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371 results for “growth rate”
Data from: Latitudinal and voltinism compensation shape thermal reaction norms for growth rate
Latitudinal variation in thermal reaction norms of key fitness traits may inform about the response of populations to climate warming, yet their adaptive nature and evolutionary potential is poorly known. We assessed the contribution of quantitative genetic, neutral genetic and environmental effects to thermal reaction norms of growth rate for populations of the damselfly Ischnura elegans. Among populations, reaction norms differed primarily in elevation suggesting that time constraints associated with shorter growth seasons in univoltine, high-latitude as well as multivoltine, low-latitude populations selected for faster growth rates. Phenotypic divergence among populations is consistent with selection rather than drift as QST was greater than FST in all cases. QST estimates increased with experimental temperature and were influenced by genotype by environment interactions. Substantial additive genetic variation for growth rate in all populations suggests that evolution of trait means in different environments is not constrained. Heritability of growth rates was higher at high temperature, driven by increased genetic rather than environmental variance. While environment-specific non-additive effects also may contribute to heritability differences among temperatures, maternal effects did not play a significant role (where these could be accounted for). Genotype by environment interactions strongly influenced the adaptive potential of populations, and our results suggest the potential for microevolution of thermal reaction norms in each of the studied populations. In summary, the observed latitudinal pattern in growth rates is adaptive and results from a combination of latitudinal and voltinism compensation. Combined with the evolutionary potential of thermal reaction norms, this may affect populations' ability to respond to future climate warming.
Data from: Growth and development rates have different thermal responses
Growth and development rates are fundamental to all living organisms. In a warming world, it is important to determine how these rates will respond to increasing temperatures. It is often assumed that the thermal responses of physiological rates are coupled to metabolic rate and thus have the same temperature dependence. However, the existence of the "temperature-size rule" (TSR) suggests intraspecific growth and development are decoupled. Decoupling of these rates would have important consequences for individual species and ecosystems, yet this has not been tested systematically across a range of species. We conducted an analysis on growth and development rate data compiled from the literature for a well-studied group, marine pelagic copepods, and use an information theoretic approach to test which equations best describe these rates. Growth and development rates were best characterised by models with significantly different parameters: development has stronger temperature dependence than growth across all life stages. As such it is incorrect to assume these rates have the same temperature dependence. We used the best fit models for these rates to predict changes in organism mass to temperature. These predictions follow a concave relationship, which complicates attempts to model the impacts of increasing global temperatures on species body size.
Data from: On the link between functional traits and growth rate: meta-analysis shows effects change with plant size, as predicted
A plant's growth rate is seen as a central element of its ecological strategy, and as determined by its traits.Yet the literature is inconsistent about the empirical correlation between functional traits and growth, casting doubt on the capacity of some prominent traits to influence growth rate. We propose that traits should influence growth in a way that depends on the size of individual plants. We outline mechanisms and hypotheses based on new theoretical work, and test these predictions in tree species using a meta-analysis of 103 studies (> 500 correlations) for five traits (specific leaf area, wood density, maximum height, seed mass and maximum assimilation rate).We also recorded data for 14 other traits commonly used in the trait literature.To capture the effects of plant size, we tested for a shift in the direction of correlation between growth rates and each trait across three ontogenetic stages: seedling,sapling and adult. Results were consistent with predictions, although there were some limitations arising from unequal numbers of observation across ontogenetic stages.Specific leaf area was correlated with relative growth rate in seedlings but not in adult plants.Correlations of growth with wood density were not affected by ontogenetic stage. Seed mass, assimilation rate and maximum height were correlated with relative growth rate only in one ontogenetic stage category: seedlings,seedlings and adults,respectively. Although we were able to confirm several of our theoretical predictions,major knowledge gaps still exist in the trait literature.For example,for one third of the traits considered,the majority (> 75%) of reported correlations with growth came from the same ontogenetic stage. Synthesis: We show for some traits, how trait-growth correlations change in a predictable way with plant size.Our understanding of plant strategies should shift away from describing species as having a fixed growth strategy throughout their life (on a continuous axis from slow to fast growth), in favour of a size-dependent growth trajectories.
