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FIGURES 14–15 in Two new sympatric troglobitic freshwater flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Dugesiidae) from a hotspot of subterranean biodiversity in the Neotropics

FIGURES 14–15. Girardia paucipunctata: (14) photograph of the preserved holotype in dorsal view; (15) photograph of preserved holotype in ventral view. Anterior to the left.

FIGURE 13 in Two new sympatric troglobitic freshwater flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Dugesiidae) from a hotspot of subterranean biodiversity in the Neotropics

FIGURE 13. Girardia arenicola. Sagittal composite reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus of the holotype. The arrow indicates the joining point of the ovovitelline ducts. Anterior to the left.

FIGURE 22 in Two new sympatric troglobitic freshwater flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Dugesiidae) from a hotspot of subterranean biodiversity in the Neotropics

FIGURE 22. Girardia paucipunctata. Sagittal composite reconstruction of the copulatory apparatus of the holotype. The arrow indicates the joining point of the ovovitelline ducts. Anterior to the left.

FIGURES 8–12 in Two new sympatric troglobitic freshwater flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Dugesiidae) from a hotspot of subterranean biodiversity in the Neotropics

FIGURES 8–12. Girardia arenicola, in sagittal section: (8) ventral surface of the body of the holotype; (9) testes of the holotype in the anterior region of the body; (10) lateral view of the male copulatory apparatus of the holotype, showing the distal section of a sperm duct close to its opening into the bulbar cavity; (11) copulatory bursa and proximal part of the bursal canal of paratype MZU PL. 00275; (12) general view of the copulatory apparatus of the holotype. Anterior to the left.

FIGURES 5–7 in Two new sympatric troglobitic freshwater flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Dugesiidae) from a hotspot of subterranean biodiversity in the Neotropics

FIGURES 5–7. Girardia arenicola: (5) photograph of a live specimen in dorsal view; (6) photograph of a preserved specimen (holotype) in dorsal view; (7) photograph of a preserved specimen (holotype) in ventral view. The tip of the pharynx is protruded (arrow) through the mouth. Scale bar for the fig. 5 not available. Anterior to the left.

FIGURES 1–4 in Two new sympatric troglobitic freshwater flatworms (Platyhelminthes: Dugesiidae) from a hotspot of subterranean biodiversity in the Neotropics

FIGURES 1–4. Type-locality of Girardia arenicola and Girardia paucipunctata in "Areias de Cima" cave, in the karst area of "Areias system", Iporanga, state of São Paulo, Brazil: (1) location of the cave in southern America (modified from Rodrigues et al., 2014); (2) location of the sampling site within the cave; (3) travertine rock pool from where flatworms were collected; (4) flatworms at the bottom of the travertine rock pool. The arrowhead indicates the cave entrance; arrows indicate the sampling site.

FIGURES 1–11 in Two new troglobitic species of Oxarthrius Reitter (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae) from Brazil

FIGURES 1–11. Oxarthrius (Oxarthrius) inexpectatus sp. nov., holotype, 1, habitus, dorsal view; 2, habitus, lateral view; 3, head and pronotum, dorsal view; 4, head and pronotum, ventral view; 5, meso leg, external face; 6, meta leg, external face (coxa absent); 7, aedeagus, ventral view; 8, aedeagus, lateral view; 9, aedeagus, dorsal view; 10, tergum IX;11, tergum VIII (T8) and sternum VIII (T8), lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (1–2); 0.5 mm (3–6); 0.2 mm (7–11).

FIGURES 28–31. 28 in Two new troglobitic species of Oxarthrius Reitter (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae) from Brazil

FIGURES 28–31. 28, Elevation map of South America, Tocantins state, Bambuí geological group in lead color, star blue the localities; 29, rock outcrop Lage I; 30, Gruta das Rãs; 31, Oxarthrius (Oxarthrius) aurora sp. nov. in Lage I.

FIGURES 23–27. 23 in Two new troglobitic species of Oxarthrius Reitter (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae) from Brazil

FIGURES 23–27. 23, Elevation map of South America, Minas Gereais state, Bambui geological formation lead color, blue triangles; 24, RM_0033 cave in Nova Lima; 25, Boqueirão da Nascentes cave in Montes Claros; 26, Oxarthrius (Oxarthrius) inexpectatus sp. nov. in RM_0033 cave; 27, Oxarthrius (Oxarthrius) inexpectatus sp. nov. in Boqueirão da Nascentes cave.

FIGURES 12–22 in Two new troglobitic species of Oxarthrius Reitter (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae) from Brazil

FIGURES 12–22. Oxarthrius (Oxarthrius) aurora sp. nov., holotype, 12, habitus, dorsal view; 13, habitus, lateral view; 14, head and pronotum, dorsal view; 15, head and pronotum, ventral view; 16, meso leg, external face; 17, meta leg, external face (coxa absent); 18, aedeagus, ventral view; 19, aedeagus, lateral view; 22, aedeagus, dorsal view; 21, tergum IX; 22, tergum VIII (T8) and sternum VIII (T8), lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm (12–13); 0.5 mm (14–17); 0.2 mm (18–22).

