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FIGURE 8 in The mosaic tiled harvestmen-taxonomic review of Gonyleptellus Roewer, 1930 (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae: Gonyleptinae)

FIGURE 8. Gonyleptellus bimaculatus, male (MNRJ 2074). A–D) right femur IV: A) dorsal view; B) prolateral view; C) ventral view; D) retrolateral view. Colors indicate the following six armature rows: brown = DO, pink = PD, orange = PV, green = RV, blue = RL, red = RD. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIGURE 3 in The mosaic tiled harvestmen-taxonomic review of Gonyleptellus Roewer, 1930 (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae: Gonyleptinae)

FIGURE 3. Gonyleptellus angeloi sp. nov., male paratype (MNRJ 8619). A–D) Right femur IV: A) dorsal view, B) prolateral view, C) ventral view, D) retrolateral view; E) right metatarsus IV, ventral view; F, G) right patella and tibia, dorsal and ventral views, respectively; H, I) right pedipalp, dorsal and ventral views, respectively; J–L) apical portion of right coxa and trochanter IV: J) dorsal view; K) ventral view; L) prolateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIGURE 5 in The mosaic tiled harvestmen-taxonomic review of Gonyleptellus Roewer, 1930 (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae: Gonyleptinae)

FIGURE 5. Gonyleptellus angeloi sp. nov. (MNRJ 9234), distal part of penis. A) Dorsal view; B) ventral view; C) right lateral view; D) left lateral view. The macrosetae are highlighted in different colors (MS A = light blue, MS B = purple, MS C = pink, MS D = yellow, MS E = green). Scale bars: 100 μm.

FIGURE 7 in The mosaic tiled harvestmen-taxonomic review of Gonyleptellus Roewer, 1930 (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae: Gonyleptinae)

FIGURE 7. Gonyleptellus bimaculatus (Sørensen, 1884), male (MNRJ 2074). A–D) Right femur IV: A) dorsal view; B) prolateral view; C) ventral view; D) retrolateral view; E) right metatarsus IV, ventral view; F, G) right patella and tibia, dorsal and ventral view, respectively; H, I) right pedipalp, dorsal and ventral views, respectively; J–L) apical portion of right coxa and trochanter IV: J) dorsal view; K) ventral view; L) prolateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in The mosaic tiled harvestmen-taxonomic review of Gonyleptellus Roewer, 1930 (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae: Gonyleptinae)

FIGURE 1. Summary of the taxonomic history of Gonyleptellus. Columns refer to time periods, while each line displays a nominal species. Color schemes refer to genera. The shapes, partly borrowed from flowchart symbols are: thick-walled boxes = original descriptions; "delay" (rectangle with right side round) = continuity of the name without taxonomic change; "card" (rectangle with upper left corner folded) = new combination; dashed boxes = synonymized species.

FIGURE 2 in The mosaic tiled harvestmen-taxonomic review of Gonyleptellus Roewer, 1930 (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae: Gonyleptinae)

FIGURE 2. Gonyleptellus angeloi sp. nov., male paratype (MNRJ 8619) and female paratype (MNRJ 9418), habitus. A, B) male, dorsal and ventral views, respectively; C, D) female, dorsal and ventral views, respectively; E) male, right lateral view; F) female, right lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIGURE 4 in The mosaic tiled harvestmen-taxonomic review of Gonyleptellus Roewer, 1930 (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae: Gonyleptinae)

FIGURE 4. Gonyleptellus angeloi sp. nov., male paratype (MNRJ 8619). A–D) right femur IV: A) dorsal view; B) prolateral view; C) ventral view; D) retrolateral view. Colors indicate the following six armature rows: brown = DO, pink = PD, orange = PV, green = RV, blue = RL, red = RD. Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIGURE 6 in The mosaic tiled harvestmen-taxonomic review of Gonyleptellus Roewer, 1930 (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae: Gonyleptinae)

