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1,610 results for “economic”
Data from: Invertebrate phenology modulates the effect of the leaf economics spectrum on litter decomposition rate across 41 subtropical woody plant species
<ol> <li>Litter quality and decomposers are critical to carbon and nutrient cycling through litter decomposition. However, how relationships between litter quality and invertebrate detritivores change litter mass loss through time is poorly known. Species' initial leaf litter quality, as a legacy of their position on the "leaf economics spectrum" (LES), may determine the invertebrate contribution to litter mass loss. This contribution may change through time, as both population peaks of invertebrate detritivores and litter quality of given species will change through time.</li> <li>Here we introduce invertebrate phenology into a conceptual model of drivers of litter mass loss. We hypothesized that in the early decomposition period, LES can predict litter decomposability with or without a strong invertebrate contribution, i.e., litter with higher nutrient content would decompose faster. But in the later decomposition period, when higher quality litter will already have decomposed too much and lower quality litters have still been less degraded, a strong invertebrate peak would coincide with relatively more consumption of initially lower quality litters; this would lead to a hump-back relationship between leaf litter mass loss and initial LES position in this period.</li> <li>We tested our hypothesis through a one-year field decomposition experiment using leaf litter of 41 woody species in each of two sites in subtropical forest in China; only one of these sites had a strong late peak of leaf litter-feeding moth larvae in the litter layer.</li> <li>LES score of litter species had a positive linear relationship with litter mass loss before the key invertebrate consumer peaks in the litter layer. However, with the invertebrates peaking later into the decomposition process, the invertebrate consumption peaked at initially lower quality litters, which altered the species' decomposability trajectory on the LES, consistent with the hypothesized hump-back relationship between leaf litter mass loss and LES. This phenomenon resulted in a strongly reduced slope of cumulative mass loss on initial LES score across species.</li> <li>Our finding highlights the importance of considering interactions between the timing of detritivore activities and the timing of litter quality for better understanding the relationships between soil animals and ecosystem carbon and nutrient cycling.</li> </ol>
Silvicultural and economic dataset for even-aged and coppice-with-standards managements in France.
<p>Data set from DEFIFORBOIS project "Development and sustainability of the forest-wood sector in the Centre region", PSDR 4 project Centre-Val de Loire Region, France. This study has been carried out also with financial support from the French National Research Agency (ANR) in the frame of the Investments for the future Programme, within the Cluster of Excellence COTE (ANR-10-LABX-45) through the Project LUCAS.</p>
Documented socio-economic utitity of Asia-Pacific mangroves and mangrove-associate species
<p>We here present a table of listing non-timber uses of 203 different Asia-Pacific mangroves and mangrove-associate species. The table was assembled based on a selection of key published sources. The 409 uses compiled include food uses (staple/starch, vegetables, fruits, nuts and seeds, sweets and sugars, beverages, spices and as nectar source for beekeeping), domestic uses such as crafts, materials (stains, resins, fragrance, oil, roofing material and fiber) and as ornamental plants, animal husbandry uses (livestock feed or fodder) and uses for medicinal or personal care purposes. </p>
Economic assessment of photovoltaic heat pump systems
<p>The economic viability of photovoltaic heat pump systems is assessed for an industrial application, comparing Self-Consumption and Autonomous configurations. </p>
FIG.1 in Socio-economic changes and their implication in the consumption and trade of meat during the La Tène period in Northern France: the cases of the Villeneuve-Saint-Germain and Condé-sur-Suippe (Aisne) oppida
FIG.1. — Distribution of some late Iron Age sites in the study region.
FIG. 4 in Socio-economic changes and their implication in the consumption and trade of meat during the La Tène period in Northern France: the cases of the Villeneuve-Saint-Germain and Condé-sur-Suippe (Aisne) oppida
FIG. 4. — Plan of the living zone on the site of Villeneuve-Saint-Germain. Scale bar: 5 m.
