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1,316 results for “Trade”
Data from: Trade-offs between reproduction and behavioural resistance against ectoparasite infection
<p>In these experiments we tested if 1) mated female flies (<em>Drosophila nigrospiracula)</em> are more vulnerable to ectoparasite mite (<em>Macrocheles subbadius</em>) infection then unmated conspecifics. 2) If a rest period to recover from male harassment following mating improved resistance to mites and 3) if reduced endurance following mating may explain differential resistance abilities between mated and unmated female flies.</p>
CITES Trade Shipments Database
Reprocessed records database from CITES in parquet form. Originally provided at trade.cites.org.
Data for: Ecology and behavior predict an evolutionary trade-off between song complexity and elaborate plumages in antwrens (Aves, Thamnophilidae)
<p>The environment can impose constraints on signal transmission properties such that signals should evolve in predictable directions (Sensory Drive Hypothesis). However, behavioral and ecological factors can limit investment in more than one sensory modality leading to a trade-off in use of different signals (Transfer Hypothesis). In birds, there is mixed evidence for both sensory drive and transfer hypothesis. Few studies have tested sensory drive while also evaluating the transfer hypothesis, limiting understanding of the relative roles of these processes in signal evolution. Here, we assessed both hypotheses using acoustic and visual signals in male and female antwrens (Thamnophilidae), a species-rich group that inhabits diverse environments and exhibits behaviors, such as mixed-species flocking, that could limit investment in different signal modalities. We uncovered significant effects of habitat (sensory drive) and mixed-species flocking behavior on both sensory modalities, and we revealed evolutionary trade-offs between song and plumage complexity, consistent with the transfer hypothesis. We also showed sex- and trait-specific responses in visual signals that suggest both natural and social selection play an important role in the evolution of sexual dimorphism. Altogether, these results support the idea that environmental (sensory drive) and behavioral pressures (social selection) shape signal evolution in antwrens.</p>
Trade Mis-Invoicing Dataset
<p>This dataset provides the estimates of trade mis-invoicing as described in the paper "Illicit financial flows from trade misinvoicing and their implication for financing for development".</p> <p>The code to generate the dataset is available on <a href="https://github.com/walice/Trade-IFF">https://github.com/walice/Trade-IFF</a>.</p>
Gravity and Heterogeneous Trade Cost Elasticities
<p>Replication package for "Gravity and Heterogeneous Trade Cost Elasticities," by Natalie Chen and Dennis Novy, Economic Journal.</p>
International media coverage of the Bolivian jaguar trade
<p>The trade in jaguar body parts is viewed as an alarming threat to the jaguar, and there is the assumption that Chinese demand is driving the trade. However, there has been little analysis of the discourses around the trade both with respect to the Chinese public, internationally and in source countries. We analysed 298 media articles in Chinese, English and Spanish languages from 2010 to 2019, to understand the disparities in reporting of this jaguar trade and what impact they would have for jaguar conservation. Temporal analysis showed that this trade did not receive global media attention until 2018, despite having taken place for a couple of years. Only four (teeth, skin, head and claws) out of the 15 body parts reported to have been traded had evidence of trade based on seizures. Jaguars were viewed positively, while the experiences of local people who suffer losses from coexisting with jaguars were rarely captured. The claim that the trade was Chinese-driven was strongly and positively associated with whether seizure and arrest evidence was presented in an article, though articles held different views on if Chinese companies were involved. English and Spanish language articles stated that traditional Chinese medicine was the main use of the jaguar body parts and were more likely to mention that this trade was Chinese-driven; while journalistic investigations and narratives from within China were missing. This research highlights the evidence gap with respect to media coverage of the jaguar trade, and stresses the need to collaborate with stakeholders whose voices are less prominent in the articles analysed, such as Chinese communities and local people who live around jaguars.</p>
Fig. 1 in Trade in nautilus and other large marine molluscs as ornaments and decorations in Bali, Indonesia
Fig. 1. Towns and routes surveyed for the trade in marine shells in Bali, Indonesia, in July 2014.
