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FIGURE 1 in Visualizing the fluid flow through the complex skeletonized respiratory structures of a blastoid echinoderm

FIGURE 1. Anatomy of the hydrospires of the blastoid Pentremites rusticus. 1.1, Location of one of the five radially distributed hydrospires within the calyx, showing incurrent hydrospire pores, and excurrent spiracle (inferred direction of water flow indicated by the arrows). 1.2, Oblique view of a section of a hydrospire and associated structures. Modified from Schmidtling and Marshall (2010).

FIGURE 8 in An exceptionally well-preserved skeleton of Thomashuxleya externa (Mammalia, Notoungulata), from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina

FIGURE 8. Strict consensus of 281 trees, 420 steps in length showing the phylogenetic relationships of Thomashuxleya within Notoungulata based on the morphological dataset of Deraco and García-López (2015). Numbers indicate bootstrap values above 50.

FIGURE 10 in An exceptionally well-preserved skeleton of Thomashuxleya externa (Mammalia, Notoungulata), from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina

FIGURE 10. Strict consensus of 620 trees, 122391 steps in length from parsimony analysis of combined proteomic and morphological data constraining monophyly of each of two clades (but not both together): Notoungulata (i.e., Thomashuxleya and Toxodon) and Litopterna (i.e., Protolipterna and Macrauchenia).

FIGURE 6 in An exceptionally well-preserved skeleton of Thomashuxleya externa (Mammalia, Notoungulata), from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina

FIGURE 6. Hindlimb of T. externa (MPEF-PV 8166). right pelvis in 1 dorsal and 2 lateral views; 3 right femur in anterior view; 4 right tibia in proximal (top), anterior (middle) and distal (bottom) views; left astragalus in 5 dorsal and 6 plantar views; 7 right navicular in proximal view; 8 navicular and entocuneiform in plantar views.

FIGURE 5 in An exceptionally well-preserved skeleton of Thomashuxleya externa (Mammalia, Notoungulata), from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina

FIGURE 5. Forelimb of T. externa (MPEF-PV 8166). 1 right and left ulnae in frontal view; 2 left ulna in medial view; right radius in 3 frontal, 4 lateral, and 5 posterior views.

FIGURE 4 in An exceptionally well-preserved skeleton of Thomashuxleya externa (Mammalia, Notoungulata), from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina

FIGURE 4. Scapulae and humeri of T. externa (MPEF-PV 8166). 1 right and 2 left scapulae in proximal view; 3 left scapula in dorsolateral view; right and left humeri in 4 right and left humeri in anterior (top) and distal (bottom) views; 5 right and left humeri in posterior view.

FIGURE 1 in An exceptionally well-preserved skeleton of Thomashuxleya externa (Mammalia, Notoungulata), from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina

FIGURE 1. Geographical and stratigraphical occurrence of MPEF-PV 8166. 1 location of Cañadón Vaca, Chubut, Argentina; 2 Paleogene time table and South American Land Mammal Ages (SALMAs) after (Woodburne et al. 2014a,b); 3 skeletal restoration of Thomashuxleya modified from Simpson (1936); 4 artistic reconstruction of Thomashuxleya externa (by Stjepan Lukac).

FIGURE 2 in An exceptionally well-preserved skeleton of Thomashuxleya externa (Mammalia, Notoungulata), from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina

FIGURE 2. Skull of T. externa (MPEF-PV 8166). 1 ventral view; 2 lateral view; 3 occiput in caudal view; 4 detail of upper dentition in occlusal view. Abbreviations are prot=protocone (part of the protoloph), par=paracone (part of the ectoloph), parst=parastyle, met=metacone (part of the ectoloph), metst=metastyle, meph=metaloph, pr.l.f.=primary lingual fold, m.cin=mesial cingulum, l.cin=lingual cingulum.

