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Figure 3 from: Souza Silva M, Iniesta LFM, Ferreira RL (2020) Invertebrates diversity in mountain Neotropical quartzite caves: which factors can influence the composition, richness, and distribution of the cave communities? Subterranean Biology 33: 23-43. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.33.46444

Figure 3 Obligate cave species found in the Ibitipoca Estadual Park, Brazil. AHypogastruridaeBBlattodeaCBrasilomma enigmatica (Prodidomidae) DProjapygidaeEEukoenenia ibitipoca (Palpigradi).

Figure 2 from: Souza Silva M, Iniesta LFM, Ferreira RL (2020) Invertebrates diversity in mountain Neotropical quartzite caves: which factors can influence the composition, richness, and distribution of the cave communities? Subterranean Biology 33: 23-43. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.33.46444

Figure 2 Higher taxa invertebrate abundance, taxonomic diversity (richness) (A) and average taxonomic distinctness (Δ+) (B) in all 20 quartzite caves placed above 1200 m high in Minas Gerais (Brazil).

Figure 5 from: Souza Silva M, Iniesta LFM, Ferreira RL (2020) Invertebrates diversity in mountain Neotropical quartzite caves: which factors can influence the composition, richness, and distribution of the cave communities? Subterranean Biology 33: 23-43. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.33.46444

Figure 5 Metric multidimensional scaling (MDS) ordination plot of the 20 quartzite caves with and without a stream using bootstrap regions for group means around their centroids (triangles). Average (Av).

Figure 1 from: Souza Silva M, Iniesta LFM, Ferreira RL (2020) Invertebrates diversity in mountain Neotropical quartzite caves: which factors can influence the composition, richness, and distribution of the cave communities? Subterranean Biology 33: 23-43. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.33.46444

Figure 1 Borders of the Ibitipoca Estadual Park (A), sampled caves (white dots) and altitudinal layers (red lines 1610–1780, blue lines 1460–1600, yellow lines 1310–1450, green lines 1124–1450, black lines 950–1100 meters). Vegetation types vary from slope forest (B) to grasslands (D and C) on the top of the hills.

Figure 4 from: Souza Silva M, Iniesta LFM, Ferreira RL (2020) Invertebrates diversity in mountain Neotropical quartzite caves: which factors can influence the composition, richness, and distribution of the cave communities? Subterranean Biology 33: 23-43. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.33.46444

Figure 4 Distance-based redundancy analysis (dbRDA) showing the influences of the environmental factors on cave fauna composition in the 20 studied caves. The two axes explained nearly 55% of the variability in the fitted model and nearly 17% of the total variation in the data cloud. The first overlay shows how the first dbRDA axis is strongly related to cave sampled extension.

Figure 6 from: Boyd OF, Philips TK, Johnson JR, Nixon JJ (2020) Geographically structured genetic diversity in the cave beetle Darlingtonea kentuckensis Valentine, 1952 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechini, Trechini). Subterranean Biology 34: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.34.46348

Figure 6 A–C Minimum spanning networks of COI haplotypes, color-coded for each hypothesis of structure. A Four faunal regions of hypothesis I B ten watersheds of hypothesis II C five genetic clusters of hypothesis III D A split network of 85 COI sequences revealing the five genetically distinct clusters of hypothesis III.

Figure 7 from: Boyd OF, Philips TK, Johnson JR, Nixon JJ (2020) Geographically structured genetic diversity in the cave beetle Darlingtonea kentuckensis Valentine, 1952 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechini, Trechini). Subterranean Biology 34: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.34.46348

Figure 7 Representative male genitalia from 17 of the sampled caves: 1 Wells Cave; 2 Pine Hill Cave; 3–5 Wind Cave; 6 Richardson's Cave; 7, 8 Lainhart #1 Cave; 9, 10 and 15, 16 Pourover Cave; 11, 12 John Griffin Cave; 13 Climax Cave; 14 Hicksey Cave; 17, 18 Stab Cave; 19, 20 Piney Grove Cave; 21, 22 Dykes Bridge Cave; 23 Great Saltpeter Cave; 24 Teamers Cave; 25 Mullins Spring Cave; 26 Jesse Cave; 27 Steel Hollow Cave. Note that Wells and Dykes Bridge Caves were not included in the genetic study.

Figure 1 from: Boyd OF, Philips TK, Johnson JR, Nixon JJ (2020) Geographically structured genetic diversity in the cave beetle Darlingtonea kentuckensis Valentine, 1952 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechini, Trechini). Subterranean Biology 34: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.34.46348

Figure 1 (Adapted from Barr 1985, Figure 3) Map showing the major geologic features important for cave development in the southeastern United States: MP-I and MP-II (green) are western and eastern bands of the Mississippian Plateau. Dots indicate collecting records (see Figure 3).

Figure 5 from: Boyd OF, Philips TK, Johnson JR, Nixon JJ (2020) Geographically structured genetic diversity in the cave beetle Darlingtonea kentuckensis Valentine, 1952 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechini, Trechini). Subterranean Biology 34: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.34.46348

Figure 5 Frequencies of COI haplotypes and their proportions, color coded for each hypothesis of structure; circle area corresponds to number of individuals assigned to each group. Overlain transparent dots show collecting localities. A Four faunal regions of hypothesis I (fifth region unsampled in this study: see discussion and Barr 1985, Kane et al. 1992) B ten minor watersheds of hypothesis II C five genetic clusters of hypothesis III.

