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Experimental Data for the Paper 'Hierarchical Fusion and Divergent Activation Based Weakly Supervised Learning for Object Detection from Remote Sensing Images'
<p><strong>Experimental Data for the Paper 'Hierarchical Fusion and Divergent Activation Based Weakly Supervised Learning for Object Detection from Remote Sensing Images'</strong></p> <p>In this repository, we provide the implementation of the algorithms developed in the paper 'Hierarchical Fusion and Divergent Activation Based Weakly Supervised Learning for Object Detection from Remote Sensing Images' along with the experimental results, and the methods used for comparison.<br> The goal is to provide the elements needed to validate and reproduce our research work as well as all the tools needed to reach the same conclusions as we did.<br> The data used in our experiments that we have the copyright of [<a href="http://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3019956">A</a>],[<a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3843229">B</a>] is already published <a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3843229">on zenodo</a>.<br> The licences valid for the elements of this repository are discussed under point "3. Licenses" below.</p> <p><strong>1. Structure</strong></p> <p>The repository contains the following items:</p> <ol> <li>"CODE_AND_RESULTS.zip" with the source codes and results of our method and the comparison methods,</li> <li>"README" - this text here.</li> <li>"LICENSE" - the <a href="https://mit-license.org/">MIT License</a></li> </ol> <p>We now focus on the structure of the file CODE_AND_RESULTS.zip.<br> It contains the following items:</p> <ol> <li>The directory "new_methods" contains the source code and results of the new methods proposed in our paper.</li> <li>The directory "comparison" contains the source code of the two approaches used for comparison: ACoL [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2018.00144">A</a>] and DANet [<a href="http://doi.org/10.1109/ICCV.2019.00669">B</a>].</li> <li>The folder "tools_and_metrics" holds additional libraries, software tools, and metrics using in our experiments. </li> <li>"README" - this text here.</li> <li>"LICENSE" - the <a href="https://mit-license.org/">MIT License</a></li> </ol> <p>Inside the folder "new_methods," the following sub-folders are provided:</p> <ol> <li>"data" includes data loading code and code for how organizing the input data of the neural network.</li> <li>"expr" includes training code.</li> <li>"model" includes neural network model, basic network and additional modules, depending on the file name, including improved network, and comparison model.</li> <li>"utils" includes some used library functions and test codes when testing, including image segmentation, searching for the largest connected area and data visualization, etc. Verification on the WSADD dataset is done via test_airplane.py and on the DIOR dataset via val_model.py.</li> </ol> <p>In our experiments, we used two datasets:</p> <p>"WSADD" [<a href="http://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3019956">A</a>],[<a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3843229">B</a>], which is already published <a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3843229">on zenodo</a> under the <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International</a> license.<br> The "<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2018.00144">DIOR</a>" proposed in [<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2019.11.023">C</a>].</p> <p><strong>2. References</strong></p> <p>[<a href="http://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3019956">A</a>] Z.-Z. Wu, T. Weise, Y. Wang, Y. Wang, Convolutional neural network based weakly supervised learning for aircraft detection from remote sensing image, <em>IEEE Access</em> 8 (2020) 158097-158106. doi:<a href="http://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3019956">10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3019956</a>. <br> [<a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3843229">B</a>] Z.-Z. Wu. Weakly Supervised Airplane Detection Dataset: WSADD. May 2020. zenodo.org. doi:<a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3843229">10.5281/zenodo.3843229</a>.<br> [<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2019.11.023">C</a>] K. Li, G. Wan, G. Cheng, L. Meng, J. Han, Object detection in optical remote sensing images: A survey and a new benchmark, <em>ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing</em> 159 (2020) 296-307. doi:<a href="http://doi.org/10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2019.11.023">10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2019.11.023</a>. <br> [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2018.00144">D</a>] X. Zhang, Y. Wei, J. Feng, Y. Yang, T. S. Huang, Adversarial complementary learning for weakly supervised object localization, in: <em>Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition</em> (CVPR'18), Jun. 18-22, 2018, Salt Lake City, UT, USA, IEEE Computer Society, 2018, pp. 1325-1334. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1109/CVPR.2018.00144">10.1109/CVPR.2018.00144</a>. <br> [<a href="http://doi.org/10.1109/ICCV.2019.00669">E</a>] H. Xue, C. Liu, F. Wan, J. Jiao, X. Ji, Q. Ye, DANet: Divergent activation for weakly supervised object localization, in: <em>Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision</em> (ICCV'19), Oct. 27-Nov. 2, 2019, Seoul, Korea, IEEE, 2019, pp. 6588-6597. doi:<a href="http://doi.org/10.1109/ICCV.2019.00669">10.1109/ICCV.2019.00669</a>.</p> <p><strong>3. Licenses</strong></p> <p>The following licenses apply for the files and folders in the archive "CODE_AND_RESULTS.zip":</p> <ul> <li>The files in the folder `new_methods` are under the <a href="https://mit-license.org/">MIT License</a>.</li> <li>The files in the folder `comparison/ACoL` have been obtained from https://github.com/xiaomengyc/ACoL, which is under the <a href="https://mit-license.org/">MIT License</a>.</li> <li>We put our code and data under the </li> <li>The files in the folder "comparison/DANet" have been obtained from <a href="https://github.com/xuehaolan/DANet">https://github.com/xuehaolan/DANet</a>, which is an open source project without associated license at the time of this writing. They will therefore remain under the copyright of the user <a href="https://github.com/xuehaolan/">https://github.com/xuehaolan/</a>.</li> <li>The files in the folder "tools_and_metrics/detections_DIOR" are related to the repository <a href="https://github.com/rafaelpadilla/Object-Detection-Metrics">https://github.com/rafaelpadilla/Object-Detection-Metrics</a>, which is under the <a href="https://mit-license.org/">MIT License</a>, and therefore are under the same license.</li> <li>The files in the folder "tools_and_metrics/Nest-pytorch" are based on the repository <a href="https://github.com/ZhouYanzhao/Nest">https://github.com/ZhouYanzhao/Nest</a>, which is under the <a href="https://mit-license.org/">MIT License</a>.</li> <li>The files in the folder "tools_and_metrics/PRM-pytorch" are based on the repository <a href="https://github.com/ZhouYanzhao/PRM">https://github.com/ZhouYanzhao/PRM</a>, which is an open source project without associated license at the time of this writing. They will therefore remain under the copyright of the user <a href="https://github.com/ZhouYanzhao/">https://github.com/ZhouYanzhao/</a>.</li> </ul> <p>The <a href="https://mit-license.org/">MIT License</a> is included here as file "LICENSE".</p> <p><strong>4. Contact</strong></p> <p>1. Dr. <a href="http://iao.hfuu.edu.cn/146">Zhize WU</a>, wuzz@hfuu.edu.cn<br> 2. Dr. <a href="http://iao.hfuu.edu.cn/5">Thomas WEISE</a>, tweise@hfuu.edu.cn, tweise@ustc.edu.cn</p> <p>Institute of Applied Optimization, <br> School of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data, <br> Hefei University, South Campus 2, Jinxiu Dadao 99, <br> Hefei Economic and Technological Development Area, <br> Shushan District, Hefei 230601, Anhui, China<br> </p>
Output data from: From land productivity trends to land degradation assessment in Mozambique: Effects of climate, human activities and stakeholder definitions
<p>This repository includes output data from the following article:</p> <p><strong>Montfort, F., Bégué, A., Leroux, L., Blanc, L., Gond, V., Cambule, A.H., Remane, I.A.D., Grinand, C., 2020. From land productivity trends to land degradation assessment in Mozambique: Effects of climate, human activities and stakeholder definitions. <em>Land Degrad Dev</em>.; 32: 49– 65. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3704">https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3704</a></strong></p> <p>This study aimed at characterizing and mapping the underlying factors (human or climatic) in land productivity changes over the 2000-2016 period, in order to assess land degradation in Mozambique.</p> <p>The methodology is based on remote sensing methodology. Land productivity change were first analyzed using MODIS NDVI time-series (2000–2016), and a two-step framework was then used to understand the main factors of these productivity changes, using climate times series (CHIRPS data for rainfall and CRU data for temperature), Land Use and Land Cover Change (LULCC) maps (Laurel project LULCC map), and ground knowledge.</p> <p>This repository includes raster data of annual land productivity change over the 2000-2016 period, annual land productivity climate factors, potential land productivity decrease factors and potential productivity increase factors. Data are available as GeoTIFF raster files at 250 m resolution in the UTM 37S projection (EPSG: 32737).</p>
Kinesin-1 activity recorded in living cells with a precipitating dye FIB-SEM data 1
<p>Kinesin-1 activity recorded in living cells with a precipitating dye</p> <p>FIB-SEM dataset 1 - QPDTf precipitating dye with HeLa cells</p> <p> </p>
Data from: Canine sense of quantity: evidence for numerical ratio-dependent activation in parietotemporal cortex
<p></p><p>The approximate number system (ANS), which supports the rapid estimation of quantity, emerges early in human development and is widespread across species. Neural evidence from both human and non-human primates suggests the parietal cortex as a primary locus of numerical estimation, but it is unclear whether the numerical competencies observed across non-primate species are subserved by similar neural mechanisms. Moreover, because studies with non-human animals typically involve extensive training, little is known about the spontaneous numerical capacities of non-human animals. To address these questions, we examined the neural underpinnings of number perception using awake canine functional magnetic resonance imaging. Dogs passively viewed dot arrays that varied in ratio and, critically, received no task-relevant training or exposure prior to testing. We found evidence of ratio-dependent activation, which is a key feature of the ANS, in canine parietotemporal cortex in the majority of dogs tested. This finding is suggestive of a neural mechanism for quantity perception that has been conserved across mammalian evolution.</p><p></p>
