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Fig. 5 in Evolution of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) in the Albertine Rift – The endemic Impatiens purpureoviolacea complex consists of ten species

Fig. 5. Seeds of the Impatiens purpureoviolacea complex. A & B, Impatiens kivuensis: A, Seed; B, Detail of testa. C & D, Impatiens ×troupinii: C, Seed; D, Detail of testa. E & F, Impatiens elwiraurzulae: E, Seed; F, Detail of testa. — Scale bars: A, 400 μm; B, 70 μm; C, 300 μm; D, 90 μm; E, 700 μm; F, 100 μm. A & B, Fischer 13451, BG Bonn 34557; C & D, Fischer 13912, BG Bonn 37754; E & F, Dumbo & Dumbo s.n., BG Bonn 39658.

Fig. 3 in Evolution of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) in the Albertine Rift – The endemic Impatiens purpureoviolacea complex consists of ten species

Fig. 3. Distribution map of the two bird-pollinated species from the Impatiens purpureoviolacea complex.

Fig. 2 in Evolution of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) in the Albertine Rift – The endemic Impatiens purpureoviolacea complex consists of ten species

Fig. 2. Distribution map of the eight insect-pollinated species of the Impatiens purpureoviolacea complex. Dots indicate species with hairy ovaries, and stars mark species with glabrous ovaries.

Fig. 1 in Evolution of Impatiens (Balsaminaceae) in the Albertine Rift – The endemic Impatiens purpureoviolacea complex consists of ten species

Fig. 1. Maximum clade credibility tree of the Impatiens purpureoviolacea complex as obtained via the BEAST dating analysis. Node bars indicate 95% highest posterior density confidence intervals. Support values of the MP, ML and BI analyses are shown on the branches.

Fig. 5 in A new species of Plagiognathus (Heteroptera: Miridae) associated with the locally endemic Phlomis leucophracta (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) from Karaman, Turkey

Fig. 5. Distribution of Plagiognathus spp. Star: P. ozgurkocaki sp. nov.; circle: P. marivanensis Linnavuori, 2010; square: P. bipunctatus albicans (Reuter, 1901). Grey color indicates previous literature records, red color indicates new records presented in this paper.

Fig. 4. Plagiognathus spp. A. P in A new species of Plagiognathus (Heteroptera: Miridae) associated with the locally endemic Phlomis leucophracta (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) from Karaman, Turkey

Fig. 4. Plagiognathus spp. A. P. ozgurkocaki sp. nov., ♂, paratype (LEMT). B. P. marivanensis Linnavuori, 2010, ♂ (BCIT), Karaman. C. P. bipunctatus albicans (Reuter, 1901), ♂ (BCIT), Karaman. D. P. bipunctatus bipunctatus, ♂ (BCIT), İzmir. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Fig. 3 in A new species of Plagiognathus (Heteroptera: Miridae) associated with the locally endemic Phlomis leucophracta (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) from Karaman, Turkey

Fig. 3. Plagiognathus ozgurkocaki sp. nov., ♂, paratype (LEMT). A–C. Vesica from different perspectives. D–G. Left paramere from different perspectives. H. Right paramere. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 2 in A new species of Plagiognathus (Heteroptera: Miridae) associated with the locally endemic Phlomis leucophracta (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) from Karaman, Turkey

Fig. 2. Plagiognathus ozgurkocaki sp. nov. A. ♂, holotype (LEMT). B. ♀, paratype (LEMT). C. Head from dorsal view, ♂, paratype (LEMT). D. Head from lateral view, ♂, paratype (LEMT). E. Variability of buccal plate, ♂, paratype (LEMT). F. Antenna, ♂, paratype (LEMT). Scale bars: A–B = 1 mm; C–F = 0.25 mm.

Fig. 1 in A new species of Plagiognathus (Heteroptera: Miridae) associated with the locally endemic Phlomis leucophracta (Lamiales: Lamiaceae) from Karaman, Turkey

Fig. 1. Plagiognathus ozgurkocaki sp. nov. A. Colony on Phlomis leucophracta P.H.Davis & Hub.- Mor. B. ♂. C. ♀. D. ♀. Photographs: Özgür Koçak.