C4 photosynthesis and the economic spectra of leaf and root traits independently influence growth rates in grasses
<p>Photosynthetic pathway is an important cause of growth rate variation between species, such that the enhanced carbon uptake of C<sub>4</sub> species leads to faster growth than their C<sub>3</sub> counterparts. Leaf traits that promote rapid resource acquisition may further enhance the growth capacity of C<sub>4</sub> species. However, how root economic traits interact with leaf traits, and the different growth strategies adopted by plants with C<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>4</sub> photosynthetic pathways is unclear. Plant economic traits could interact with, or act independently of, photosynthetic pathway in influencing growth rate, or C<sub>3</sub> and C<sub>4</sub> species could segregate out along a common growth rate-trait relationship.</p> <p>We measured leaf and root traits on 100+ grass species grown from seeds in a controlled, common environment to compare with relative growth rates (RGR) during the initial phase of rapid growth, controlling for phylogeny and allometric effects.</p> <p>Photosynthetic pathway acts independently to leaf and root functional traits in causing fast growth. Using C<sub>4</sub> photosynthesis, plants can achieve faster growth than their C<sub>3</sub> counterparts (by an average 0.04 g g<sup>-1</sup> day<sup>-1</sup>) for a given suite of functional trait values, with lower investments of leaf and root nitrogen. Leaf and root traits had an additive effect on RGR, with plants achieving fast growth by possessing resource-acquisitive leaf traits (high specific leaf area and low leaf dry matter content) or root traits (high specific root length and area, and low root diameter), but having both leads to an even faster growth rate (by up to 0.06 g g-1 day-1). C<sub>4</sub> photosynthesis can provide a greater relative increase in RGR for plants with a 'slow' ecological strategy than in those with fast growth. However, aboveground and belowground strategies are not coordinated, so that species can have any combination of 'slow' or 'fast' leaf and root traits.</p> <p>Synthesis: C<sub>4</sub> photosynthesis increases growth rate for a given combination of economic traits, and significantly alters plant nitrogen economy in the leaves and roots. However, leaf and root economic traits act independently to further enhance growth. The fast growth of C<sub>4</sub> grasses promotes a competitive advantage under hot, sunny conditions.</p>
Impact of Clean Energy on CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth within the Phases of Renewables Diffusion in Selected European Countries
<p>This study explores the impact of clean energy and non-renewable energy consumption on CO<sub>2</sub> emissions and economic growth within two phases (formative and expansion) of renewable energy diffusion for three selected countries (France, Spain, and Sweden). The vector autoregression (VAR) model is estimated on the basis of annual data disaggregated into quarterly data. The Granger causality results reveal distinctive differences in the causality patterns across countries and two phases of renewables diffusion. Clean energy consumption contributes to a decline of emissions more clearly in the expansion phase in France and Spain. However, this effect seems to be counteracted by the increases in emissions due to economic growth and non-renewable energy consumption. Therefore, clean energy consumption has not yet led to a decoupling of economic growth from emissions in France and Spain; in contrast, the findings for Sweden evidence such a decoupling due to the neutrality between economic growth and emissions. Generally, the findings show that despite the enormous growth of renewables and active mitigation policies, CO<sub>2</sub> emissions have not substantially decreased in selected countries or globally. Focused and coordinated policy action, not only at the EU level but also globally, is urgently needed to overhaul existing fossil-fuel economies into low-carbon economies and ultimately meet the relevant climate targets.</p>
Data from: Factoring economic costs into conservation planning may not improve agreement over priorities for protection
Conservation organizations must redouble efforts to protect habitat given continuing biodiversity declines. Prioritization of future areas for protection is hampered by disagreements over what the ecological targets of conservation should be. Here we test the claim that such disagreements will become less important as conservation moves away from prioritizing areas for protection based only on ecological considerations and accounts for varying costs of protection using return-on-investment (ROI) methods. We combine a simulation approach with a case study of forests in the eastern United States, paying particular attention to how covariation between ecological benefits and economic costs influences agreement levels. For many conservation goals, agreement over spatial priorities improves with ROI methods. However, we also show that a reliance on ROI-based prioritization can sometimes exacerbate disagreements over priorities. As such, accounting for costs in conservation planning does not enable society to sidestep careful consideration of the ecological goals of conservation.
Figure 2 in Socio-economic factors threatening the survival of Ganges River Dolphin Platanista gangetica gangetica in the upper Ganges River, India
Figure 2. Perception of fishermen about dolphin distribution in the Upper Ganges River.