Data from: Forest succession and climate variability interacted to control fire activity over the last four centuries in an Alaskan boreal landscape
Context: The boreal forest is globally important for its influence on Earth's energy balance, and its sensitivity to climate change. Ecosystem functioning in boreal forests is shaped by fire activity, so anticipating the impacts of climate change requires understanding the precedence for, and consequences of, climatically induced changes in fire regimes. Long-term records of climate, fire, and vegetation are critical for gaining this understanding. Objectives: We investigated the relative importance of climate and landscape flammability as drivers of fire activity in boreal forests by developing high-resolution records of fire history, and characterizing their centennial-scale relationships to temperature and vegetation dynamics. Methods: We reconstructed the timing of fire activity in interior Alaska, USA, using seven lake-sediment charcoal records spanning CE 1550–2015. We developed individual and composite records of fire activity, and used correlations and qualitative comparisons to assess relationships with existing records of vegetation and climate. Results: Our records document a dynamic relationship between climate and fire. Fire activity and temperature showed stronger coupling after ca. 1900 than in the preceding 350 yr. Biomass burning and temperatures increased concurrently during the second half of the twentieth century, to their highest point in the record. Fire activity followed pulses in black spruce establishment. Conclusions: Fire activity was facilitated by warm temperatures and landscape-scale dominance of highly flammable mature black spruce, with a notable increase in temperature and fire activity during the twenty-first century. The results suggest that widespread burning at landscape scales is controlled by a combination of climate and vegetation dynamics that together drive flammability.
Data from: Effects of the colour of photophase light on locomotor activity in a nocturnal and a diurnal South African rodent
Many physiological and behavioural responses to varying qualities of light, particularly during the night (scotophase) have been well documented in rodents. We used varying wavelengths of daytime (photophase) lighting to assess daily responses in locomotor activity in the nocturnal Namaqua rock mouse (Micaelamys namaquensis) and diurnal four-striped field mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio). Animals were exposed to three light-dark cycle regimes: a short-wavelength- (SWLC), a medium-wavelength- (MWLC) and a long-wavelength light-dark cycle (LWLC). Overall, daily locomotor activity of both species changed according to different wavelengths of light, the diurnal species displayed most activity under SWLC and the nocturnal species exhibited the highest levels of activity under LWLC. Both species showed an increase in diurnal activity and a decrease in nocturnal activity under LWLC. These results indicate an attenuated responsiveness to long wavelength light in the nocturnal species, but this does not appear to be true for the diurnal species. These results emphasize that the effect of light on the locomotor activity of animals depends on both the properties of the light and the temporal organization of activity of a species.
Data from: Testosterone activates sexual dimorphism including male-typical carotenoid but not melanin plumage pigmentation in a female bird
In males it is frequently testosterone (T) that activates the expression of sexually selected morphological and behavioral displays, but the role of T in regulating similar traits in females is less clear. Here we combine correlational data with results from T and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) manipulations in both sexes to assess the role of T in mediating sexually dimorphic coloration and morphology in the red-backed fairy-wren (Malurus melanocephalus). We show that (1) natural variation in female expression of ornamental traits (darkened bills and red back feathers) are positively associated with age and circulating androgen titres, (2) females have the capacity to express most male-typical traits in response to exogenous T, including carotenoid-pigmented body plumage, shorter feathers, darkened bill, and enlarged cloacal protuberance, but (3) appear constrained in production of male-typical melanin-pigmented plumage, and (4) low androgen levels during the pre-nuptial molt, probably due to low ovarian capacity for steroid production (or LH-sensitivity), prevent females from developing male-like ornamentation. Thus, females appear to retain molecular mechanism for hormonally regulated male-typical ornamentation, although these are rarely activated because of insufficient production of the hormonal signal.
