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445 results for “abiotic”
The role of abiotic and biotic factors in the unequal body shape diversification of a Gondwanan fish radiation (Otophysi:Characiformes)
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Data from: Impacts of microplastic versus natural abiotic particles on the clearance rate of a marine mussel
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Megafruit and megafauna diversity are positively associated, while megafruit traits are related to abiotic factors, in Tropical Asia
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Mammals on mountainsides revisited: trait-based tests of assembly reveal the importance of abiotic filters
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Functional traits of both specific alien species and receptive community but not community diversity determined the invasion success under biotic and abiotic conditions
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Biotic and abiotic drivers of plant-pollinator community assembly across wildfire gradients
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Data From: Applying empirical dynamic modeling to distinguish abiotic and biotic drivers of population fluctuations in sympatric fishes
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Interfacial photochemistry of biogenic surfactants: a major source of abiotic volatile organic compounds?
<p> </p> <p>Electronic supplementary Information to the Faraday Discussions article:</p> <p>Interfacial photochemistry of biogenic surfactants: a major source of abiotic volatile organic compounds?</p> <p>https://doi.org/10.1039/C7FD00022G</p>
Is drought tolerance a domestication trait in tepary bean?: Allelic diversity at abiotic stress responsive genes in cultivated Phaseolus acutifolius A. Gray and its wild relatives
<p>Some of the major impacts of climate change are expected in the poorest regions of the world where drought stress and nutrient deficiency are already a main issue. Legumes are an essential food crop for the poorest because of their high dietary protein and micronutrient contents. However, they are generally drought susceptible. Therefore, our goal in this study was to explore allele diversity at abiotic stress responsive candidate genes in the only drought tolerant cultivated bean species of the genus <i>Phaseolus</i>, tepary bean (<i>P. acutifolius</i> A. Gray) and its related species <i>P. parvifolius </i>Freytag. Specifically, we estimated drought tolerance in 52 tepary bean <i>s.l.</i> geo-referenced germplasm accessions from the <i>P. acutifolius</i>–<i>parvifolius</i> clade using climate information, and used this estimated drought stress index to examine allele correlations with <i>Asr2</i>, <i>Dreb2B</i> and ERECTA-encoding candidate genes for drought tolerance. Genetic clustering showed that cultivated and wild <i>P. acutifolius</i> were intermingled with <i>P. acutifolius </i>var.<i> tenuifolius</i> and <i>P. parvifolius</i>, signifying that allele diversity at candidate genes for drought tolerance was not scarce in tepary bean <i>s.l</i>. <i>Dreb2B</i> and ERECTA-encoding genes harbored signatures of directional/purifying selection, likely in favor of adaptive alleles selectively advantageous because each had two SNPs significantly correlated (<i>p-value</i> < 0.05) with habitat drought stress at six and 12 months. These results suggest that tepary bean <i>s.l. </i>is a reservoir of novel alleles at candidate genes for drought tolerance, as expected for a drought-tolerant species that originated in warmer and arid environments. Abiotic stress responsive candidate genes also exhibit comparable patterns of selective signatures when comparing orthologous across species, which speaks for a predominant role of gene sub-functionalization likely due to ecological constrains. Our study therefore corroborates that the candidate gene approach is still an effective alternative for marker validation across a broader genetic basis of germplasm accessions. Further efforts to determine the genetic architecture of drought tolerance will unlock novel alleles hidden in a crop with limited modern relevance as tepary bean, but capable of acting as a donor in backcrossing and genome editing strategies with elite common bean lines aiming to meet the imminent demands of a drier world.</p>
Data from: The value of the species interaction-abiotic stress hypothesis (SIASH) for invasion biology: using native latitude to explain non-native latitudinal range sizes