FIGURE 3 in An exceptionally well-preserved skeleton of Thomashuxleya externa (Mammalia, Notoungulata), from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina

FIGURE 3. Mandible of T. externa (MPEF-PV 8166) in 1 dorsal and 2 lateral views; 3 lower dentition in occlusal view. Abbreviations are tri=trigonid, tal=talonid, prod=protoconid, metd=metaconid, entd=entoconid, hypd=hypoconulid.

FIGURE 9 in An exceptionally well-preserved skeleton of Thomashuxleya externa (Mammalia, Notoungulata), from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina

FIGURE 9. Strict consensus of 510 trees, 122374 steps in length from unconstrained parsimony analysis of combined proteomic and morphological data.

FIGURE 12 in An exceptionally well-preserved skeleton of Thomashuxleya externa (Mammalia, Notoungulata), from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina

FIGURE 12. Optimal Bayesian tree (i.e., 50% majority rule of post-burn-in trees) of combined proteomic and morphological analysis constraining monophyly of each of two clades (but not both together): Notoungulata (i.e., Thomashuxleya and Toxodon) and Litopterna (i.e., Protolipterna and Macrauchenia). Numbers represent Bayesian posterior probabilities; daggers indicate fossil taxa.

FIGURE 7 in An exceptionally well-preserved skeleton of Thomashuxleya externa (Mammalia, Notoungulata), from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina

FIGURE 7. Bone histology and microstructure of T. externa (MPEF-PV 8166). 1 Cross section of the midshaft of the right femur; 2 same as 1 after conversion to a binary image (black represents bone and white the cavities); 3 bone histology under linear polarized light, with black arrows pointing the lines of arrested growth (LAGs). OCL= Outer circumferential layer. 4 Bone histology under cross polarized light.

FIGURE 11 in An exceptionally well-preserved skeleton of Thomashuxleya externa (Mammalia, Notoungulata), from the Eocene of Patagonia, Argentina

FIGURE 11. Optimal Bayesian tree (i.e., 50% majority rule of post-burn-in trees) of combined proteomic and morphological data. Numbers represent Bayesian posterior probabilities; daggers indicate fossil taxa.

Fig. 17 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 17. Idealized and representing two extremes, three−dimensional models of septal microstructures in corals with fibrous skeletal tissue. First extreme model (A), shows perfect continuity between organo−mineral phases of dRAF and TD regions, whereas the second extreme model (B) shows consistent discontinuity of these phases in longitudinal, perpendicular to septal plane section. Real specimens (e.g., Figs. 3E–H, 5B) usually have some regions with dRAF and TD layers continuing, and some parts where these layers discontinue. Left to A, longitudinal section through RAF plane. Septal surfaces in the RAF zone may have "microcrystalline" texture (if a snapshot were taken during formation of the mineral phase); "microcrystals" represent exposed fiber tips (fasciculi of Wise 1972) of organic−depleted zones (circle on right of A).

Fig. 16. The rugosan Endotheciumdecipiens Koker, 1924 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 16. The rugosan Endotheciumdecipiens Koker, 1924. Here re−illustrated from Schindewolf's (1942: fig. 7). Lower Upper Permian (Basleo−Schichten), Basleo, Timor. "Transverse" section of corallum (A) with septa in axial region (B) showing alternation of layers of fibers (white) and areas infilled by dark (?iron−manganese rich) minerals (see also footnote 2). TLM view.

Fig. 15. A. Pachythecalis major Cuif, 1975, ZPAL H.23 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 15. A. Pachythecalis major Cuif, 1975, ZPAL H.23/10. Triassic, Lower Norian. Alakir Çay,Turkey. Transverse polished corallite in TLM (A1); enlargement of dRAF (A2). A3. Transverse polished pachytheca in TLM; fibers show faint regular (ca. 7 µm) alternations of lighter and darker zones. B. Zardinophyllum zardini Montanaro−Gallitelli, 1975. Triassic (Middle Carnian), San Cassiano Beds, Alpe di Specie, Dolomiti (Italy). Completely smooth RAF of septum in distal view, IPUM11 (B1, SEM). B2. Transverse, polished and etched septum (ZPALH.23/11); note fissure in dRAF region (arrow), more or less regular discontinuities in arrangement of pachytheca fibers (arrows), and secondary, probably biogenic deposits filling up the calice (marked transparent dark grey). All coralla with still preserved aragonitic mineralogy.

