section 32, sample MF 46-20. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

FIG. 8. — A-D, G, J in Conodonts in the Silurian of Severnaya Zemlya and Sedov archipelagos (Russia), with special reference to the genus Ozarkodina Branson & Mehl, 1933

FIG. 8. — A-D, G, J, Ozarkodina guiyangensis Zhou, Zhai & Xian, 1981; A, B, G, Cn 5981, lateral and lower views of Pa element (A in translucent light); C, D, Cn 5983, lateral and lower views of Pa element; J, Cn 5980, lateral view of Pa element in translucent light; all elements from the lower part of the Golomyannyj Formation, October Revolution Island: A, B, G, J, from Strojnaya River, section 52, sample MF 52-23; C, D from Ushakov River, section 32, sample MF 46-14; E, F, Ozarkodina aldridgei Uyeno & Barnes, 1983, specimen Cn 5960, lateral and lower views of Pa element; from the lower part of the Vodopad Formation, October Revolution Island, Strojnaya River, section 51, sample MF 51-9; H, I, K, M-P, R-T, Ozarkodina sp. A.; H, N, Cn 5971, lateral and lower views of Pa element; I, K, Cn 5973, lateral and lower views of Pa element; M, O, Cn 5972, lateral and lower views of Pa element; P, Cn 5974, lateral view of Pb element; R, Cn 5975, lateral view of M element; S, Cn 5977, posterior view of Sa element, T, Cn 5976, posterior view of Sb element; all specimens from the lowermost part of the Vodopad Formation, October revolution Island, Strojnaya River, section 51, sample MF 51-3; L, Q Ozarkodina confluens bucerus (Viira, 1983); L, Cn 6091, lateral view of Pa element; Q, Cn 6089, lateral view of Pa element; both specimens from the upper part of the Samojlovich Formation, October Revolution Island: L, from Matusevich River, section 2, sample 5-2-68k; Q, from the Spokojnaya River region, section 157, sample MF 157-6. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

FIG. 7. — A-F in Conodonts in the Silurian of Severnaya Zemlya and Sedov archipelagos (Russia), with special reference to the genus Ozarkodina Branson & Mehl, 1933

FIG. 7. — A-F, Ozarkodina polinclinata estonica Männik, 1992; A, D, Cn 5992; lateral view of Pa element (D in translucent light); B, Cn 5988, lateral view of Pa element; C, Cn 5995, lateral view of Sc element; E, Cn 5993, lateral view of Pb element; F, Cn 5998, lateral view of M element; all specimens from the middle part of the Srednij Formation, Srednij Island: A, C-E, from section 1(79), sample MF 1-12a; B, from section 1(79), sample MF 2-1; F, from section 5(74), sample 5-3 (74); G, J, Ozarkodina aldridgei Uyeno & Barnes, 1983, specimen Cn 5957, lateral and lower views of Pa element, from the lower part of the Vodopad Formation, October Revolution Island, Strojnaya River, section 51, sample MF 51-9; H, I, K, L, Ozarkodina guiyangensis Zhou, Zhai & Xian, 1981; H, K, Cn 5980; lateral and lower views of Pa element; I, L, Cn 5985, lateral views of Pb element (L in translucent light); all specimens from the lower part of the Golomyannyj Formation, October Revolution Island; H, K, from Strojnaya River, section 52, sample MF 52-23; I, L, from Ushakov River, section 32, sample MF 46-14. Scale bar: 0.5 mm

FIG. 9. — A-C in Conodonts in the Silurian of Severnaya Zemlya and Sedov archipelagos (Russia), with special reference to the genus Ozarkodina Branson & Mehl, 1933

FIG. 9. — A-C, Ozarkodina aff. waugoolaensis Bischoff, 1986, Cn 6075, lateral and lower views of Pa element (C in translucent light), upper part of the Srednij Formation, October Revolution Island, Ushakov River, section 32, sample MF 46-19; D-M, Ozarkodina waugoolaensis Bischoff, 1986; D, E, Cn 6059, lower and lateral views of Pa element; F, H, I, Cn 6058, lower and lateral views of Pa element (I in translucent light); G, L, M, Cn 6072, lower and lateral views of Pa element (M in translucent light); J, K, Cn 6040, lateral views of Pb element (K in translucent light); D-F, H, I, from the lowermost part of the Srednij Formation, October Revolution Island, Strojnaya River, section 53, sample MF 53-10; G, (L-M), from the middle part of the Golomyannyj Formation, October Revolution Island, Ushakov River, section 32, sample MF 46-14; J, K, from the lowermost part of the Srednij Formation, Srednij Island, section 1(79), sample MF 2-10. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

FIG. 5 in Conodonts in the Silurian of Severnaya Zemlya and Sedov archipelagos (Russia), with special reference to the genus Ozarkodina Branson & Mehl, 1933

FIG. 5. — Distribution of selected conodont taxa. Outcrops on the Matusevich River, October Revolution Island. For location of outcrops refer to Männik et al. 2002: figs 1, 2, 4. See also explanations to Fig. 1.

