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Fig. 1 in Lower and Middle Jurassic ammonoids of the Shemshak Group in Alborz, Iran and their palaeobiogeographical and biostratigraphical importance

Fig. 1. Distribution of the Shemshak Group in the central and eastern Alborz, northern Iran. 1: Position of the Shahmirzad and Kuhe Bashm−e−Dehsufian sections; 2: Position of the Sharif Abad section.

Fig. 1. A in Double alignments of ammonoid aptychi from the Lower Cretaceous of Southeast France: Result of a post-mortem transport or bromalites?

Fig. 1. A. Location map of the Vergol (Drôme) section. B. Palaeogeographical map of the Vocontian Basin (Southeast France; Lower Cretaceous), modified from Ferry (1991).

Fig. 7 in Lower and Middle Jurassic ammonoids of the Shemshak Group in Alborz, Iran and their palaeobiogeographical and biostratigraphical importance

Fig. 7. Palaeogeography of the western and central peri−Tethyan area showing inferred ammonite migration routes (modified after Dercourt et al. 2000). The asterisk indicates the position of the ammonite fauna of this study.

Fig. 5 in Double alignments of ammonoid aptychi from the Lower Cretaceous of Southeast France: Result of a post-mortem transport or bromalites?

Fig. 5. Mid−Valanginian aptychi in alignments. A. FSL 710903, Vergol section, layer 17 (Fig. 2B), Saynoceras verrucosum Zone, Subzone, and Horizon. B. FSL 710904, Vergol section, layer 16 (Fig. 2B), Busnardoites campylotoxus Zone, Karakaschiceras biassalense Subzone, and Neocomites platycostatus Horizon. C. FSL 710905, Vergol section, layer 41 (Fig. 2B), S. verrucosum Zone, Subzone, and Horizon. D. FSL 710906, Vergol section, layer 43 (Fig. 2B), S. verrucosum Zone, Subzone, and Horizon. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 3 in Double alignments of ammonoid aptychi from the Lower Cretaceous of Southeast France: Result of a post-mortem transport or bromalites?

Fig. 3. Morphological nomenclature of aptychi. Redrawn and partially modified from Arkell (1957) and Farinacci et al. (1976).

Fig. 12 in Piggyback whorls: A new theoretical morphologic model reveals constructional linkages among morphological characters in ammonoids

Fig. 12. The same morphospaces as Fig. 11 showing the distribution of 115 species based on measurements.

Fig. 10 in Piggyback whorls: A new theoretical morphologic model reveals constructional linkages among morphological characters in ammonoids

Fig. 10. Measurements of the whorl expansion rate (Wc) and width of umbilicus (D). Note that c1 and c2 are defined as the distances from the coiling axis to the centers of the whorls. d1 and d2 are distances of umbilical seams from the coiling axis.

Fig. 8 in Piggyback whorls: A new theoretical morphologic model reveals constructional linkages among morphological characters in ammonoids

Fig. 8. Sketches of radial cross sections of ammonoids to illustrate various types of shell forms, such as planorbicone (A, B), serpenticone (C, D), oxycone (E), discocone (F), platycone (G, H), spherocone (I, J, K), and cadicone (L). A. Paraceltites elegans. B. Pseudoclymenia dillensis. C. Tropigastrites lahontanus. D. Pterolytoceras sp. E. Beloceras sp. F. Phylloceras consanguineum Gemmellaro. G. Craspedites sp. H. Tetragonites glabrus. I. Damesites sugata. J. Goniatites multiliratus Gordon. K. Latanarcestes sp. L. Cabrieroceras sp.

Fig. 9 in Piggyback whorls: A new theoretical morphologic model reveals constructional linkages among morphological characters in ammonoids

Fig. 9. Theoretical morphospace composed of ae and ar displaying several examples of computer−generated ammonoids that represent observed types illustrated in Fig. 8. A. e = 1.5 and r = 0.27. B. e = 1.75 and r = 0.34. C. e = 2.0 and r = 0.17. D. e = 2.3 and r = 0.05. E. e = 2.0 and r = 0.6. F. e = 1.7 and r = 0.27. G. e = 1.8 and r = 0.24. H. e = 2.3 and r = 0.21. I. e = 2.3 and r = 0.32. J. e = 1.95 and r = 0.28. K. e = 1.8 and r = 0.10. L. e = 1.6 and r = 0.8.