Algo trading masterclass – To Thrive in Trading
<p><strong>To thrive in trading you need a solid development process – one that guides you in building strategies correctly. We provide this algo trading education in my <a href="https://thetradingmasterclass.com/successful-algo-trading-strategies-and-masterclass-education/">Algo Trading Masterclass</a> –We call it the Strategy Factory Workshop. To Know more please consider visiting our official website. </strong></p>
Limited plasticity in thermally tolerant ectotherm populations: evidence for a trade-off
<p></p><p>Many species face extinction risks owing to climate change, and there is an urgent need to identify which species' populations will be most vulnerable. Plasticity in heat tolerance, which includes acclimation or hardening, occurs when prior exposure to a warmer temperature changes an organism's upper thermal limit. The capacity for thermal acclimation could provide protection against warming, but prior work has found few generalizable patterns to explain variation in this trait. Here, we report the results of, to our knowledge, the first meta-analysis to examine within-species variation in thermal plasticity, using results from 20 studies (19 species) that quantified thermal acclimation capacities across 78 populations. We used meta-regression to evaluate two leading hypotheses. The climate variability hypothesis predicts that populations from more thermally variable habitats will have greater plasticity, while the trade-off hypothesis predicts that populations with the lowest heat tolerance will have the greatest plasticity. Our analysis indicates strong support for the trade-off hypothesis because populations with greater thermal tolerance had reduced plasticity. These results advance our understanding of variation in populations' susceptibility to climate change and imply that populations with the highest thermal tolerance may have limited phenotypic plasticity to adjust to ongoing climate warming.</p><p></p>
Meso-scale patterns of shallow convection in the trades: supplemental material
<p>Supplemental material to the dissertation: Meso-scale patterns of shallow convection in the trades</p> <ol> <li><em>ICON_EUREC4A_LES.mov</em><br> Animation of actual (GOES-16 ABI) and synthetic satellite images for the simulated period. GOES-16 ABI; ICON 624m; ICON 312m (from left to right)<br> </li> </ol>
Collecting data on Hungarian traditional/local pulse varieties, on legume production, consumption and trade of food-purpose pulses in Hungary
<p>Summary data on traditional and local Hungarian pulse varieties will be provided. This will include a systematic summary of all legume species and varieties used for food and feed that are stored in the seed bank data of the National Plant Diversity Centre, Hungary.</p> <p>Statistical data mined from the database of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office (CSO) on the production of the most significant food and feed legumes in Hungary, the household consumption of the some food-used pulses, as well as the food industry processing and the national trade of pulses.</p> <p>Mining and summarizing existing data from different resources will be performed during 2017 and will be provided by February 2018. Statistical data on production, consumption and traded will be supplemented during the project with the updates of CSO databases. Methodologies used will be desk research and primer analysis.</p>
Misinformation, internet honey trading, and beekeepers drive a plant invasion
<p>Biological invasions are a major human induced global change that is threatening global biodiversity by homogenizing the world's fauna and flora. Species spread because humans have moved species across geographic boundaries and have changed ecological factors that structure ecosystems, such as nitrogen deposition, disturbance, etc. Many biological invasions are caused accidentally, as a byproduct of human travel and commerce driven product shipping. However, humans also have spread many species intentionally because of perceived benefits. Of interest is the role of the recent exponential growth in information exchange via internet social media in driving biological invasions. To date, this has not been examined. Here we show that for one such invasive species, goldenrod, social networks spread misleading and incomplete information that is enhancing the spread of goldenrod invasions into new environments. We show that the notion of goldenrod honey as a "superfood" with unsupported healing properties is driving a demand that leads beekeepers to produce goldenrod honey. Social networks provide a forum for such information exchange and this is leading to further spread of goldenrod in many countries where goldenrod is not native, such as Poland. However, this informal social information exchange ignores laws that focus on preventing the further spread of invasive species and the strong negative effects that goldenrod has on native ecosystems, including floral resources that negatively impact honeybee performance. Thus, scientifically unsupported information on "superfoods" such as goldenrod honey that is disseminated through social internet networks has real world consequences such as increased goldenrod invasions into novel geographical regions which decreases native biodiversity.</p>