FIG. 4 in Conodonts in the Silurian of Severnaya Zemlya and Sedov archipelagos (Russia), with special reference to the genus Ozarkodina Branson & Mehl, 1933

FIG. 4. — Distribution of selected conodont taxa. Outcrops on the Ushakov River, October Revolution Island. For location of outcrops refer to Männik et al. 2002: figs 1, 6. See also explanations to Fig. 1.

FIG. 3 in Conodonts in the Silurian of Severnaya Zemlya and Sedov archipelagos (Russia), with special reference to the genus Ozarkodina Branson & Mehl, 1933

FIG. 3. — Distribution of selected conodont taxa; A, outcrops in the Spokojnaya River region, October Revolution Island; B, composite sequence from the northern part of Pioneer Island: numbers in the left column indicate to the beds and in the right to the thicknesses of these beds according to Klubov et al. 1980. For location of outcrops refer to Männik et al. 2002: figs 1, 9. See also explanations to Fig. 1.

FIG. 2 in Conodonts in the Silurian of Severnaya Zemlya and Sedov archipelagos (Russia), with special reference to the genus Ozarkodina Branson & Mehl, 1933

FIG. 2. — Distribution of selected conodont taxa; A, outcrops on the Strojnaya River, October Revolution Island; B, sections in the Obryvistaya River region, October Revolution Island. For location of outcrops refer to Männik et al. 2002: figs 1, 6. See also explanations to Fig. 1.

FIG. 1 in Conodonts in the Silurian of Severnaya Zemlya and Sedov archipelagos (Russia), with special reference to the genus Ozarkodina Branson & Mehl, 1933

FIG. 1. — Distribution of selected conodont taxa. Outcrops on Srednij Island, Sedov Archipelago. To the left of the thick vertical line are shown the thicknesses of formations, and the ranges and numbers of separate outcrops studied; to the right of it: location and numbers of samples. The names of the Ozarkodina species are given in bold. For location of outcrops refer to Männik et al. 2002: fig. 1.

FIG. 23. — A-F in Upper Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 23. — A-F, Thelodus sp. indet., morphological set of scales; A-D, head scales; E, F, trunk scales; A, B1, C1, D1, E1, F, scales in crown view; B2, C2, E2, scales in base view; E3, scale in lateral view; D2, scale in posterior view; A-F, LIG 35-079-LIG 35-084; sample 5m, Pioneer Island, Ludlow, Upper Silurian; G-M, Thelodus ex gr. schmidti (Pander, 1856), trilobatiform trunk scales in crown view, LIG 35-113-LIG 35-119; sample 8d-1, Pioneer Island, Ludlow, Upper Silurian. Scale bar: 0.3 mm.

FIG. 22 in Upper Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 22. — Thelodus ex gr. schmidti (Pander, 1856), morphological set of scales; A, B, head scales; C, D, trunk scales of type "A"; E-G, trunk scales of type "B"; H, J-O, S, T, trunk scales of type "C"; I, P-R, modified trunk scales; A1, B, C1, D-G, H1, I1, J, K1, L, M, N1, O-Q, scales in crown view; H2, I2, K2, N2, scales in base view; A2, S2, scales in lateral view; C2, scale in posterior view; A-T, LIG 35-055-LIG 35-077; sample 5m, Pioneer Island, Ludlow, Upper Silurian. Scale bar: 0.3 mm.

FIG. 12. — Valiukia flabellata n. gen., n in Upper Silurian thelodonts from Severnaya Zemlya Archipelago (Russia)

FIG. 12. — Valiukia flabellata n. gen., n. sp., morphological set of scales; A, B, head scales; C-F, transitional scales; G-J, trunk scales; posterior ends of the crown are restored; G, holotype, LIG 35-844 (see also Fig. 14A, B); A-J, LIG 35-838-LIG 35-847; sample 2-23, Matusevich River, October Revolution Island, Ust-Spokojnaya Formation, Ludlow, Upper Silurian. Abbreviations: b, base; c, central (medial) part of the crown; cr, crown; lsp, longitudinal spine of posterior part of the crown. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.