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377 results for “evolution of complexity”
Data from: Directional selection can drive the evolution of modularity in complex traits
Modularity is a central concept in modern biology, providing a powerful framework for the study of living organisms on many organizational levels. Two central and related questions can be posed in regard to modularity: How does modularity appear in the first place, and what forces are responsible for keeping and/or changing modular patterns? We approached these questions using a quantitative genetics simulation framework, building on previous results obtained with bivariate systems and extending them to multivariate systems. We developed an individual-based model capable of simulating many traits controlled by many loci with variable pleiotropic relations between them, expressed in populations subject to mutation, recombination, drift, and selection. We used this model to study the problem of the emergence of modularity, and hereby show that drift and stabilizing selection are inefficient at creating modular variational structures. We also demonstrate that directional selection can have marked effects on the modular structure between traits, actively promoting a restructuring of genetic variation in the selected population and potentially facilitating the response to selection. Furthermore, we give examples of complex covariation created by simple regimes of combined directional and stabilizing selection and show that stabilizing selection is important in the maintenance of established covariation patterns. Our results are in full agreement with previous results for two-trait systems and further extend them to include scenarios of greater complexity. Finally, we discuss the evolutionary consequences of modular patterns being molded by directional selection.
Data from: Evolution of vertebrate postcranial complexity: axial skeleton regionalization and paired appendages in a Devonian jawless fish
One of the major events in vertebrate evolution involves the transition from jawless (agnathan) to jawed (gnathostome) vertebrates, including a variety of cranial and postcranial innovations. It has long been assumed that characters such as the pelvic girdles and fins, male intromittent organs independent from the pelvic girdles, as well as a regionalized axial skeleton first appeared in various basal gnathostome groups if not at the origin of gnathostomes. Here we describe the first occurrence of pelvic girdles and intromittent organs in the Late Devonian jawless anaspid‐like fish Euphanerops longaevus Woodward (Miguasha Lagerstätte, eastern Canada), associated with a morphologically differentiated region of the axial skeleton. Morphological differentiation of the axial skeleton is also described for the first time in an extant jawless fish, the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus Linnaeus. Our data indicate that regionalization of the axial skeleton occurred earlier in vertebrate evolutionary history than previously appreciated. This regionalization is coupled with modifications of the appendicular skeleton in Euphanerops. These new observations combined with a new phylogenetic analysis of early vertebrates provide a more precise understanding of how the appendicular and axial skeletons developed and evolved within vertebrate evolutionary history.
Data from: Recurrent losses and rapid evolution of the condensin II complex in insects
Condensins play a crucial role in the organization of genetic material by compacting and disentangling chromosomes. Based on studies in a few model organisms, the condensin I and condensin II complexes are considered to have distinct functions, with the condensin II complex playing a role in meiosis and somatic pairing of homologous chromosomes in Drosophila. Intriguingly, the Cap-G2 subunit of condensin II is absent in Drosophila melanogaster, and this loss may be related to the high levels of chromosome pairing seen in flies. Here, we find that all three non-SMC subunits of condensin II (Cap-G2, Cap-D3, and Cap-H2) have been repeatedly and independently lost in taxa representing multiple insect orders, with some taxa lacking all three. We also find that all non-Dipteran insects display near-uniform low pairing levels regardless of their condensin II complex composition, suggesting that some key aspects of genome organization are robust to condensin II subunit losses. Finally, we observe consistent signatures of positive selection in condensin subunits across flies and mammals. These findings suggest that these ancient complexes are far more evolutionarily labile than previously suspected, and are at the crossroads of several forms of genomic conflicts. Our results raise fundamental questions about the specific functions of the two condensin complexes in taxa that have experienced subunit losses, and open the door to further investigations to elucidate the diversity of molecular mechanisms that underlie genome organization across various life forms.
Data from: Step-wise evolution of complex chemical defenses in millipedes: a phylogenomic approach
With fossil representatives from the Silurian capable of respiring atmospheric oxygen, millipedes are among the oldest terrestrial animals, and likely the first to acquire diverse and complex chemical defenses against predators. Exploring the origin of complex adaptive traits is critical for understanding the evolution of Earth's biological complexity, and chemical defense evolution serves as an ideal study system. The classic explanation for the evolution of complexity is by gradual increase from simple to complex, passing through intermediate "stepping stone" states. Here we present the first phylogenetic-based study of the evolution of complex chemical defenses in millipedes by generating the largest genomic-based phylogenetic dataset ever assembled for the group. Our phylogenomic results demonstrate that chemical complexity shows a clear pattern of escalation through time. New pathways are added in a stepwise pattern, leading to greater chemical complexity, independently in a number of derived lineages. This complexity gradually increased through time, leading to the advent of three distantly related chemically complex evolutionary lineages, each uniquely characteristic of each of the respective millipede groups.
FIGURE 3 in On the evolution of the species complex Pachycondyla chinensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae), including the origin of its invasive form and description of a new species
FIGURE 3. Bivariate plots of PW by HW measurements (mm) of P. nakasujii and P. chinensis.