Data from: A test of the competitive ability – cold tolerance trade-off hypothesis in seasonally breeding beetles
<p><span>Closely related species that use similar resources often differ in their seasonal patterns of activity, but the factors that limit their distributions across seasons are unknown for most species. One hypothesis to explain seasonal variation in the distributions of species involves a trade-off between competitive ability and cold tolerance, where tolerance to the cold compromises competitive ability in warmer (benign) temperatures, either at the level of the individual or population.</span></p> <p><span>We tested both individual-level and population-level mechanisms of this hypothesis in two co-occurring species of temperate burying beetles (Silphidae: <em>Nicrophorus sayi</em>, <em>N. orbicollis</em>) that differ in their seasonal patterns of activity.</span></p> <p><span>We measured cold tolerance, breeding activity as a function of temperature, and competitive ability as a function of temperature and season.</span></p> <p><span>Consistent with our hypothesis, the mid-season <em>N. orbicollis</em> was less able to function at the cold temperatures that characterize early spring, when the early-season <em>N. sayi</em> is most active. The larger beetle, however, always won one-on-one competitive trials at warm temperatures, regardless of species, inconsistent with an individual-level trade-off. <em>N. orbicollis</em> was usually larger and successful when competing for the same carrion later in the season, mostly because of its larger population size, consistent with a trade-off between competitive ability and cold tolerance acting at the population level.</span></p> <p><span>Our findings suggest that cold temperatures limit the mid-season <em>N. orbicollis</em> from earlier spring emergence, while competitive pressure from the more abundant, larger <em>N. orbicollis</em> constrains the early-season <em>N. sayi</em> from remaining active through the summer.</span></p>
No evidence for schistosome parasite fitness trade-offs in the intermediate and definitive host - Phenotype dataset
<p>The present dataset contains all the phenotype data (.csv files) and R scripts used for data analysis, and to generated the figures (Figures 2 to 5) present in the manuscript entitled "No evidence for schistosome parasite fitness trade-offs in the intermediate and definitive host".</p> <p>The uploaded archive (.zip) contains 4 folders corresponding to the 4 Figures present in the manuscript (Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4 and Figure 5). Each folder contains the phenotype data tables (.csv files), a R script used to analyze the data and to generate the Figures and a readme file, explaining how the phenotype data tables are organized.</p>
Data from: Breaking down the components of the competition-colonization trade-off: new insights into its role in diverse systems
<p>1. Performance trade-offs between competition and colonization can be an important mechanism facilitating regional coexistence of competitors. However, empirical evidence for this trade-off is mixed, raising questions about the extent to which it shapes diverse ecological communities. Here we outline a framework that can be used to improve empirical tests of the competition-colonization trade-off.</p> <p>2. We argue that tests of the competition-colonization trade-off have been diverted into unproductive paths when dispersal mode and/or competition type have been inadequately defined. To generate comparative predictions of associations between dispersal and competitive performance, we develop a conceptual trait-based framework that clarifies how dispersal mode and type of competitor shape this trade-off at the stage of dispersal and establishment in a variety of systems. Our framework suggests that competition-colonization trade-offs may be less common for passively dispersing organisms when competitive dominants are those best able to withstand resource depletion (competitive response), and for active dispersers when traits for dispersal performance are positively associated with resource pre-emption (competitive effect).</p> <p>3. The framework presented here is designed to provide common ground for researchers working in different systems in order to prompt more effective assessment of this performance trade-off and its role in shaping community structure. By delineating key system properties that mediate the trade-off between competitive and colonization performance and their relationship to individual-level traits, researchers in disparate systems can structure their predictions about this trade-off more effectively and compare across systems more clearly.</p>
Humans trade-off search costs and accuracy in a combined visual search and perceptual task