FIGURES 10–13 in A new troglobitic Tychobythinus from Sicily (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae)

FIGURES 10–13. Tychobythinus villasmundi sp. nov. 10. Holotype male, left antenna. 11. Paratype female, rigth maxillary palpus. 12. Holotype male, aedeagus, dorsal view. 13. Paratype female, telisternite, dorsal view. Scale: 0.1 mm.

FIGURES 6–9 in A new troglobitic Tychobythinus from Sicily (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae)

FIGURES 6–9. Tychobythinus villasmundi sp. nov. 6. Head in dorsal view, schematic drawning. 7. Holotype male, head, dorsal view (Ph. A. Marletta). 8. Holotype male, head, lateral view (Ph. A. Marletta). 9. Holotype male, head, ventral view (Ph. A. Marletta). Scale: 0.1 mm.

FIGURE 5 in A new troglobitic Tychobythinus from Sicily (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae)

FIGURE 5. Tychobythinus villasmundi sp. nov. Paratype female, habitus, dorsal view (Ph. A. Marletta).

FIGURES 2–4. 2 in A new troglobitic Tychobythinus from Sicily (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Pselaphinae)

FIGURES 2–4. 2. Topography of the Villasmundo cave (from Centro Speleologico Etneo 1998, modified). The two red dots indicate the sampling points where T. villasmundi sp. nov. was collected. 3. Spleothemes and stream in Villasmundo cave (Ph. F. Fiorenza). 4. One of the spots where T. villasmundi sp. nov. was collected (Ph. F. Leone).

FIGURES 80–83 in Description of Paracymbiomma gen. nov., a new genus of prodidomid spiders from the Neotropical region (Araneae: Prodidomidae) including a new troglobite species

FIGURES 80–83. Males, palp retrolateral: 80 Paracymbiomma carajas sp. nov., arrow to paracymbium; 81 Tivodrassus etophor, arrow to paracymbium; 82 Zimirina hirsuta, arrow to grooved median retrolateral cymbial process; 83 Theuma sp., arrow to grooved median retrolateral cymbial process. Photo 81, G.H. Azevedo.

FIGURES 76–79 in Description of Paracymbiomma gen. nov., a new genus of prodidomid spiders from the Neotropical region (Araneae: Prodidomidae) including a new troglobite species

FIGURES 76–79. Ferruginous caves in Carajás National Forest: 76 Typical vegetation of ferruginous rock outcrops; 77 Paleoburrow; 78 Small entry to the disphotic area; 79 Characteristic floor of twilight areas with high humidity.

FIGURES 53–56. P in Description of Paracymbiomma gen. nov., a new genus of prodidomid spiders from the Neotropical region (Araneae: Prodidomidae) including a new troglobite species

FIGURES 53–56. P. doisirmaos sp. nov. 53–54 Male palp: 53 ventral view; 54 retrolateral view. P. pauferrense sp. nov. 55–56 Male palp: 55 ventral view; 56 retrolateral view. C—conductor; E—embolus; MA—median apophysis; Pcb—paracymbium. Scale bars: 0.25 mm.

FIGURES 65–68. P in Description of Paracymbiomma gen. nov., a new genus of prodidomid spiders from the Neotropical region (Araneae: Prodidomidae) including a new troglobite species

FIGURES 65–68. P. caecus sp. nov. 65–66. Male palp: 65 ventral view; 66 retrolateral view; 67–68 Female: 67 epigynum, ventral view; 68 vulva, dorsal view. C—conductor; CD—copulatory duct; E—embolus; FD—fertilization duct; lp—loop; MA—median apophysis; Pcb—paracymbium; SS—secondary spermathecae. Scale bars: 0.25 mm.

FIGURES 75 in Description of Paracymbiomma gen. nov., a new genus of prodidomid spiders from the Neotropical region (Araneae: Prodidomidae) including a new troglobite species

FIGURES 75. Known distribution records of species of Paracymbiomma gen. nov. from Brazil. In detail the distribution of caves species in Pará state.

FIGURES 43–48. 43–45 P in Description of Paracymbiomma gen. nov., a new genus of prodidomid spiders from the Neotropical region (Araneae: Prodidomidae) including a new troglobite species

FIGURES 43–48. 43–45 P. angelim sp. nov., male palp: 43 ventral view; 44 prolateral view; 45 detail of retrolateral tibial apophysis and paracymbium; 46–48 P. carajas sp. nov.: 46 Male, palp, detail of retrolateral tibial apophysis and paracymbium; 47 Same, detail of median apophysis and conductor; 48 female, epigynum, dorsal view. C—conductor; CD—copulatory duct; E—embolus; FD—fertilization duct; MA—median apophysis; Pcb—paracymbium; RTA—retrolateral tibia apophysis; SSsecondary spermathecae.