Fig. 7 in Piggyback whorls: A new theoretical morphologic model reveals constructional linkages among morphological characters in ammonoids

Fig. 7. Relationship between whorl perimeter (L) and square root of cross−sectional area of the whorl (A0.5) which varies with aand avalues. Dashed line i e r in each diagram represents the A0.5/Lcurve in the case of isometry of E and R (a= a= 1.0). A0.5/Lis generally small when ahas a large value. In each i e r i r model, e = 1.9 and r = 0.24.

Fig. 11 in Piggyback whorls: A new theoretical morphologic model reveals constructional linkages among morphological characters in ammonoids

Fig. 11. Results of computer simulations. A–D, theoretical morphospaces based on the piggyback whorls model composed of ae and ar showing values of shape parameters (S, A0.5/L, W, D) of a theoretical model corresponding to each combination of aand a. E, negative correlation between Wand S values i c e r c obtained from theoretical models. F, positive correlation between D and S. The values of S, A0.5/L, Wor D are exhibited by the size of the plots, and × indii c cates that a "forbidden" combinations of ae, ar, e, and r was employed in each simulation resulting in failure of defining form (A–D).

Fig. 6 in Piggyback whorls: A new theoretical morphologic model reveals constructional linkages among morphological characters in ammonoids

Fig. 6. Allometric growth of ammonoids. Computer models were generated with ae and ar values of 0.97, 1.0, and 1.3. Each diagram shows ontogenetic change in relationship between whorl height (H) and whorl breadth (B) that are standardized by the perimeter of the last whorl (Lmax). Dashed line in each diagram represents the B/H curve in the case of isometry of E and R (ae = ar = 1.0). Note that B/H decreases with growth in the case of ar = 0.97. In each model, e = 1.9 and r = 0.24.

Fig. 5 in Piggyback whorls: A new theoretical morphologic model reveals constructional linkages among morphological characters in ammonoids

Fig. 5. Spectrum of the computer−produced ammonoids with various values of E and R when each of them is fixed throughout growth.

Fig. 4 in Piggyback whorls: A new theoretical morphologic model reveals constructional linkages among morphological characters in ammonoids

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of an ammonoid whorl section. The shape of the whorl (S) is represented by the closed curve illustrated here which is given by the parametric equations indicated above the diagram. Figures in the right show examples of hypothetical whorl shapes with systematically varying the S value.

Fig. 3 in Piggyback whorls: A new theoretical morphologic model reveals constructional linkages among morphological characters in ammonoids

Fig. 3. Different shapes of succeeding whorl (gray area) piling up on the hemispherical preceding whorl with same Li, l, and A values.

Fig. 2 in Piggyback whorls: A new theoretical morphologic model reveals constructional linkages among morphological characters in ammonoids

Fig. 2. Schematic figure of a cross section of the ammonoid shell showing how to define parameters of the piggyback whorls model. The enlarging rate of the whorl periphery (E) is defined as the ratio of the total perimeter of the newly added whorl section (Li) to that of preceding whorl (Li–1). The proportion of the dorsal whorl (R) is given by the ratio of the circumferential length along the dorsal wall (l) with respect to Li. The shape of the whorl section (S) is represented by the ratio of breadth (B) and height (H) of the whorl.

Fig. 1 in Piggyback whorls: A new theoretical morphologic model reveals constructional linkages among morphological characters in ammonoids

Fig. 1. Radial cross sections of ammonoids to illustrate allometric growth. A. Beloceras sp., Devonian; Erfoud, Morocco. B. Phylloceras consanguineum Gemmellaro, 1876, Jurassic; Sakaraha, Madagascar. C. Meekoceras gracilitatis White, 1879, Triassic; Crittenden Spring, Nevada. D. Girtyoceras meslerianum (Girty, 1909), Carboniferous; Jackforth Creek, Oklahoma.

Fig. 13 in Piggyback whorls: A new theoretical morphologic model reveals constructional linkages among morphological characters in ammonoids

Fig. 13. Results of same computer simulations as shown in Fig. 11 with an ornamented whorl shape. In order to produce an ornamented closed curve, the following parametric equations were used: x = 0.5Bcoso, y = 0.5H(sino + 0.3|sin4o|Q), where Q = H/B/5 if o Ṥ π, while Q = 5B/H if o> π. Note that simulated S values tend to be large as compared with Fig. 11F.

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Fig. 32 in Palaeobiogeographic and evolutionary meaning of an early Late Tournaisian ammonoid fauna from the Tafilalt of Morocco

Fig. 32. Suture lines of Progoniatites maghribensis sp. nov. A. Holotype MB.C.3978 at dm 14.7 mm, ww 12.4 mm, wh 6.7 mm; × 6. B. MB.C.3984 at dm 3.7 mm, ww 3.3 mm, wh 1.75 mm; × 16.