Fig. 4 in The first troglobitic species of Perigona Castelnau, 1835 endemic to southeastern Brazil (Carabidae, Perigonini)

Fig. 4. Female genitalia, Perigona (Neoperigona) spelunca sp. nov., paratype (ISLA 363). A. Gonocoxite 2, dorsal aspect. B. Female reproductive tract in dorsal aspect. Abbreviations: b = base of gonocoxite 2; bc = bursa copulatrix; bl = blade of gonocoxite 2; co = common oviduct; des = dorsal ensiform seta; gc1 = gonocoxite 1; gc2 = gonocoxite 2; lt = laterotergite; sg = spermathecal gland; sgd = spermathecal gland duct; sp = spermatheca; ves = ventral ensiform setae; mpp = marginal pit pegs Scale bars: A = 0.05 mm; B = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 3 in The first troglobitic species of Perigona Castelnau, 1835 endemic to southeastern Brazil (Carabidae, Perigonini)

Fig. 3. Male genitalia, Perigona (Neoperigona) spelunca sp. nov. (ISLA 361). A. Median lobe of the aedeagus in lateral view. B. Right paramere. C. Left paramere. D. Male gonosomite. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 1 in The first troglobitic species of Perigona Castelnau, 1835 endemic to southeastern Brazil (Carabidae, Perigonini)

Fig. 1. Illustrations of Perigona (Neoperigona) spelunca sp. nov. (ISLA 66143) A. Eye detail, lateral view. B. Hindwing detail, dorsal view. C. Habitus, dorsal view. D. Detailed (bs) elytral basal/scutellar seta, (dc) elytral aplical discal seta of the 4th and 5th striae joint and umbilicate setae series elytral 8th stria. Scale bars: A, D = 0.2 mm; B = 0.1 mm; C = 0.5 mm.

Fig. 5 in The first troglobitic species of Perigona Castelnau, 1835 endemic to southeastern Brazil (Carabidae, Perigonini)

Fig. 5. Geographic localization of P. (Neoperigona) spelunca sp. nov. A. Éden cave, type locality. B. Perigona spelunca sp. nov. living specimen. C. Map of South America highlighting Brazil, Amazon rainforest, Atlantic rainforest and Cerrado Biomes, Minas Gerais state and the municipalities of Arcos, Pains and Doresópolis; the black areas correspond to the limestone groups in South America; the red dots represent all caves registered in the highlighted municipalities; the red star corresponds to Éden cave type locality and the yellow stars correspond to the others caves where P. spelunca sp. nov. was found. D. A small guano pile at Santuário cave. E. Santuário cave. (Photographs A and D are by Robson de Almeida Zampaulo; B and E are by Rodrigo L. Ferreira).

Fig. 2 in The first troglobitic species of Perigona Castelnau, 1835 endemic to southeastern Brazil (Carabidae, Perigonini)

Fig. 2. Perigona (Neoperigona) spelunca sp. nov. (ISLA 66142). A. Head, lateral view. B. Antennae, detail. C. Prosternum. D. Elytral pores 3–5, detail. E. Elytra, dorsal view. Abbreviations: bs = elytral basal/scutellar seta; dc = elytral aplical discal seta; ep1–15 = elytral pores of setae 1–15 from the umbilical series; ls = antennal scape long setae; soa = supraorbital setae anterior; sop = supraorbital setae posterior; ts = antennal trichoid sensilla. Scale bars: A, C = 250 μm; B = 150 μm; D = 100 μm; E = 500 μm.