FIGURE 6. Gonyleptellus bimaculatus (Sørensen, 1884), male (MNRJ 2074) and female (MNRJ 9416), habitus. A, B) male, dorsal and ventral views, respectively; C, D) female, dorsal and ventral views, respectively; E) male, right lateral view; F) female, right lateral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIGURE 15 in The mosaic tiled harvestmen-taxonomic review of Gonyleptellus Roewer, 1930 (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae: Gonyleptinae)

FIGURE 15. Gonyleptellus pustulatus (Sørensen, 1884) comb. nov., male (MNRJ 9078). A–D) Right femur IV: A) dorsal view; B) prolateral view; C) ventral view; D) retrolateral view; E) metatarsus IV, ventral view; F–I) patella and tibia, dorsal and ventral views, respectively; G–H) pedipalp, dorsal and ventral views, respectively; J–L) apical portion of coxa IV and trochanter IV: J) dorsal view; K) prolateral view; L) ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

opennotspecifiedApr 2016View details →

Fig. 2 in Evolution of hyperflexible joints in sticky prey capture appendages of harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones)

Fig. 2 Joint hyperflexion during prey capture of S. simoni and M. chrysomelas. Prey items are marked by an asterisk. a–i S. simoni. j–p. M. chrysomelas. a, j Active search for prey; tarsi are extended, lateral view. b, k Body posture after the catch of a springtail. Legs are stretched to prevent ground contact of the prey; tarsi are flexed, and the prey is secured between both pedipalps. c, l Clamping of prey legs between tibiae and flexed tarsi, frontal view. d, m Detail of pedipalp with extended tibia and tarsus, lateral view. e Flexed tibia and tarsus. f–h Rapid tarsal flexion,

opennotspecifiedMay 2017View details →

FIGURES 4–14. Opilionomyces dicranolasmatis. Figs 4–5 in First Laboulbeniales from harvestmen: the new genus Opilionomyces

FIGURES 4–14. Opilionomyces dicranolasmatis. Figs 4–5. Detail of a perithecium at two different focusing levels; near focus in Fig. 4 showing the stalk-cell of perithecium (VI), the secondary stalk-cell of perithecium (VII), and two of the perithecial basal cells (n', m) with respective rows of wall cells formed from them (wn'1–4, wm1–4); far focus in Fig. 5 showing the other perithecial basal cell (n) with the two rows of wall cells formed from it (w n) (the fourth tier, w n4, is out of focus). Fig. 6. Detail of a perithecium at middle focus showing ascospores (asc), cells VI and II p, and cells p (inner perithecial wall cells, arrowheads). Figs 7–8. Details of the base of primary appendage with basal cell (e). Fig. 9. Immature thallus showing a trichogyne (tr) in contact with a rounded protuberance arising from adjacent appendage cell (phialide?) (arrow, detail in upper-right corner), and primary septum (a). Fig. 10. Immature thallus showing the primary septum (a) and very young trichogyne (tr). Fig. 11. Upper part of a mature thallus showing a degenerate trichogyne (tr). Fig. 12. Sporeling showing the primary septum (a). Fig. 13. Immature thallus showing the perithecial initial cell or perithecial primordium (d) where the nucleus can be seen (nuc); cell II p is also labelled. Fig. 14. Immature thallus in a more advanced stage of development where cell d has been divided in cells h (lower cell which will form the sterile parts of perithecium, e.g. the wall) and i (upper cell which will form all fertile parts of perithecium including asci and trichogyne); cell IIp is also labelled. (Figs 4–5, 7, 11, SS·E571a; Figs 6, 9, SS·E605k; Figs 8, 12, SS·E571b; Figs 10, 14, SS·E612; Fig. 13, SS·E605b.) Scale bars = 20 μm.

opennotspecifiedMay 2017View details →

FIGURES 1–3 in First Laboulbeniales from harvestmen: the new genus Opilionomyces

FIGURES 1–3. Opilionomyces dicranolasmatis. Mature thalli. (Fig. 1, SS·E605k; Figs 2–3, C-F-95158, holotype) (Abbreviations: I, basal cell of receptacle; a, primary septum; II , cell of receptacle bearing the perithecium.) Scale bars = 50 μm.