Data from: Freshwater hydrozoan blooms alter activity and behaviour of territorial cichlids in Lake Tanganyika
Jellyfish blooms pose multiple threats to wild fish. Yet, we still know little about how blooms impact fitness-related behaviours of fish caught within their areas of effect, e.g. for littoral fish that are not able to relocate to avoid incoming blooms of stinging jellyfish. Here, we documented the behavioural impacts of freshwater jellyfish (Limnocnida tanganjicae) blooms on a territorial cichlid (Variabilichromis moorii) as well as on the wider community of cichlids in a shallow-water rocky habitat of Lake Tanganyika. Compared to non-bloom conditions, V. moorii individuals reduced their swimming and territory defence activities during jellyfish blooms (each by ~ 50%), but not their foraging or affiliative behaviours. Despite this reduction in activity, V. moorii could not entirely avoid being stung and preferred to remain closer to the rocky substrata as opposed to the more open demersal zone. Many other fishes similarly hid among the benthic substrata, changing the composition of the fish community in the demersal zone during bloom conditions. Reductions in activity could have multiple fitness-related implications for individual fish. Understanding these behavioural consequences is an important topic of research as blooms are predicted to increase in severity in the future especially along coastal habitats.
Data from: Response to persistent er stress in plants: a multiphasic process that transitions cells from prosurvival activities to cell death
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a highly conserved response that protects plants from adverse environmental conditions. The UPR is elicited by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, in which unfolded and misfolded proteins accumulate within the ER. Here, we induced the UPR in maize (Zea mays) seedlings to characterize the molecular events that occur over time during persistent ER stress. We found that a multiphasic program of gene expression was interwoven among other cellular events, including the induction of autophagy. One of the earliest phases involved the degradation by regulated IRE1-dependent RNA degradation (RIDD) of RNA transcripts derived from a family of peroxidase genes. RIDD resulted from the activation of ZmIRE1 for promiscuous ribonuclease activity that attacks the mRNAs of secreted proteins. This was followed by an upsurge in expression of the canonical UPR genes indirectly driven by ZmIRE1 due to its splicing of Zmbzip60 to make an active transcription factor that directly upregulates many of the UPR genes. At the peak of UPR gene expression, a global wave of alternative RNA processing led to the production of many aberrant UPR gene transcripts, likely tempering the ER stress response. During later stages of ER stress, ZmIRE1's activity declined as did the expression of survival modulating genes, Bax inhibitor1 and Bcl-2-associated athanogene7, amidst a rising tide of cell death. Thus, in response to persistent ER stress, maize seedlings embark on a course of gene expression and cellular events progressing from adaptive responses to cell death.