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Habitat-linked genetic variation supports microgeographic adaptive divergence in an island-endemic bird species

We present evidence for and investigate potential mechanisms driving habitat-linked genetic divergence within a bird species endemic to a single 250 km2 island. The island scrub-jay (Aphelocoma insularis) exhibits microgeographic divergence in bill morphology across pine-oak ecotones on Santa Cruz Island, California (USA) similar to adaptive differences described in mainland congeners over much larger geographic scales. To test whether individuals exhibit genetic differentiation related to habitat type and divergence in bill length, we genotyped over 3,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 123 adult island scrub-jay males from across Santa Cruz Island using restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq). Neutral landscape genomic analyses revealed that genome-wide genetic differentiation was primarily related to geographic distance and differences in habitat composition. We also found 168 putatively adaptive loci associated with habitat type using multivariate redundancy analysis (RDA) while controlling for spatial effects. Finally, two genome-wide association analyses revealed a polygenic basis to variation in bill length with multiple loci detected in or near genes known to affect bill morphology in other birds. Our findings support the hypothesis that divergent selection at microgeographic scales can cause adaptive divergence in the presence of ongoing gene flow.

Figs 80–81 in Integrating morphology with phylogenomics to describe four island endemic species of Temnothorax from Sicily and Malta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Figs 80–81. Geographic distribution of the four taxa treated in this study. Note that the shallow water area (light grey) between Sicily and the Maltese Islands roughly corresponded to a land bridge during glaciations.

Figs 64–74 in Integrating morphology with phylogenomics to describe four island endemic species of Temnothorax from Sicily and Malta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Figs 64–74. Specimens of Temnothorax vivianoi Schifani, Alicata & Prebus sp. nov. in lateral (left), dorsal (center) and head view (right). Photos by Enrico Schifani, available onwww.antweb.org, specimen identifiers in parentheses. 64–66. Holotype worker from Monte Pellegrino (Palermo Mountains, Sicily) (ANTWEB1041551). 67–69. Paratype worker from Monte Pellegrino (Palermo Mountains, Sicily) (ANTWEB1041552). 70–72. Paratype queen from Monte Pellegrino (Palermo Mountains, Sicily) (ANTWEB1041553). 73–74. Damaged male from Palermo Mountains (Sicily) (ANTWEB1041554). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.

Figs 75–78 in Integrating morphology with phylogenomics to describe four island endemic species of Temnothorax from Sicily and Malta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Figs 75–78. Morphometric differentiation of the four taxa treated in this study based on the worker caste. 75. Principal component analysis of all nine morphometric characters (excluding indices). 76. Scatter plot of eye size index (EYE/CS) against cephalic length index (CL/CW). 77. Scatter plot of absolute spines length (SPST) against cephalic size (CS). 78. Scatter plot of spine length index (SPST/ CL) against scape length index (SL/CS).

Fig. 79. Maximum likelihood phylogeny inferred with IQTREE ver. 2.1.2 in Integrating morphology with phylogenomics to describe four island endemic species of Temnothorax from Sicily and Malta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Fig. 79. Maximum likelihood phylogeny inferred with IQTREE ver. 2.1.2. The major clades found in Prebus (2017) are highlighted, and the focal species of the current study (all within the 'Palearctic clade IV') are evidenced as in Figs 75–78. Maximum likelihood bootstrap support for all nodes are 100, except where indicated.

Figs 46–63 in Integrating morphology with phylogenomics to describe four island endemic species of Temnothorax from Sicily and Malta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)

Figs 46–63. Specimens of Temnothorax poldii Alicata, Schifani & Prebus sp. nov. in lateral (left), dorsal (center) and head view (right). Photos by Enrico Schifani, available on www.antweb.org, specimen identifiers in parentheses. 46–48. Holotype worker from Monte Arso (Etna, Sicily) (ANTWEB1041545). 49–51. Worker from Vallone Madonne degli Angeli (Madonie, Sicily) (ANTWEB1041546). 52– 54. Paratype worker from Monte Ruvolo (Etna, Sicily) (ANTWEB1041547). 55–57. Worker from Monte Manfrè (Etna, Sicily) (ANTWEB1041548), with ergatogynes characters in the mesosoma. 58– 60. Paratype queen from Monte Arso (Etna, Sicily) (ANTWEB1041549). 61–63. Paratype male from Monte Ruvolo (Etna, Sicily) (ANTWEB1041550). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.