Figure 1 in Socio-economic factors threatening the survival of Ganges River Dolphin Platanista gangetica gangetica in the upper Ganges River, India
Figure 1. The location of the study area in Uttar Pradesh, India. Source: WWF-India
Plant biomass, not plant economics traits, determines responses of soil CO2 efflux to precipitation in the C4 grass Panicum virgatum
<p>1. Plant responses to major environmental drivers like precipitation can influence important aspects of carbon (C) cycling like soil CO<sub>2</sub> efflux (J<sub>CO2</sub>). These responses may be predicted by two independent classes of drivers: plant size—larger plants respire more and produce a larger quantity of labile C, and plant economics—plants possessing more acquisitive plant economics strategies (i.e., high metabolic rate and tissue nutrient content) produce higher-quality tissue that respires rapidly and decomposes quickly.</p> <p>2. At two sites in central Texas, USA with similar climates and differing soil characteristics, we examined the response of eight <i>Panicum virgatum</i> genotypes to three annual precipitation levels defined by the driest, average, and wettest years from each site's precipitation history. We evaluated the individual and joint influence of plant genotypes and precipitation on J<sub>CO2</sub> and traits related to plant economics and plant size. We then used confirmatory path analysis to evaluate whether effects of precipitation on J<sub>CO2</sub> were in part related to effects of precipitation on plant economics traits or size ('mediated' effects).</p> <p>3. These genotypes exhibited variation in plant economics traits and aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), an aboveground measure of plant size. Increasing precipitation increased J<sub>CO2</sub> and ANPP more than plant economics traits. At both sites, ANPP was the single best predictor of J<sub>CO2</sub>. Moreover, the sites differed in the ways that plant size and plant economics traits combined with precipitation to influence J<sub>CO2</sub>. At the Austin site, the positive effect of precipitation on J<sub>CO2</sub> was mediated primarily by ANPP, offset by a smaller effect of leaf nitrogen content; no direct precipitation effect was detected. At the Temple site, increasing precipitation had positive direct and ANPP-mediated effects on J<sub>CO2</sub>. This suggests that greater water limitation at Austin may strengthen the links between plant size and J<sub>CO2</sub>.</p> <p>4. Synthesis Estimates of C cycling can be improved by accounting for mediation of precipitation effects on J<sub>CO2</sub> by plant economics traits and plant size in resource-limited environments.</p>
Structural defence is coupled with the leaf economic spectrum across saplings of spiny species
<p>Given that the rate of resource capture constrains plant growth and defence, understanding the linkage between the leaf economic spectrum (LES) and defence and how it contributes to growth is central to predicting species performance. In spite of the prevalence of spiny plants in many plant communities, little is known about how the LES relates to defence and growth rate across these species. We grew 42 spiny species, from diverse environments, under common garden conditions for 15 weeks and measured LES (leaf N, SLA and assimilation rate), defence and growth traits. We assessed general relationships between LES and growth rate and tested whether structural defences (spines, leaf fibre and lignin content) and quantitative chemical defences (condensed tannins) are linked to the LES and growth and if different spine types (i.e. leaf spines, stipular spines, prickles and thorns), with distinct anatomical origins, partition out across the LES. We observed two independent trait axes that together explained ~68% of trait variation across species. The first axis showed that structural defences (spines, leaf fibre and lignin content) trade off with leaf productivity along the LES. Axis 2 revealed that condensed tannins is orthogonal and less integrated with the LES-structural defence axis. Bivariate trait analyses disclosed positive covariations between LES traits and sapling growth rate. All structural defence traits were negatively related to sapling growth. Across spine types, species with leaf spines were associated with the conservative end of the LES, characterized by high structural defences and lower leaf productivity relative to other spine types. Our study shows that the LES and structural defences are coupled in spiny species such that constitutive growth – defence strategies range from fast-growing species with low allocation to defences to slow-growing species that invest heavily in structural defences (dominated by leaf spiny species).</p>
Data from: Within-species patterns challenge our understanding of the Leaf Economics Spectrum
The utility of plant functional traits for predictive ecology relies on our ability to interpret trait variation across multiple taxonomic and ecological scales. Using extensive datasets of trait variation within species, across species, and across communities, we analyzed whether and at what scales 'leaf economics spectrum' (LES) traits show predicted trait-trait covariation. We found that most variation in LES traits is often, but not universally, at high taxonomic levels (between families, between genera in a family). However, we found that trait covariation shows distinct taxonomic scale-dependence, with some trait correlations showing opposite signs within versus across species. LES traits responded independently to environmental gradients within species, with few shared environmental responses across traits or across scales. We conclude that, at small taxonomic scales, plasticity may obscure or reverse the broad evolutionary linkages between leaf traits, meaning that variation in LES traits cannot always be interpreted as differences in resource use strategy.