Data from: Stability of spontaneous, correlated activity in mouse auditory cortex
<p>Neural systems can be modeled as complex networks in which neural elements are represented as nodes linked to one another through structural or functional connections. The resulting network can be analyzed using mathematical tools from network science and graph theory to quantify the system's topological organization and to better understand its function. Here, we used two-photon calcium imaging to record spontaneous activity from the same set of cells in mouse auditory cortex over the course of several weeks. We reconstruct functional networks in which cells are linked to one another by edges weighted according to the correlation of their fluorescence traces. We show that the networks exhibit modular structure across multiple topological scales and that these multi-scale modules unfold as part of a hierarchy. We also show that, on average, network architecture becomes increasingly dissimilar over time, with similarity decaying monotonically with the distance (in time) between sessions. Finally, we show that a small fraction of cells maintain strongly-correlated activity over multiple days, forming a stable temporal core surrounded by a fluctuating and variable periphery. Our work indicates a framework for studying spontaneous activity measured by two-photon calcium imaging using computational methods and graphical models from network science. The methods are flexible and easily extended to additional datasets, opening the possibility of studying cellular level network organization of neural systems and how that organization is modulated by stimuli or altered in models of disease.</p>
Data from: Spatiotemporally precise optogenetic activation of sensory neurons in freely walking Drosophila
<p>Previous work has characterized how walking <i>Drosophila</i> coordinate the movements of individual limbs (DeAngelis, Zavatone-Veth, and Clark, 2019). To understand the circuit basis of this coordination, one must characterize how sensory feedback from each limb affects walking behavior. However, it has remained difficult to manipulate neural activity in individual limbs of freely moving animals. Here, we demonstrate a simple method for optogenetic stimulation with body side-, body segment-, and limb-specificity that does not require real-time tracking. Instead, we activate at random, precise locations in time and space and use post hoc analysis to determine behavioral responses to specific activations. Using this method, we have characterized limb coordination and walking behavior in response to transient activation of mechanosensitive bristle neurons and sweet-sensing chemoreceptor neurons. Our findings reveal that activating these neurons has opposite effects on turning, and that activations in different limbs and body regions produce distinct behaviors.</p>
Detailed data sets of MMP-cliffs, SAR transfer series, RECAP-MMPs and compound activities
<p>An up-to-date version of three MMP-based data sets derived from compounds included in the latest release of ChEMBL is presented. These data sets include activity cliffs, structure-activity relationship (SAR) transfer series, and second generation MMPs based upon retrosynthetic rules. The structural data and information are provided in eight different files comprising the data sets of MMP-cliffs, SAR transfer series, and RECAP-MMPs. Compound activities are incorporated in files of RECAP-MMPs. For transfer series, substituted fragments are also provided. All MMP-cliffs, SAR transfer series with approximate or regular potency progression, and RECAP-MMPs are provided in canonical SMILES representation on a per-target basis separately for the Ki and IC50 subsets. The corresponding files are clearly designated.</p>
Supporting data for: A linear response, DFT+U study of trends in the oxygen evolution activity of transition metal rutile dioxides
<p>This directory contains all of the finished calculations required for fully analysis of the paper "A linear response, DFT+U study of trends in the oxygen evolution activity of transition metal rutile dioxides" by Zhongnan Xu, Jan Rossmeisl, and John R Kitchin. To use this repository, download the supporting information file and run the scripts present in either 'supporting-information.pdf' or 'supporting-information.org'.</p> <p>The is the release of the supporting data before the first submission to the first journal.</p>
Sets of ChEMBL compounds with high or low confidence activity data
<p>Two sets of compounds assembled from ChEMBL release 20 that were annotated with high or low confidence activity data were provided in separate files. For each compound in a file, the unique compound identifier (i.e., molregno), the number of targets in individual years (from 1976 to 2014) and the list of target annotations (if any) was given.</p>
Data for article Pesticide seed dressings can affect the activity of various soil organisms and reduce decomposition rate of plant material, BMC Ecology
<p>Raw data for article "Pesticide seed dressings can affect the activity of various soil organisms and reduce decomposition rate of plant material" published in BMC Ecology</p>
Structures of FDA-approved drugs and their active metabolites and data sets of experimental PD and PK properties