<p>Establishment and spread of introduced species are difficult to predict because they are subject to a myriad of factors. A hypothesis which integrates multiple ecological processes, such as the species interaction-abiotic stress hypothesis (SIASH), may improve our ability to predict introduction success (i.e. establishment and spread). SIASH postulates that, along an environmental gradient, species' range limits are set by abiotic stress at the environmentally harsh end of that gradient and by species interactions at the environmentally benign end of the gradient. Given that species richness increases nearer the equator and that climate becomes harsher (colder) nearer the poles, latitude represents a useful gradient with which to test simple predictions of SIASH. In order to test whether non-native ranges conform to the predictions of SIASH, we evaluated non-native latitudinal range size data for 195 cross-continental, naturalized introductions of 140 animal and plant species. Median latitude of native range was positively related to range size in the introduced zone, such that species native to high latitudes occupied larger introduced ranges than species native to low latitudes. Furthermore, temperate native species occupied larger latitudinal ranges when introduced to tropical and subtropical zones than did tropical native species introduced to temperate zones. Our results suggest that where a species originates is as important as where it is introduced for predicting introduction success. Abiotic stress from cold more strongly constrains the range extents of introduced species than species interactions, which is particularly pronounced for species originating from tropical regions. Future work should determine how species interactions and abiotic stress jointly explain other components of non-native species' success across different spatial gradients to better integrate SIASH into invasion biology.</p>
Anthropogenic disturbance impacts ectomycorrhizal communities and abiotic soil properties: implications for an endemic forest disease
<p>In forest ecosystems, habitat fragmentation negatively impacts stand structure and biodiversity; the resulting fragmented patches of forest have distinct, disturbed edge habitats that experience different environmental conditions than the interiors of the fragments. In southwest Western Australia, there is a large-scale decline of the keystone tree species <i>Corymbia calophylla </i>following fragmentation and land use change. These changes have altered stand structure and increased their susceptibility to an endemic fungal pathogen, <i>Quambalaria coyrecup</i>, which causes chronic canker disease especially along disturbed forest habitats. However, the impacts of fragmentation on belowground processes in this system are not well understood. We examined the effects of fragmentation on abiotic soil properties and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF) communities, and whether these belowground changes were drivers of disease incidence. We collected soil from 17 sites across the distribution range of <i>C. calophylla. </i>Soils were collected across a gradient from disturbed, diseased areas to undisturbed, disease-free areas. We analysed soil nutrients and grew <i>C</i>. <i>calophylla </i>plants as a bioassay host. Seedlings were harvested and roots collected after six months of growth. DNA was extracted from the roots, amplified using fungal specific primers and sequenced using Illumina MiSeq. Concentrations of key soil nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were much higher along the disturbed, diseased edges in comparison to undisturbed areas. Disturbance altered the community composition of ECM and AMF; however, only ECM communities had lower rarefied richness and diversity along the disturbed, diseased areas compared to undisturbed areas. Accounting for effects of disturbance, ECM diversity and leaf litter depth were highly correlated with increased disease incidence in <i>C. calophylla</i>. In the face of global change, increased virulence of an endemic pathogen has emerged in this Mediterranean-type forest.</p>
Data from: Biotic and abiotic variables influencing plant litter breakdown in streams: a global study
Plant litter breakdown is a key ecological process in terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems. Streams and rivers, in particular, have high rates of carbon dioxide evasion and they contribute substantially to global carbon fluxes. However, there is little information available on the relative roles of different drivers of plant litter breakdown in fresh waters, particularly at large scales. We present a global-scale study of litter breakdown in streams to compare the roles of biotic, climatic and other environmental factors on breakdown rates. We conducted an experiment in 24 streams encompassing latitudes from 47.8ºN to 42.8ºS, using litter mixtures of local species differing in quality and phylogenetic diversity, and alder (Alnus glutinosa) to control for variation in litter traits. Our models revealed that breakdown of alder was driven by climate, with some influence of pH, while variation in breakdown of litter mixtures was explained mainly by litter quality and phylogenetic diversity. The influence of these litter variables and pH was modulated by temperature, indicating that different mechanisms may operate at different latitudes. These results reflect global variability caused by multiple factors, but unexplained variance points to the need for expanded global-scale comparisons.