Data from: Growth trajectory influences temperature preference in fish through an effect on metabolic rate
Most animals experience temperature variations as they move through the environment. For ectotherms in particular, temperature has a strong influence on habitat choice. While well-studied at the species level, less is known about factors affecting the preferred temperature of individuals. Especially lacking is information on how physiological traits are linked to thermal preference and whether such relationships are affected by factors such feeding history and growth trajectory. This study examined these issues in the common minnow Phoxinus phoxinus, to determine the extent to which feeding history, standard metabolic rate (SMR) and aerobic scope (AS), interact to affect temperature preference. Individuals were either: 1) food-deprived for 21 days, then fed ad libitum for the next 74 days; or 2) fed ad libitum throughout the entire period. All animals were then allowed to select preferred temperatures using a shuttle-box, and then measured for SMR and AS at 10°C, estimated by rates of oxygen uptake. Activity within the shuttle-box under a constant temperature regime was also measured. In both food-deprived and control fish, SMR was negatively correlated with preferred temperature. The SMR of the food-deprived fish was elevated compared to the controls, probably due to the effects of compensatory growth, and so these growth-compensated fish preferred temperatures that were on average 2.85°C cooler than controls fed a maintenance ration throughout the study. Fish experiencing compensatory growth also displayed a large reduction in activity. In growth-compensated fish and controls, activity measured at 10°C was positively correlated with preferred temperature. Individual fish prefer temperatures that vary predictably with SMR and activity level, which are both plastic in response to feeding history and growth trajectories. Cooler temperatures probably allow individuals to reduce maintenance costs and divert more energy towards growth. A reduction in SMR at cooler temperatures, coupled with a decrease in spontaneous activity, would also allow individuals to increase surplus aerobic scope for coping with environmental stressors. In warming climates, however, aquatic ectotherms could experience frequent fluctuations in food supply with long-lasting effects on metabolic rate due to compensatory growth, while simultaneously having limited access to preferred cooler habitats.
Data from: Warming, soil moisture, and loss of snow increase Bromus tectorum's population growth rate
Climate change threatens to exacerbate the impacts of invasive species. In temperate ecosystems, direct effects of warming may be compounded by dramatic reductions in winter snow cover. Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) is arguably the most destructive biological invader in basins of the North American Intermountain West, and warming could increase its performance through direct effects on demographic rates or through indirect effects mediated by loss of snow. We conducted a two-year experimental manipulation of temperature and snow pack to test whether 1) warming increases cheatgrass population growth rate and 2) reduced snow cover contributes to cheatgrass' positive response to warming. We used infrared heaters operating continuously to create the warming treatment, but turned heaters on only during snowfalls for the snowmelt treatment. We monitored cheatgrass population growth rate and the vital rates that determine it: emergence, survival and fecundity. Growth rate increased in both warming and snowmelt treatments. The largest increases occurred in warming plots during the wettest year, indicating that the magnitude of response to warming depends on moisture availability. Warming increased both fecundity and survival, especially in the wet year, while snowmelt contributed to the positive effects of warming by increasing survival. Our results indicate that increasing temperature will exacerbate cheatgrass impacts, especially where warming causes large reductions in the depth and duration of snow cover.
Data for: Density dependence and spatial heterogeneity limit the population growth rate of invasive pines at the landscape scale
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Determining population growth across large scales is difficult because it is often impractical to collect data at large scales and over long timespans. Instead, the growth of a population is often only measured at a small, plot-level scale and then extrapolated to derive a mean field estimate. However, this approach is prone to error since it simplifies spatial processes such as the neighbourhood effects of density and dispersal. We present a novel approach that estimates how spatial processes derived from the effects of density and dispersal affect population growth between plot scales and landscape scales. The method is based on a scale transition theory and calculates a transition term to measure the spatial scaling of population growth, which we extend to unstable, expanding populations in order to assess whether landscape-scale population dynamics are different from those estimated at smaller spatial scales. We illustrate this approach using aerial imagery of eight locations in New Zealand experiencing non-native pine invasions. Analyses examined the dynamics at a plot scale (1 hectare) and compared this to estimates across entire landscapes (between 24 and 1600 hectares), in several cases for more than one time period. We used a Bayesian spatial random effects model to examine population growth and to account for neighbourhood effects and dispersal between plots in a rapidly changing system. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText"><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>We found that the estimates of the scale transition term were typically 10-25% of the mean field estimates, which led to mean field estimates of population growth extrapolated from plots being considerably higher than landscape estimates. The approach we have developed will not only have applications for predicting the populations' growth of invasive species, but also for studies examining the scaling of landscape-scale phenomena.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Model dataset for Morrison et al. (2020) "Comparing growth rates of moist and dry convective thermals" submitted to JAS