Survey of Local Organisations and Economic Development in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland (2007).
This survey, undertaken in 2007, covers 1,200 local organisations in the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland. Data cover two regions per country - one above and one below the average level of countrywide economic development (GDP, unemployment rate, rate of agriculture in GDP). 400 organisations per country (200 per region) are surveyed. Organisations include firms, NGOs, municipalities and universities.
Research table for visualization of research performance of the German National Library of Science and Technology, German National Library of Medicine and German National Library of Economics via different communication channels
<p>A collection of data for (a practice) work during my studies for Bachelor. Since there wasn't much time given the data collection isn't as complete as it could be. Also, all text is in German.</p> <p>Definition of variables for data collection can be found in my finished work "How is reserach performance of the German National Library of Science and Technology, German National Library of Medicine and German National Library of Economics made visible via different communication channels; analysis of information of publication on official social media channels and news on offical webside" (in question to be published on Zenodo).</p> <p>Collected data from following official communication channels: Facebook, Twitter, Blogs, Google +, Youtube, Flickr, LinkedIn, Research-Gate, Slideshare, repository and news on websites. For some channels not all data could be collected. Research period from 01.08.2016 to 01.02.2017 (half a year).</p>
Crops and Climate: Shaping Pakistan's Economic Future
<p>The project, Crops and Climate: Shaping Pakistan’s Economic Future, aims to address the<br>challenges posed by climate variability and unsustainable agricultural practices in Pakistan.<br>Agriculture plays a crucial role in the country’s economy, contributing between 19% and 20% of<br>its GDP and employing approximately 38% of the labor force (Government of Pakistan, 2022).<br>However, the sector is vulnerable to unpredictable weather patterns, fluctuating crop yields, and a<br>lack of data-driven decision-making.<br>To mitigate these challenges, the project proposes developing an AI-powered Climate and Crop<br>Economic Analysis System. This system will utilize machine learning algorithms and real-time<br>data analytics to forecast crop yields for key crops such as wheat, rice, cotton, maize, and<br>sugarcane, taking into account historical agricultural data, climate patterns, and production trends.<br>It will provide agricultural stakeholders, policymakers, and industry leaders with informed<br>decision-making tools, thus optimizing resource allocation, enhancing food security, and<br>promoting sustainable agricultural practices.<br>The expected outcome is a modernized agricultural sector that contributes to economic stability,<br>reduces reliance on imports, and increases export potential.By incorporating climate adaptation<br>strategies, the project also aligns with global efforts to mitigate the impacts of climate change on<br>food production (FAO, 2020).</p>
Economic consequences of vertical mismatch
<p>Replication package for the Paper Economic Consequences of Vertical Mismatch published in Quantitative Economics</p>
Data and code for "The economic commitment of climate change"
<p>This repository contains data and code necessary for replication of the publication:</p> <p><em>The economic commitment of climate change</em>.<br>M. Kotz, A. Levermann, L. Wenz. Nature. 2024.</p> <p>including updates made to address critiques brought forward by the Matters Arising process.</p> <p>See the README document for detailed instructions in its use.</p> <p>Please feel free to contact maxkotz@pik-potsdam.de in case of any questions.</p>
LOCKED: A dataset of sociodemographic, economic, living, and health features to measure the impact of the Spanish lockdown during COVID-19 on mental health conditions
<p>A dataset aimed at enhancing the understanding of the mental health effects of the COVID-19 lockdown in Spain. This dataset serves as a valuable resource by integrating psychological assessments, such as the SA-45 pyschological test, with comprehensive socioeconomic, living, and health-related information. By combining these diverse data points, the dataset enables researchers to analyze how various invidual factors influenced nine mental health conditions during the lockdown, providing a robust foundation for further studies on this critical topic.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.