Data from: Increased growth in sunflower correlates with reduced defenses and altered gene expression in response to biotic and abiotic stress
Cultivated plants have been selected by humans for increased yield in a relatively benign environment, where nutrient and water resources are often supplemented, and biotic enemy loads are kept artificially low. Agricultural weeds have adapted to this same benign environment as crops, and often have high growth and reproductive rates, even though they have not been specifically selected for yield. Considering the competing demands for resources in any plant, a key question is whether adaptation to agricultural environments has been accompanied by life-history trade-offs, in which resistance to (largely absent) stress has been lost in favor of growth and reproduction. The experiments reported here were designed to test for growth-defense trade-offs in agricultural weeds, crops, and native varieties of common sunflower (Helianthus annuus L., Asteraceae) by comparing their performance in the presence or absence of abiotic (drought and crowding) or biotic (simulated herbivory, insect herbivory, and fungal) stress. We found that growth, as well viability of crops and weeds, were reduced by abiotic drought stress. The weakened defense in the agricultural genotypes was further evident as increased susceptibility to fungal infection and higher level of insect palatability. To uncover molecular mechanisms underlying these trade-offs we monitored gene expression kinetics in drought-stressed plants. By correlating phenotypic observations with molecular analyses, we report the identification of several genes, including a protein phosphatase 2C and the HD-Zip transcription factor Athb-8, whose expression is associated with the observed phenotypic variation in common sunflower.
Data from: Abiotic heterogeneity drives parasite local adaptation in coevolving bacteria and phages
Spatial abiotic heterogenity can result in divergent selection, hence might increase the magnitude of host-parasite local adaptation (the mean difference in fitness of sympatric versus allopatric host-parasite combinations). We explicitly tested this hypothesis by measuring local adapation in experimentally coevolved populations of bacteria and viruses evolved in the same or different nutrient media. Consistent with previous work, we found that mean levels of evolved phage infectivity and bacteria resistance varied with nutrient concentration, with maximal levels at nutrient concentrations that supported the greatest densities of bacteria. Despite this variation in evolved mean infectivity and resistance between treatments, we found that parasite local adaptation was greatly increased when measured between populations evolved in different, compared to the same, media. This pattern is likely to have resulted from different media imposing divergent selection on bacterial hosts, and phages in turn adapting to their local hosts. These results demonstrate that the abiotic environment can play a strong and predictable role in driving patterns of local adaptation.
Data from: Abiotic stress does not magnify the deleterious effects of spontaneous mutations
Although the effects of deleterious alleles often are predicted to be greater in stressful environments, there is no theoretical basis for this prediction and the empirical evidence is mixed. Here we characterized the effects of three types of abiotic stress (thermal, oxidative and hyperosmotic) on two sets of nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans) mutation accumulation (MA) lines that differ by threefold in fitness. We compared the survival and egg-to-adult viability between environments (benign and stressful) and between fitness categories (high-fitness MA, low-fitness MA). If the environment and mutation load have synergistic effects on trait means, then the difference between the high and low-fitness MA lines should be larger in stressful environments. Although the stress treatments consistently decreased survival and/or viability, we did not detect significant interactions between fitness categories and environment types. In contrast, we did find consistent evidence for synergistic effects on (micro)environmental variation. The lack of signal in trait means likely reflects the very low starting fitness of some low-fitness MA lines, the potential for cross-stress responses and the context dependence of mutational effects. In addition, the large increases in the environmental variance in the stressful environments may have masked small changes in trait means. These results do not provide evidence for synergism between mutation and stress.