<p>This model generated dataset includes simulation data and model files for work described in the paper "Comparing growth rates of moist and dry convective thermals" by Morrison et al., submitted to the Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. Model data comes from the CM1 atmospheric model maintained by Dr. George Bryan at NCAR. The model data are idealized high resolution model runs. We are making this request through DASH because inclusion of these data in a public repository is now mandatory for AMS publications.</p>
THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER FORM AND RATE ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF BEETROOT
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Infection pattern and Growth rate
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Data from: A longitudinal analysis of the growth rate and mass of tail feathers in a great tit population: ontogeny, genetic effects and relationship between traits
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">Feathers have a diversity of functions in birds and are costly to produce, so their growth rate and mass can be reliable indicators of nutritional condition at the time of production. Despite the potential for feather metrics to advance our understanding of foraging, they are underused in avian ecology. One reason for this is the difficulty of interpreting whether individual variation is driven by ontogenetic, genetic, or environmental effects, which is exacerbated by the fact that most analyses have been done on cross-sectional data. We addressed this deficit using a longitudinal dataset of tail feathers collected from Great tits <em>Parus major</em> to test for ontogenetic and genetic effects on growth rate, mass and length, while controlling for body/feather size differences and other confounding factors. First, we found that the type of moult episode and experimentally-induced replacement differentially affected the length, mass and growth of feathers, providing evidence of an ontogenetic effect that should be considered when comparing these feather traits across individuals as a measure of condition. Second, we detected moderate to high repeatability and heritability values from parent-offspring regression for these three feather traits, which are suggestive of an underlying genetic component of variation. Third, we used a mean centring within-individual approach to test whether feather growth rate and feather mass (length-corrected) are indeed positively correlated with each other as overlapping indicators of body condition in birds, and found that this association, although positive, is weak and only significant between individuals. This suggests that both metrics are not so intimately linked as originally thought, and probably have different sensitivities to variation in foraging performance and ecological conditions. Together with the higher plasticity of feather growth rate compared to feather mass, our results support the idea that feather growth rate is better suited for examining short-term responses to environmental variation.</p>
Meridional propagation of carbon dioxide (CO2) growth rate and flux anomalies from the tropics due to ENSO
<p>El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influence on carbon dioxide (CO2) growth rates are not spatially uniform or simultaneous around the globe. Using atmospheric CO2 observations and atmospheric chemistry-transport model (ACTM), we show that the anomalies in CO2 fluxes and growth rate originate in the tropics, as an effect of ENSO. The CO2 anomalies are then propagated from the equator toward the poles with asymmetric delays. A maximum delay of about 8 and 4 months are found at the northern hemisphere (NH) and southern hemisphere (SH) high latitudes, respectively. This asymmetric time delay is because the CO2 flux anomaly mainly originate in the tropical SH land and transport of SH air into the NH is slower than that for NH air into the SH. The poleward increase of time delay is more homogeneous in the upper troposphere, as per the ACTM simulations, but observational evidence suffers from gaps in <br> long-term measurements.</p>
Figure 2 in Influence of Trichoderma harzianum and Bacillus thuringiensis with reducing rates of NPK on growth, physiology, and fruit quality of Citrus aurantifolia
Figure 2. Effect of two biofertilizers mixing with different level of NPK on specific leaf weight of limau nipis. Error bars indicate ± S. E. Different small case letters in mean value bars represent statistical difference at 5% level. T0, control; T1, NPK 100% (100 g); T2, T.harzianum 50% (5g) + NPK 50%; T3, B. thuringiensis 50% (5g) + NPK 50%; T4, T.harzianum 75% (7.5g) + NPK 25%; T5,B. thuringiensis 75% (7.5 g) + NPK 25%, T6, 100% T. harzianum (10 g); T7, 100% B. thuringiensis (10 g).