Fig. 14. Pachysolenia cylindrica Cuif, 1975 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 14. Pachysolenia cylindrica Cuif, 1975, ZPALH. XXI/4. Triassic, Lower Norian. Alakir Çay,Turkey. A–C. Complementary regions of transversely sectioned and polished pachytheca: TLM image (A), greyscale Sr (B) and Mg (C) mapping acquired on the electron microprobe by wavelength−dispersive techniques; darker areas equal very low concentration whereas lighter areas equal slightly higher concentrations. Sr (in B) shows enrichment, at least in some regions (arrows) where Mg (in C) appears depleted. Sr mapping of diagenetically non−altered fibrous parts of coralla of extant corals (not illustrated here) invariably shows nearly homogenous distribution of this element. D. TLM view of longitudinally sectioned pachytheca and septum; part of the preserved septum encircled and enlarged in E to show "non−trabecular" nature of dRAF. F. Transverse polished section of pachytheca in TLM; fibers show faint regular 5–8 µm alternations of lighter and darker zones. G. Homogenous septal dRAF zone in SEM view of transversely polished and etched section. H. Transverse polished and etched section of pachytheca (SEM); fibrous skeleton shows negative and positive etching relief (at ca. 5–8 µm distance).

Fig. 13.Stylophyllumparadoxum Frech, 1890, NHMW 1982 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 13.Stylophyllumparadoxum Frech, 1890, NHMW 1982/57/100, corallum with aragonitic mineralogy still preserved. Triassic, Rhaetian, Fischerwiese, Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria. A, B. Transverse section of septa with concentric arrangement of fibers within septal spines (B, enlargement). C–F. Longitudinal sections crossing centers of septal spines; domed, successive layers of aragonite fibers (darker) separated by lighter "voids" infilled by spar (see D, F enlargements). Except for regular voids in spine centers, there is no difference in organization of superimposed layers of fibers within septal spine. All TLM micrographs.

Fig. 5. Flabellum chunii Marenzeller, 1904 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 5. Flabellum chunii Marenzeller, 1904. Recent, Great Meteor Seamount, SEAMOUNT2 (1993), DW 152 (January 11, 1993), 30°02.00'N, 28°22.10'W, 470 m. A. Septa and inner side of wall (A1) thickened by fibers arranged in scale−like units (A2, enlargement); ZPALH.23/2/1. B. Marginothecal wall sectioned longitudinally (large white arrow); layers of successive growth increments (dRAF) continue in wall "stereome", i.e.,TD (small white arrows); ZPAL H.23/2/2. C. Septum longitudinally sectioned in RAF plane. Dissolved or etched components of RAF form narrow "strands" (C2 enlargement); ZPALH.23/2/3. D. Transverse polished and etched section of septum; dRAF zone composed of neighboring dCRA (D1) is from both sides covered with layers of TD fibers (D2) which direction conform to that of scale−like units (i.e., semi−parallel to RAF); ZPALH.23/2/4. All SEM; growth direction within skeletal element i ndicated by black arrow in B.

Fig. 12. Undetermined conophylliid. ZPALH.23 in Three-dimensional micro- and nanostructural characteristics of the scleractinian coral skeleton: A biocalcification proxy

Fig. 12. Undetermined conophylliid. ZPALH.23/9. Triassic (Middle Carnian), San Cassiano Beds, Alpe di Specie, Dolomiti (Italy), corallum still wi th aragonitic mineralogy preserved. B. Transverse polished section of corallite in TLM (A); enlarged portions of longitudinally sectioned septa with regular growth increments of fibers (B). C. Longitudinally polished and etched section of septum with fibers regularly tapered (SEM). D. Transverse, polished and etched septum (SEM) with dCRA ("center of calcification", arrows). E. Septum longitudinally sectioned in dCRA region with domed, successive layers of fibers and occasional (arrow) larger voids between them.