FIGURE 10 in A new species of bright-eyed treefrog (Mantellidae) from Madagascar, with comments on call evolution and patterns of syntopy in the Boophis ankaratra complex
FIGURE 10. Dorsal pattern and color variation of six living specimens of Boophis boppa.
FIGURE 7 in Morphological and genetic evolution in eastern populations of the Macrhybopsis aestivalis complex (Cypriniformes: Cyprinidae), with the descriptions of four new species
FIGURE 7. Proposed phylogenetic relationships among various species/lineages recognized in the Macrhybopsis aestivalis complex of eastern North America. Not all species in the complex were evaluated. One study is based on morphological characters (Eisenhour 2004 [A]), whereas the other two studies are based on allozyme variation. Underwood et al. (2003 [B]) focused on western diversity (SB = Sabine, BZ = Brazos, PC = Pecos River, SM = San Marcos River); and Mayden & Powers (2004 [C-G]) mostly involved eastern lineages, excluding Colorado River (CR) and Guadalupe River (GR). In Mayden & Powers (2004) different distances were examined, as well as parsimony: C = Edwards and Cavalli-Sforza Edwards Chord distances; D = Prevosti and Rogers distances; E = Cavalli-Sforza Edwards Arc and Modified Rogers distances; F = Fitch Generalized Parsimony with coded characters.
Supplementary material 1 from: Martins BdaC, Tamanini Mônico A, Mendonça C, Dantas SP, Souza JRD, Hanken J, Lima AP, Ferrão M (2024) A new species of terrestrial foam-nesting frog of the Adenomera simonstuarti complex (Anura, Leptodactylidae) from white-sand forests of central Amazonia, Brazil. Zoosystematics and Evolution 100(1): 233-253. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.110133
Additional information
Figure 9 from: Martins BdaC, Tamanini Mônico A, Mendonça C, Dantas SP, Souza JRD, Hanken J, Lima AP, Ferrão M (2024) A new species of terrestrial foam-nesting frog of the Adenomera simonstuarti complex (Anura, Leptodactylidae) from white-sand forests of central Amazonia, Brazil. Zoosystematics and Evolution 100(1): 233-253. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.110133
Figure 9 Preserved tadpole of Adenomera albarena, Gosner stage 35. Dorsal (A), lateral (B) and ventral views of the body (C) and ventral view of the oral disc (D). E. Detailed view of the spiracle, with its shape and aperture highlighted by dotted lines. Scale bar: 2 mm (A–D); 1 mm (E).
Figure 6 from: Martins BdaC, Tamanini Mônico A, Mendonça C, Dantas SP, Souza JRD, Hanken J, Lima AP, Ferrão M (2024) A new species of terrestrial foam-nesting frog of the Adenomera simonstuarti complex (Anura, Leptodactylidae) from white-sand forests of central Amazonia, Brazil. Zoosystematics and Evolution 100(1): 233-253. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.110133
Figure 6 Three dorsal colour patterns of Adenomera albarena in life. A. Dark blotches few or absent; B. Many dark blotches; and C. Dorsolateral stripe. Unvouchered specimens.
Figure 5 from: Martins BdaC, Tamanini Mônico A, Mendonça C, Dantas SP, Souza JRD, Hanken J, Lima AP, Ferrão M (2024) A new species of terrestrial foam-nesting frog of the Adenomera simonstuarti complex (Anura, Leptodactylidae) from white-sand forests of central Amazonia, Brazil. Zoosystematics and Evolution 100(1): 233-253. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.110133
Figure 5 Ventral views of the hands and feet of Adenomera albarena. A, C. Male holotype INPA-H 44867; B, D. Female paratype, INPA-H 44875. Scale bars: 5 mm.
Figure 8 from: Martins BdaC, Tamanini Mônico A, Mendonça C, Dantas SP, Souza JRD, Hanken J, Lima AP, Ferrão M (2024) A new species of terrestrial foam-nesting frog of the Adenomera simonstuarti complex (Anura, Leptodactylidae) from white-sand forests of central Amazonia, Brazil. Zoosystematics and Evolution 100(1): 233-253. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.110133
Figure 8 Advertisement call of Adenomera albarena (A, B) and A. simonstuarti sensu stricto (C, D). A, B.INPA-H 44876 (FNJV 59564), Rio Negro Sustainable Development Reserve, Iranduba, Amazonas, Brazil. C, D.INPA-H 44904 (FNJV 59568), Tarauacá, Acre, Brazil.
Figure 7 from: Martins BdaC, Tamanini Mônico A, Mendonça C, Dantas SP, Souza JRD, Hanken J, Lima AP, Ferrão M (2024) A new species of terrestrial foam-nesting frog of the Adenomera simonstuarti complex (Anura, Leptodactylidae) from white-sand forests of central Amazonia, Brazil. Zoosystematics and Evolution 100(1): 233-253. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.110133
Figure 7 Dorsal, ventral and lateral views of the three colour patterns of Adenomera albarena in preservative. Paratypes: A–C. (INPA-H 44869, male); D–F. (INPA-H 44870, male) and G–I (INPA-H 44877, male). Photographs: L. R. Mendonça. Scale bar: 5 mm.