Data from: Impacts of warming revealed by linking resource growth rates with consumer functional responses
Warming global temperatures are driving changes in species distributions, growth and timing, but much uncertainty remains regarding how climate change will alter species interactions. Consumer-Resource interactions in particular can be strongly impacted by changes to the relative performance of interacting species. While consumers generally gain an advantage over their resources with increasing temperatures, nonlinearities can change this relation near temperature extremes. We use an experimental approach to determine how temperature changes between 5 and 30 °C will alter the growth of the algae Scenedesmus obliquus and the functional responses of the small bodied Daphnia ambigua and the larger D. pulicaria. The impact of warming generally followed expectations, making both Daphnia species more effective grazers, with the increase in feeding rates outpacing the increases in algal growth rate. At the extremes of our temperature range, however, warming resulted in a decrease in Daphnia grazing effectiveness. Between 25 and 30°C both species of Daphnia experienced a precipitous drop in feeding rates, while algal growth rates remained high, increasing the likelihood of algal blooms in warming summer temperatures. D. pulicaria performed significantly better at cold temperatures than D. ambigua, but by 20°C there was no significant difference between the two species and at 25°C D. ambigua out-performed D. pulicaria. Warming summer temperatures will favor the smaller D. ambigua, but only over a narrow temperature range and warming beyond 25°C could open D. ambigua to invasion from tropical species. By fitting our results to temperature dependent functions we develop a temperature and density dependent model which produces a metric of grazing effectiveness, quantifying the grazer density necessary to halt algal growth. This approach should prove useful for tracking the transient dynamics of other density dependent consumer-resource interactions, such as agricultural pests and biological control agents.
Data from: Life-history strategy and behavioral type: risk-tolerance reflects growth rate and energy allocation in ant colonies
Despite the recent interest in animal personality and behavioral syndromes, there is a paucity of explanations for why distinct behavioral traits should evolve to correlate. We investigate whether such correlations across apparently distinct behavioral traits may be explained by variation in life history strategy among individual ant colonies. Life history theory predicts that the way in which individuals allocate energy towards somatic maintenance or reproduction drives several distinct traits in physiology, morphology, and energy use; it also predicts that an individual's willingness to engage in risky behaviors should depend on reproductive strategy. We use Temnothorax ants, which have been shown to exhibit 'personalities' and a syndrome that may reflect risk tolerance at the colony level. We measure colonies' relative investment in growth rate (new workers produced) compared to reproductive effort (males and queens produced). Comparing sterile worker production to reproductive alate production provides a direct measure of how colonies are investing their energy, analogous to investment in growth versus reproduction in a unitary organism. Consistently with this idea, we found that behavioral type of ant colonies was associated with their life history strategy: risk-tolerant colonies grew faster and invested more in reproduction, whereas risk-averse colonies had lower growth rate but invested relatively more in workers. This provides evidence that behavioral syndromes can be a consequence of life-history strategy variation, linking the two fields and supporting the use of an integrative approach.
Global acceleration of lake sediment accumulation rates associated with recent human population growth and landuse changes
<p>These datasets include the spatial coordinates and the digitized temporal rates of lake sedimentation expressed as Sediment Accumulation Rates (SAR; mm/year) and Mass Accumulation Rate (MAR; g/cm<sup>2</sup>/year) presented in Baud et al. (2021).</p> <p>Baud, A., Jenny, JP., Francus, P. and Gregory-Eaves, I. Global acceleration of lake sediment accumulation rates associated with recent human population growth and land-use changes. <em>J Paleolimnol</em> (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10933-021-00217-6 </p>
Larger guts and faster growth in mice selected for high basal metabolic rate
<div class="WordSection1"> <p><span>Postnatal growth in birds and mammals is the time of highest vulnerability and relatively high energy demands and therefore shapes the organisms future outcomes. Several different factors might impose limitations on growth in juveniles, one of them being the efficiency of the digestive process and size of the gastrointestinal tract. We tested the gut size-growth rate relationship using a unique experimental model - mice from a selection experiment designed to produce two lines with divergent levels of basal metabolic rate (BMR): the high BMR (H-BMR) and low BMR line type (L-BMR). These lines differ not only with respect to BMR, but also correlated traits—internal organ size and food intake. Applying a cross-fostering design and a thermoregulatory burden imposed by shaving the mothers, demonstrated that the mass of intestine strongly affected the growth rate, with the H-BMR pups having larger intestines and growing fastest, and reduced growth rate of pups of both lines nursed by shaved L-BMR mothers. Our study also provides a functional link between high growth rate of neonates and high BMR of adults, partly reflecting metabolic costs of maintenance of their guts.</span></p> </div>
Figure 1 from: Costa M, Tubino R, Neto C (2018) Length-based estimates of growth parameters and mortality rates of fish populations from a coastal zone in the Southeastern Brazil. Zoologia 35: 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3897/zoologia.35.e22235
Figure 1 Geographical location of Itaipu coastal zone of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, showing fishing areas (stars).
Past insecticide exposure reduces bee reproduction and population growth rate
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Data from: Life-history strategy and behavioral type: risk-tolerance reflects growth rate and energy allocation in ant colonies
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Data from: The genetic architecture of growth rate in juvenile Takifugu species.
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