<p>Data as well as MATLAB code for model fitting and to generate ideal observer predictions for the following publication:</p> <p>Wagner, I., Henare, D., Tünnermann, J., Schubö, A., & Schütz, A., C. (accepted). Humans trade-off search costs and accuracy in a combined visual search and perceptual task. <em>Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics</em>.</p> <p>The archive "data" contains two .csv file with data of participants that were recorded in the two experimental conditions (single-target: dat_cond1.csv, double-target: dat_cond2.csv). Each row in the .csv files corresponds to one gaze shift that was detected for a given trial of a given participants in a given condition. For more information about what data is stored in which column, please consult the README.rtf file in the "data" archive.</p> <p>The archive "probabilistcGenerativeModel" contains script to fit the probabilistic generative model and to generate ideal observer predictions. Please consult the README.rtf file in the archive for more information.</p> <p>The file "supplement_tradeOffSearchCostsAndAccuracy.docx" is the supplementary material for the publication. The supplement contains an extensive formal description of the probabilistic generative model, and additional supplementary plots. This file corresponds to the supplement which is referenced on the publication website of this manuscript.</p> <p>For further questions, please contact:<br> Ilja.Wagner[at]psychol.uni-giessen.de or a.schuetz[at]uni.marburg.de</p>
Data for How to estimate whether preferential trade agreements contribute to international environmental impact shifting. A new methodology and empirical illustration for Switzerland
<p>Raw and processed data for the paper "<em>How to estimate whether preferential trade agreements contribute to international environmental impact shifting. A new methodology and empirical illustration for Switzerland"</em></p> <p>The raw trade data file is named TradeDataAggregated.rds</p> <p>The raw greenhouse gas footprint data is contained in Output_all.xlsx</p>
International corporations trading Brazilian soy are keystone actors for water stewardship
<p>Transnational corporations play a major, but poorly constrained, role in reallocating global water resources. Here, we couple high-resolution, company-specific trade data with hydrological and crop models to estimate the virtual water trade of the top 10 transnational corporations that trade Brazilian soy. We identify 4429 virtual water flows connecting 1620 Brazilian municipalities with the top-10 soy importing countries and find that the total virtual water flow increased from 43 billion m<sup>3</sup> to 100 billion m<sup>3</sup> between 2004 and 2018. We find that the largest soy traders displace on average twice as much virtual water as top-importing countries, excluding China. For example, in 2018 Bunge Limited exported 15 Gm<sup>3</sup>, almost tripling the Netherlands's virtual water import (the second largest importer at about 5 Gm<sup>3</sup>). Our findings highlight the importance of transnational corporations for achieving water stewardship and sustainable supply chains to support water resource security at municipal and international scales.</p>
Human activities favour prolific life histories in both traded and introduced vertebrates
<p>Species' life histories determine population demographics and thus the probability that introduced populations establish and spread. Life histories also influence which species are most likely to be introduced, but how such 'introduction biases' arise remains unclear. Here, we investigate how life histories affect the probability of trade and introduction in phylogenetic comparative analyses across three vertebrate classes: mammals, reptiles and amphibians. We find that traded species have relatively high reproductive rates and long reproductive lifespans. Within traded species, introduced species have a more extreme version of this same life history profile. Species in the pet trade also have long reproductive lifespans but lack 'fast' traits, likely reflecting demand for rare species which tend to have slow life histories. We identify multiple species not yet traded or introduced but with life histories indicative of high risk of future trade, introduction and potentially invasion. Our findings suggest that species with high invasion potential are favoured in the wildlife trade and therefore that trade regulation is crucial for preventing future invasions.</p>
Data for: The climatic variability hypothesis and trade–offs in thermal performance in coastal and inland populations of Mimulus guttatus
<p>Ecologists and evolutionary biologists have long predicted that organisms in more climatically variable environments should be adapted to handle a wider range of conditions. This intuitive idea, known as the Climatic Variability Hypothesis, has gained mixed support from empirical studies. We tested the Climatic Variability Hypothesis in a novel system by comparing the thermal breadth of coastal and inland populations of <em>Mimulus guttatus</em>. To quantify thermal breadth, we performed a thermal performance experiment and built performance curves. Using these performance curves, we also evaluated evidence for a breadth–performance trade–off and the Hotter–is–Better hypothesis. We did not find support for the Climatic Variability Hypothesis; coastal and inland populations did not differ in thermal breadth. However, we found evidence for a breadth performance trade–off and the Hotter–is–Better hypothesis. Surprisingly, the two most inland populations differed the most in the thermal performance traits we evaluated. Our results highlight the importance of explicitly measuring thermal performance to test explanations of species distribution patterns and the need to examine alternative mechanisms by which organisms occupy different climatic regimes.</p>
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OpenNeuro
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