<p>Data sets are extracted from the 2024 release of the e-Drug3D Database (2118 FDA-approved drug structures)</p> <ol> <li><strong>e-Drug3D_2118.zip </strong>(contains e-Drug3D_2118.sdf)<strong> -</strong> <strong>Chemical Structures</strong> - The e-Drug3D collection in SDF format file - one 3D conformer; ionization of carboxylic acid, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphonoamide, amidinium and guanidinium groups. The datablock contains the ID, name (INN), CAS number and Status.</li> <li><strong>e-Drug3D_2118_PK.csv - </strong><strong>Pharmacokinetics</strong> - Column/field value is separated by a semicolon. It contains the e-Drug3D ID, INN (drug name), CAS number, year of approval, Status, is_or_has a metabolite, routes of administration, Volume of distribution (VD), Clearance (Cl), Plasma Protein Binding (PPB), Half-life (t1/2), Bioavailability (F), Cmax/Tmax, comment on solubility.</li> <li><strong>e-Drug3D_2118_PD.csv -</strong> <strong>Pharmacodynamics</strong> - Column/field value is separated by a semicolon. It contains the e-Drug3D ID, INN (drug name), CAS number, year of approval, Status, Primary target, ATC code(s), PDB codes and main list of drug targets.</li> <li><strong>e-Drug3D_2118_RD.csv -</strong> <strong>FDA Registration Data</strong> - Column/field value is separated by a semicolon. It contains the ID, name (INN), CAS number, First year of approval, Status, <a href="http://www.knapsackfamily.com/knapsack_core/top.php">KNApSAcK</a> or <a href="https://www.npatlas.org">NPAtlas</a> Id if natural product, all associated NDA numbers [FDA approval number, name of the label file in PDF format, company name, year of approval and commercial name of the drug] and the Indication/Therapeutic class information.</li> <li><strong>labels.tar.gz</strong> - The drug label files in PDF format (compressed directory). A label file is named with the NDA number. The NDA number is the approval number assigned by the FDA. A drug may possess several NDA numbers (see the above e-Drug3D-RD data set).</li> </ol>
Data from: Plant biodiversity responds more strongly to climate warming and anthropogenic activities than microbial biodiversity in the Qinghai-Tibetan alpine grasslands
<p>Biodiversity serves as the fundamental underpinning for ecosystem functions and services. As a result of human-induced global change, there is a growing awareness of the substantial alterations in terrestrial aboveground biodiversity, particularly within alpine regions. However, it remains uncertain whether belowground biodiversity will exhibit similar responses, both in terms of magnitude and manner, to anthropogenic global changes as aboveground biodiversity.</p> <p>Here, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the impacts of warming, nutrient addition, and grazing on plant and soil microbial biodiversity in alpine grasslands on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, which are known to be climate-sensitive and vulnerable. The analysis included 819 experimental observations from 152 studies, focusing on species richness, Shannon diversity, and Pielou's evenness.</p> <p>We found that plant biodiversity exhibited greater sensitivity to climate warming and anthropogenic activities compared to soil microbial biodiversity. Specifically, plant richness and Shannon diversity were reduced by warming and nutrient addition, while plant evenness was increased by grazing. However, only microbial richness was increased by grazing and microbial evenness was increased by warming slightly.</p> <p>The responses of biodiversity to climate warming and anthropogenic activities were modulated by multiple factors. Specifically, the negative effects of warming on plant biodiversity were more pronounced in long-term experiments under warmer or drier environmental conditions. The negative effects of nitrogen addition on biodiversity were enhanced by the intensity and duration of nitrogen treatment. Appropriate intensity and frequency of grazing were beneficial to sustaining plant biodiversity. Soil microbial biodiversity was weakly regulated, where bacterial Shannon diversity was more sensitive to nutrient addition, while fungal species richness was sensitive to grazing.</p> <p><strong>Synthesis: </strong>Our findings reveal a mismatch between aboveground plant and belowground microbial biodiversity in response to climate warming and anthropogenic activities in alpine grasslands, with plant biodiversity being more sensitive. In the context of future global change, plant biodiversity may be at greater risk than soil microbial biodiversity. In addition, biodiversity responses of different experimental and environmental conditions should be distinguished, and more attention is needed on biodiversity conservation in alpine steppe, or areas with warmer and drier environmental conditions, high-intensity fertilization or heavy grazing. </p>
Data from: Limiting burrowing activity and overland dispersal of the invasive alien red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii by sophisticated design of watercourses
<p>Two datasets belonging to the paper "Limiting burrowing activity and overland dispersal of the invasive alien red swamp crayfish <i>Procambarus clarkii</i> by sophisticated design of watercourses" published in Ecological Engineering (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2022.106787), are provided here. </p><p> </p><p>The first dataset "Burrow data from Limiting burrowing activity and overland dispersal P. clarkii.csv" contains data from an inventory of crayfish burrows in three watercourses in the municipality of Horssen (Province of Gelderland), the Netherlands. These data were collected during a lowering of the water level in these watercourses, which takes place annually in the winter period to prevent nuisance from excessively high phreatic groundwater in agricultural areas. The sites were located up to 5 km apart. On each bank, red swamp crayfish burrows with tunnel openings in banks below the shoreline were counted from the opposite bank of the watercourse using binoculars. This field survey was performed in March 2019 when the water level was lowered for the maintenance of the watercourses. The chance of overlooking burrows was very low as the vegetation cover was low in this period. Three sites with 'natural-like' banks (banks rehabilitated to a natural profile during rehabilitation projects, in the dataset referred to as 'natural' banks) were chosen in the area with a lowered water level and presence of red swamp crayfish. At site 1, 2 and 3, a total of 125, 46 and 18 bank transects respectively, each one 10 metres long, were surveyed. Banks were categorized as follows: (a) non-natural (steep, <i>viz</i>. > 40°, and barely vegetated; n = 77), (b) semi-natural (steep with some vegetation; n = 50), and (c) natural (gentle sloping, <i>viz</i>. < 25°, with a diverse, well-developed submerged and emergent vegetation; n = 62). See the paper for schematic cross-sections of three bank types.