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Data from: Biomechanical diversity of mating structures among harvestmen species is consistent with a spectrum of precopulatory strategies

Diversity in reproductive structures is frequently explained by selection acting at individual to generational timescales, but interspecific differences predicted by such models (e.g., female choice or sexual conflict) are often untestable in a phylogenetic framework. An alternative approach focuses on clade- or function-specific hypotheses that predict evolutionary patterns in terms neutral to specific modes of sexual selection. Here we test a hypothesis that diversity of reproductive structures in leiobunine harvestmen (daddy longlegs) of eastern North America reflects two sexually coevolved but non-overlapping precopulatory strategies, a primitive solicitous strategy (females enticed by penis-associated nuptial gifts), and a multiply derived antagonistic strategy (penis exerts mechanical force against armature of the female pregenital opening). Predictions of sexual coevolution and fidelity to precopulatory categories were tested using 10 continuously varying functional traits from 28 species. Multivariate analyses corroborated sexual coevolution but failed to partition species by precopulatory strategy, with multiple methods placing species along a spectrum of mechanical antagonistic potential. These findings suggest that precopulatory features within species reflect different co-occurring levels of solicitation and antagonism, and that gradualistic evolutionary pathways exist between extreme strategies. The ability to quantify antagonistic potential of precopulatory structures invites comparison with ecological variables that may promote evolutionary shifts in precopulatory strategies.

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opennotspecifiedApr 2013View details →

FIGURE 1 in Significant range extensions for two caddid harvestmen in eastern North America Caddo pepperella and Acropsopilio boopis (Opiliones: Eupnoi: Caddidae)

FIGURE 1. Known distribution of Caddo pepperella (open circles) and Acropsopilio boopis (filled circles) in eastern North America. Photo of C. pepperella courtesy of Joe Warfel. Data from Levi et al. (1959), Shear (1975), Shultz & Regier (2009), Walker (1928) and one original observation: 1 female, U.S.A.: Wisconsin: Langlade County, Kempster, Black Oak Lake Bog, Berelese ex. Sphagnum, lat. 45.3043°, long. -89.2145°, 5 Aug. 1977, J. Wagner [Field Museum of Natural History: 77-303].

Figure 14 in The evolution of pedipalps and glandular hairs as predatory devices in harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones)

Figure 14. Convergent pedipalpal modification in Dyspnoi and Ballarrinae (Eupnoi: Neopilionidae). Known distribution of Dyspnoi after Schonhofer et al. (2013), Shear (1975, 1986), Shear & Gruber (1983), Zhang & Zhang (2013) and of Ballarrinae after Hunt & Cokendolpher (1991). Habitus of Mitostoma chrysomelas (above) and Ballarra longipalpis (below), showing similarities and differences of the convergent tentacle pedipalp morphotype.

Figure 12 in The evolution of pedipalps and glandular hairs as predatory devices in harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones)

Figure 12. Evolution of pedipalp morphotypes and distribution of glandular setae. Schematic illustration of pedipalps, prolateral side; only prominent bristles and spines displayed, all other setae and microsculpture neglected; black dots mark the position of glandular setae; arrowheads point to apophyses bearing glandular setae. Inset frames show sexual dimorphism of pedipalps (glandular setae are not marked here). A, Cyphophthalmi, Laniatores, and Eupnoi; B, Dyspnoi. [1] adapted from Forster (1954); [2] adapted from Hunt & Cokendolpher (1991); [3] based on microscopical images by Casey Richards, published on Morphbank; [4] adapted from Sato & Suzuki (1939); [5] adapted from Miyoshi (1942); [6] adapted from Mitov (2011). cs, clavate setae; p-cs, pseudoclavate setae; ps1–5, plumose setae types 1–5. Phylogenetic tree based on Giribet & Sharma (2015); Groh & Giribet (2014); Hedin et al. (2012); Schonhofer (2013); Shultz & Regier (2001); internal topology of the Phalangiidae follows the suggestion by Buzatto et al. (2013). Apomorphic characters marked (for details, see main text): (1) pedipalpal claw: (1a) enlargement, (1b) reduction, (1c) loss; (2) possession of spines (reinforced setae with highly elevated sockets); (3) possession of glandular setae; (4) patellar apophysis: (4a) hump-like, (4b) finger-like (elongated); (5) miniaturization of the tibia–tarsus joint; (6) tibia and tarsus significantly swollen; (7) glandular seta lacking in males; (8) glandular setae only present in juveniles. Drawings by Jonas Wolff.