Figure 4 from: Boyd OF, Philips TK, Johnson JR, Nixon JJ (2020) Geographically structured genetic diversity in the cave beetle Darlingtonea kentuckensis Valentine, 1952 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechini, Trechini). Subterranean Biology 34: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.34.46348

Figure 4 Distribution of cave collection sites and proportions of haplotypes from 27 populations of Darlingtonea kentuckensis in eastern Kentucky, USA. Circle area corresponds to number of individuals sampled per locality. Different colors indicate different haplotypes; similarity in hue qualitatively indicates sequence similarity. KR: Kentucky River; RR: Rockcastle River; CR: Cumberland River; MVF: Mount Vernon Fault; DD = drainage divide between Kentucky and Rockcastle rivers.

Figure 3 from: Boyd OF, Philips TK, Johnson JR, Nixon JJ (2020) Geographically structured genetic diversity in the cave beetle Darlingtonea kentuckensis Valentine, 1952 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechini, Trechini). Subterranean Biology 34: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.34.46348

Figure 3 Cave localities of currently known sites for Darlingtonea kentuckensis. White dots were the caves sampled for this study while black dots represent caves unsampled.

Figure 2 from: Boyd OF, Philips TK, Johnson JR, Nixon JJ (2020) Geographically structured genetic diversity in the cave beetle Darlingtonea kentuckensis Valentine, 1952 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Trechini, Trechini). Subterranean Biology 34: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.34.46348

Figure 2 Gravid female Darlingtonea kentuckensis photographed in Fletcher Spring Cave, Rockcastle County, Kentucky. Photo courtesy of Dr. Matthew Niemiller, University of Alabama, Huntsville.

Figure 6 from: Mazebedi R, Hesselberg T (2020) A preliminary survey of the abundance, diversity and distribution of terrestrial macroinvertebrates of Gcwihaba cave, northwest Botswana. Subterranean Biology 35: 49-63. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.51445

Figure 6 Changes in the measured environmental cave substrate variables relative to distance from cave entrance, the error bars indicate standard deviation of the measurements at each sampling point. A Acidity (pH) B electrical conductivity (μS/cm) C percentage soil moisture.

Figure 3 from: Mazebedi R, Hesselberg T (2020) A preliminary survey of the abundance, diversity and distribution of terrestrial macroinvertebrates of Gcwihaba cave, northwest Botswana. Subterranean Biology 35: 49-63. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.51445

Figure 3 Common macroinvertebrate taxa found in Gcwihaba cave (photos by R. Mazebedi). A Cave cockroach (Gyna sp.) in family BlaberidaeB cave cricket (likely Spelaeiacris sp.) in the family RhaphidophoridaeC darkling beetle (Eurychora sp.) in the family TenebrionidaeD violin spider (Loxosceles sp.) in the family Sicariidae.

Figure 1 from: Mazebedi R, Hesselberg T (2020) A preliminary survey of the abundance, diversity and distribution of terrestrial macroinvertebrates of Gcwihaba cave, northwest Botswana. Subterranean Biology 35: 49-63. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.51445

Figure 1 Location of Gcwihaba hills in Botswana indicated by a red triangle (Reprinted from Robbins et al. 1996 with permission from Lawrence Robbins).

Figure 7 from: Mazebedi R, Hesselberg T (2020) A preliminary survey of the abundance, diversity and distribution of terrestrial macroinvertebrates of Gcwihaba cave, northwest Botswana. Subterranean Biology 35: 49-63. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.51445

Figure 7 A CCA biplot of the relationships between cave macroinvertebrate taxa (triangles), sampling points (filled circles) and the measured environmental (variables lines with arrows). Environmental variables are presented as vectors, with arrow heads indicating their direction of increase. A positive correlation between the environmental variables and macroinvertebrate taxa and sampling points is indicated by their proximity to the arrowhead. Taxa and sampling points with a negative correlation with the variable axis plot on the opposite side of the arrowhead relative to the centroid, with the correlation strength increasing with distance of the symbols from the centroid.

Figure 5 from: Mazebedi R, Hesselberg T (2020) A preliminary survey of the abundance, diversity and distribution of terrestrial macroinvertebrates of Gcwihaba cave, northwest Botswana. Subterranean Biology 35: 49-63. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.51445

Figure 5 Proportion of the four most abundant macroinvertebrate taxa along a 50 m transact into Gcwihaba cave.

Figure 4 from: Mazebedi R, Hesselberg T (2020) A preliminary survey of the abundance, diversity and distribution of terrestrial macroinvertebrates of Gcwihaba cave, northwest Botswana. Subterranean Biology 35: 49-63. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.51445

Figure 4 Variation of the abundance and diversity of terrestrial macroinvertebrate samples with respect to distance into Gcwihaba cave, including all samples collected at each site, samples collected only from the floor at each site and samples collected only from the cave walls at each site.

Figure 2 from: Mazebedi R, Hesselberg T (2020) A preliminary survey of the abundance, diversity and distribution of terrestrial macroinvertebrates of Gcwihaba cave, northwest Botswana. Subterranean Biology 35: 49-63. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.51445

Figure 2 The plan view of Gcwihaba cave (also known as Drotsky's cave) showing its chambers, the approximate position of cave sites surveyed for this study and other internal features (Modified from Dandurand et al. 2019, with permission from Gregory Dandurand).