Data from: The interplay of nested biotic interactions and the abiotic environment regulates populations of a hypersymbiont
1. The role of biotic interactions in shaping distribution and abundance of species should be particularly pronounced in symbionts. Indeed, symbionts have a dual niche composed of traits of their individual hosts and the abiotic environment external to the host, and often combine active dispersal at finer scales with host-mediated dispersal at broader scales. The biotic complexity in the determinants of species distribution and abundance should be even more pronounced for hypersymbionts (symbionts of other symbionts). 2. We use a chain of symbiosis to explore the relative influence of nested biotic interactions and the abiotic environment on occupancy and abundance of a hypersymbiont. 3. Our empirical system is the epibiont ciliate Lagenophrys discoidea, which attaches to an ostracod that is itself ectosymbiotic on crayfish (the basal host). We applied multimodel selection and variance partitioning for GLMM to assess the relative importance of: 1) traits of symbiotic hosts (ostracod sex and abundance), 2) traits of basal hosts (crayfish body weight, abundance and intermoult stage), 3) the abiotic environment (water chemistry and climate), and 4) geospatial autocorrelation patterns (capturing potential effects of crayfish dispersal among localities). 4. Our models explained about half of the variation in prevalence and abundance of the hypersymbiont. Variation in prevalence was partly explained, in decreasing order of importance (18-4%) by shared effects of symbiotic host traits and the abiotic environment, pure fixed effects of symbiotic hosts, abiotic environment and geospatial patterns (traits of basal hosts were not relevant). Hypersymbiont abundance was most strongly explained by random effects of host traits (mainly the symbiotic host), in addition to weaker fixed effects (mostly abiotic environment). 5. Our results highlight the major role of the interplay between abundance of symbiotic hosts and water physico-chemistry in regulating populations of a hypersymbiotic ciliate, which is likely critical for dispersal dynamics, availability of attachment resources and suitability of on-host living conditions for the ciliate. We also found moderate signal of regulation by the basal host, for which we propose three mechanisms: 1) modulation of microhabitat suitability (crayfish-created water currents); 2) concentration of symbiotic hosts within crayfish; and 3) dispersal mediated by crayfish. 30-Jul-2019
Data from: The effects of different cold-temperature regimes on development, growth, and susceptibility to an abiotic and biotic stressor
1. Global climate change is expected to both increase average temperatures as well as temperature variability. 2. Increased average temperatures has led to earlier breeding in many spring-breeding organisms. However, individuals breeding earlier will also face increased temperature fluctuations, including exposure to potentially harmful cold temperature regimes during early developmental stages. 3. Using a model spring-breeding amphibian, we investigated how embryonic exposure to different cold-temperature regimes (control, cold-pulse, and cold-press) affected (1) compensatory larval development and growth, (2) larval susceptibility to a common contaminant, and (3) larval susceptibility to parasites. 4. We found: (1) no evidence of compensatory development or growth, (2) larvae exposed to the cold-press treatment were more susceptible to NaCl at 4-d post-hatching but recovered by 17-d post-hatching, and (3) larvae exposed to both cold treatments were less susceptible to parasites. 5. These results demonstrate that variation in cold-temperature regimes can lead to unique direct and indirect effects on larval growth, development, and response to stressors. This underscores the importance of considering cold temperature variability and not just increased average temperatures when examining the impacts of climate disruption.
Fig. 1 in Effect of abiotic variables on fish eggs and larvae distribution in headwaters of Cuiabá River, Mato Grosso State, Brazil
Fig. 1. Location of the sampling sites. 1= Cuiabazinho River (CBZ I, 14º20'13.8"S 55º29'42.5"W); 2= Cuiabazinho River (CBZ II, 14º25'39.1"S 55º34'28.8"W); 3= Água Fina Stream (AFS, 14º25'50.7"S 55º34'14.5"W); 4= Cuiabazinho Stream (CBS, 14º26'13.8"S 55º36'03.2"W); 5= Cuiabazinho River (CBZ III, 14º37'10.1"S 55º49'50.8"W), 6= Triste Stream (TRS, 14º37'18.2"S 55º49'52.2"W); 7= Cuiabazinho River (CBZ IV, 14º39'15.8"S 56º07'52.2"W); 8= Quebó Stream (QBS, 14º39'14.9"S 56º07'49.3"W).
Fig. 5 in Effect of abiotic variables on fish eggs and larvae distribution in headwaters of Cuiabá River, Mato Grosso State, Brazil
Fig. 5. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) of the matrix of environmental variables recorded in the headwaters of the Cuiabá River in November (N), December 2007 (D), January (J), February (F), and March 2008 (M). Numbers following months represent sites: 1=CBZ I, 2=CBZ II, 3=AFS, 4=CBS, 5=CBZ III, 6=TRS, 7=CBZ IV, 8=QBS. Dark symbols represent collections with highest density of ichthyoplankton.
Fig. 3 in Effect of abiotic variables on fish eggs and larvae distribution in headwaters of Cuiabá River, Mato Grosso State, Brazil
Fig. 3. Values of the regional variables of river level (a), outflow (b), and rainfall (c), obtained in the region of Rosario Oeste between November 2007 and March 2008.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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