</p><p>The second dataset "Inclination experiment data from Limiting burrowing activity and overland dispersal P. clarkii.csv" contains data of an inclination experiment to relate frequencies of overland movement of the red swamp crayfish to several inclinations and substrate types. For this purpose, a wooden plate of 120 x 180 cm with a 10 cm thick layer of soil was used as a base on which three lanes of 40 cm wide and 180 cm long were constructed with one substrate type each: a) bare sandy soil, b), species-poor grassland with low (2-5 cm) vegetation and c) tall (40-50 cm) herbaceous-rich grassland. Inclinations applied for this experiment were 0°, 10°, 20° and 30°. Individuals were randomly selected for each treatment and placed in the middle of a lane and oriented perpendicular to the lane. After each trial, the crayfish was placed back in the water container and replaced by another crayfish. There was a minimum period of at least one hour between each trial for each crayfish. Each crayfish was used once for each substrate type and inclination test, and the treatment order was randomised for each animal. A crayfish was placed in the middle of the lane and could freely move around for a period of three minutes. Hereafter, by the change of its position on the lane after 3 minutes it was recorded whether an individual moved up (or left in case of 0°), down (or right in case of 0°), or did not move. In total, 273 trials were conducted. Trial numbers differ between treatments due to mortality of three animals during storage.</p><p> </p><p>Abstract</p><p> </p><p>Invasive alien crayfish species pose major ecological and hydrological risks globally. The red swamp crayfish (<i>Procambarus clarkii</i>) is one of the most widespread crayfish species worldwide. Its impacts arise from burrowing activities and lead to mobilization of soil nutrients, water safety risks by instability of dikes and erosion of banks. Increased sediment load demands additional dredging of drainage ditches and canals to ensure their water discharge capacity. Sustainable methods for limiting burrowing in banks and dispersal behaviour of crayfish were not yet available. Therefore, a field study was performed to determine whether the number of burrows and overland movement of crayfish were related to a particular bank type. Burrows were counted in three watercourses during a water-level decline. The number of burrows was significantly lower in natural banks than in non-natural and semi-natural banks. The construction of natural-like banks along watercourses may significantly reduce sediment load, erosion and the collapse of banks by burrowing activities of crayfish. An inclination experiment mimicking various types of terrestrial dispersal barriers elucidated that steepness, soil type and vegetation structure of small embankments near watercourses were significant factors for manipulating overland movement of crayfish. Crayfish were taken out of the water for this purpose and placed on small experimental embankments varying in slope and types of vegetation. The lowest frequencies of upward movement were recorded at inclinations of 20° and 30° on bare sandy soil and short and species-poor grassland substrates. This implies that crayfish crawling out of the water will return to the watercourse when encountering such a dispersal barrier. Therefore, a sophisticated design of embankments along watercourses can be a tool to reduce colonization risk of nearby located, hydrologically isolated water bodies with high nature values. </p>
Data from: Reactive high-spin iron(IV)-oxo sites through dioxygen activation in a metal–organic framework
<p>In nature, nonheme iron-containing enzymes use dioxygen to generate high-spin iron(IV)=O species for a variety of oxygenation reactions. Although scientists have long sought to mimic this reactivity, the enzyme-like activation of dioxygen to form high-spin iron(IV)=O species remains an unrealized goal in synthetic chemistry. Here, we report a metal–organic framework featuring iron(II) sites with a local structure similar to that in α-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases. The framework reacts with dioxygen at low temperatures to form high-spin iron(IV)=O species that are characterized using in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform, in situ and variable-field Mössbauer, Fe Kβ x-ray emission, and nuclear resonance vibrational spectroscopies. In the presence of dioxygen, the framework is competent for catalytic oxygenation of cyclohexane and the stoichiometric conversion of ethane to ethanol.</p>
Data for "Statistical characteristics of thunderstorm activity in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River Basin based on a five-year cloud-to-ground lighting dataset"
<p>Data for "Statistical characteristics of thunderstorm activity in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River Basin based on a five-year"</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.