Figure 4 from: Martins BdaC, Tamanini Mônico A, Mendonça C, Dantas SP, Souza JRD, Hanken J, Lima AP, Ferrão M (2024) A new species of terrestrial foam-nesting frog of the Adenomera simonstuarti complex (Anura, Leptodactylidae) from white-sand forests of central Amazonia, Brazil. Zoosystematics and Evolution 100(1): 233-253. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.110133
Figure 4 Male holotype and female paratype of Adenomera albarena. A–C. Male holotype, INPA-H 44867; D–F. Female paratype INPA-H 44875. Scale bar: 5 mm.
Figure 3 from: Martins BdaC, Tamanini Mônico A, Mendonça C, Dantas SP, Souza JRD, Hanken J, Lima AP, Ferrão M (2024) A new species of terrestrial foam-nesting frog of the Adenomera simonstuarti complex (Anura, Leptodactylidae) from white-sand forests of central Amazonia, Brazil. Zoosystematics and Evolution 100(1): 233-253. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.110133
Figure 3 Morphometric Principal Component Analysis. Analyses were based on 15 morphometric ratios of 21 males of Adenomera sp. nov. and 14 males of A. simonstuarti sensu stricto. Ellipse represents the standard error with 95% confidence interval.
Figure 2 from: Martins BdaC, Tamanini Mônico A, Mendonça C, Dantas SP, Souza JRD, Hanken J, Lima AP, Ferrão M (2024) A new species of terrestrial foam-nesting frog of the Adenomera simonstuarti complex (Anura, Leptodactylidae) from white-sand forests of central Amazonia, Brazil. Zoosystematics and Evolution 100(1): 233-253. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.110133
Figure 2 Phylogenetic relationships of the Adenomera andreae species clade with a focus on the A. simonstuarti species complex. Maximum Likelihood values are inferred from sequence data for Cytb, COI, RAG1 and POMC genes. Lineage numbering within A. simonstuarti species complex follows Carvalho et al. (2020b), except for A. simonstuarti sensu stricto (SS). Species names are followed by the corresponding museum voucher numbers. Symbols are as in Fig. 1.
Figure A1 from: Martins BdaC, Tamanini Mônico A, Mendonça C, Dantas SP, Souza JRD, Hanken J, Lima AP, Ferrão M (2024) A new species of terrestrial foam-nesting frog of the Adenomera simonstuarti complex (Anura, Leptodactylidae) from white-sand forests of central Amazonia, Brazil. Zoosystematics and Evolution 100(1): 233-253. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.110133
Figure A1 Adenomera simonstuarti from the Municipality of Tarauacá, State of Acre, Brazil. Dorsal and ventral views of males (A–D) and females (E–F). A, B.INPA-H 44905, SVL 25.2 mm; C, DINPA-H 44912, SVL 24.5 mm; E, F.INPA-H 44909, SVL 23.0 mm. Photographs: L. R. Mendonça.
Figure 10 from: Martins BdaC, Tamanini Mônico A, Mendonça C, Dantas SP, Souza JRD, Hanken J, Lima AP, Ferrão M (2024) A new species of terrestrial foam-nesting frog of the Adenomera simonstuarti complex (Anura, Leptodactylidae) from white-sand forests of central Amazonia, Brazil. Zoosystematics and Evolution 100(1): 233-253. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.110133
Figure 10 Natural history of Adenomera albarena. A. Example of the species' habitat; B. Unvouchered male vocalising on leaf litter; C. Unvouchered female hiding in the leaf litter; D. Foam nest, artificially exposed for illustration purpose. Scale bar: ~ 5 mm.
Figure 1 from: Martins BdaC, Tamanini Mônico A, Mendonça C, Dantas SP, Souza JRD, Hanken J, Lima AP, Ferrão M (2024) A new species of terrestrial foam-nesting frog of the Adenomera simonstuarti complex (Anura, Leptodactylidae) from white-sand forests of central Amazonia, Brazil. Zoosystematics and Evolution 100(1): 233-253. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.100.110133
Figure 1 Geographic distribution of the Adenomera simonstuarti species complex (left) and a detailed view of the geographic distribution of the new species in central Amazonia, Amazonas, Brazil (right). Green area: Rio Negro Sustainable Development Reserve. Numbers: permanent sampling modules at (1) km 18, (2) km 26 and (3) km 50 along the AM-352 highway; (4) Vale da Benção Community, Ramal do 25, Manacapuru. South American countries: ARG, Argentina; BOL, Bolivia; CHL, Chile; COL, Colombia; ECU, Ecuador; PAR, Paraguay; PER, Peru; VEN, Venezuela.
Fig. 1 in A phylogenetic investigation of the taxonomically problematic Eucalyptus odorata complex (E. section Adnataria series Subbuxeales): evidence for extensive interspecific gene flow and reticulate evolution
Fig. 1. (Caption on next page)
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