Figure 11 in The evolution of pedipalps and glandular hairs as predatory devices in harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones)

Figure 11. Prey remnants on glandular setae. Scanning electron micrographs (SEMs). A, cryo-SEM image of collembolan setae adhering to clavate setae of Mitostoma chrysomelas (Nemastomatidae) after touching the pedipalp with an entomobryomorph springtail (see Wolff et al., 2014; for details of experimental procedure). B, scale-like collembolan setae (arrowheads) between plumose setae, as frequently found in conserved material of Caddo agilis (Caddidae). C, leaf hopper brochosome (arrowhead) between microtrichia of a plumose seta of a juvenile Dicranopalpus cf. pyrenaeus (Phalangiidae). D, large number of brochosomes adhering to the remnants of the secretion of a plumose seta in Thrasychirus gulosus (Neopilionidae). E, plumose setae on the patellar apophysis of Protolophus singularis (Protolophidae), highly contaminated with foreign setae (arrowheads). Scale bars: A, B = 10 µm; C = 250 nm; D = 1 µm; E = 50 µm.

Figure 9 in The evolution of pedipalps and glandular hairs as predatory devices in harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones)

Figure 9. Inner structure of glandular setae. Scanning electron micrographs of broken setae. A, broken shaft of sensillum chaeticum, Hesperonemastoma modestum (Taracidae), radial cuticular channels, inner ring walls, and dendritic sheath visible. B, broken plumose part of glandular seta, Thrasychirus gulosus (Neopilionidae), dendritic sheath visible. C, broken shaft of plumose seta, Sabacon sp. D, broken shaft of plumose seta, Hesperonemastoma modestum. E, broken plumose part, Dicranopalpus ramosus. F, G, broken plumose part, Ballarra longipalpis. H, I, broken shaft of clavate seta, Dendrolasma mirabile: I, close to the microtrichious part, channels open to the outside (arrowhead). J, broken tip of clavate seta, inner dendrite visible, Paranemastoma quadripunctatum (Nemastomatidae). K, broken plumose part, Caddo agilis, microtrichia are composed of epicuticle only and obviously filled with secretion. bd, backing depression; ch, secretion channel; de, dendrite; ds, dendrite sheath; ep, epicuticle; gm, granular material; lu, setal lumen; mt, microtrichia; rw, ringed walls; tr, backing trench (invagination). Scale bars: A–F, H–K = 0.5 µm; G = 250 nm.

Figure 7 in The evolution of pedipalps and glandular hairs as predatory devices in harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones)

Figure 7. Sexual dimorphism of glandular seta possession and mating posture in Phalangiidae. Scanning electron micrographs show the prolateral part of distal tibia, left female (basic), right male (modified). Photographs from copulations in captivity, insets show magnified detail of use of male pedipalp in female leg grasping. A–C, Rilaena triangularis. D–F, Phalangium opilio. Female plumose setae marked by circles. G–I, Dicranopalpus ramosus. Scale bars = 100 µm. Photographs by Jorg Pageler, with kind permission.

Figure 6 in The evolution of pedipalps and glandular hairs as predatory devices in harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones)

Figure 6. Ontogenetic dimorphism in Gagrellinae. Scanning electron micrographs of pedipalp patella and tibia. A, B, Metagagrella cf. minax: A, juvenile with a large patellar and a small tibial apophysis and plumose setae; B, adult female with reduced patellar apophysis and lacking tibial apophysis, glandular setae lacking, strong denticles present. C, D, Gagrella cf. disticta: C, juvenile, with plumose setae (marked with circles); D, adult female, with denticles. pa, patella; ti, tibia. Scale bars = 200 µm.