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FIGURE 5. A in Description of Tottonophyes enigmatica gen. nov., sp. nov. (Hydrozoa, Siphonophora, Calycophorae), with a reappraisal of the function and homology of nectophoral canals

FIGURE 5. A. In situ Frame Grab of Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. taken during Doc Ricketts Dive 105; Specimens of (B) Kephyes hiulcus Grossmann & Lindsay, 2017. and (C) Clausophyes moserae from Pugh, 2006b. Scale bars 2 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Description of Tottonophyes enigmatica gen. nov., sp. nov. (Hydrozoa, Siphonophora, Calycophorae), with a reappraisal of the function and homology of nectophoral canals

FIGURE 1. Schematic representations of canal systems of physonect nectophores, in lateral view. A. Halistemma sp. (based on Pugh & Baxter, 2014, Figure 14 in partim), B. Bargmannia elongata (based on Pugh, 1999b, Fig. 2C), C. Apolemia uvaria (based on Totton, 1965, Fig. 15). lrc. lateral radial canals; mca, mcd. ascending and descending mantle canal, respectively; mll, mlu. lower and upper parts of muscular attachment lamella, respectively; np. nectosomal palpons; nst. nectosomal stem; pce, pci. external and internal pedicular canal, respectively.

FIGURE 11. A. Gastrozooid and B in Description of Tottonophyes enigmatica gen. nov., sp. nov. (Hydrozoa, Siphonophora, Calycophorae), with a reappraisal of the function and homology of nectophoral canals

FIGURE 11. A. Gastrozooid and B. tentillum of specimen Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. collected during Doc Ricketts Dive 552. Scale bars A. 0.5 mm and B. 100 µm.

FIGURE 3 in Description of Tottonophyes enigmatica gen. nov., sp. nov. (Hydrozoa, Siphonophora, Calycophorae), with a reappraisal of the function and homology of nectophoral canals

FIGURE 3. Schematics showing the diversity in the arrangement of the various canals in the nectophores (Rosacea and Vogtia) or anterior nectophore (Chuniphyes and a diphyid), and the region of attachment of the muscular lamella (shaded). Annotations as for Figures 1 & 2; abs, "ascending branch of somatocyst". The three canals arising from the internal pedicular canal are, from top to bottom the upper, lateral and lower radial canals on the nectosac, except for the diphyid where the bottom canal is the ostial ring canal as the lower canal is virtual. It remains to be determined whether the disjunct or internal portion of the pedicular canal is always present in diphyomorphs. Modified and adapted from Mapstone (2009) Figures 5 & 6.

FIGURE 14 in Description of Tottonophyes enigmatica gen. nov., sp. nov. (Hydrozoa, Siphonophora, Calycophorae), with a reappraisal of the function and homology of nectophoral canals

FIGURE 14. Proximal portion of the stem of Rosacea cymbiformis delle Chiaje, with buds for siphons, bracts, and gonophores, and the muscular lamellae that bore the nectophores. Reproduced from Bigelow (1911), Plate 2, figure 3. pce. external pedicular canal running through the attachment lamella of the nectophore; sh. siphosomal horn. Scale bar 5 mm.

FIGURE 9. Two individual cormidia from Doc Ricketts Dive 552 in Description of Tottonophyes enigmatica gen. nov., sp. nov. (Hydrozoa, Siphonophora, Calycophorae), with a reappraisal of the function and homology of nectophoral canals

FIGURE 9. Two individual cormidia from Doc Ricketts Dive 552 specimen of Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. Scale bars 1 mm.

FIGURE 10 in Description of Tottonophyes enigmatica gen. nov., sp. nov. (Hydrozoa, Siphonophora, Calycophorae), with a reappraisal of the function and homology of nectophoral canals

FIGURE 10. Bracts (A, B), and gonophore or special cormidial nectophore (C) of Doc Ricketts Dive 105 specimen of Tottonophyes enigmatica sp. nov. hc, hydroecial canals; lrc, lateral radial canal; pci, internal pedicular canal; ph, phyllocyst. Scale bar 0.5mm.

Fig. 4 in The homology of cephalic muscles and endoskeletal elements between Diplura and Ectognatha (Insecta)

Fig. 4 Transversal SR-μCT section through the head of Atlasjapyx. a The connection of hypopharyngeal fulturae with a part of the galea (ga) and the location of the anterior hypopharyngeal sclerite (ahys); b Transversal slice slightly further posterior to show the course of the ahys and hypopharyngeal fulturae around the mandible; c The contact

Fig. 7 3D in The homology of cephalic muscles and endoskeletal elements between Diplura and Ectognatha (Insecta)

Fig. 7 3D reconstruction of SR-μCT data of the mandibles (md) and associated musculature of Atlasjapyx in dorsal view. Muscle designations are explained in the main text. For clarity, each muscle is shown only on one side

Fig. 6 3D in The homology of cephalic muscles and endoskeletal elements between Diplura and Ectognatha (Insecta)

Fig. 6 3D reconstruction of SR-μCT data of the antennae and labrum and associated musculature of Atlasjapyx. a Dorsal view of right antenna; b Ventral view of right antenna; c Frontal view of labrum. Abbreviations: fl flagellum, lbr labrum, pe pedicellus, sc scapus. Muscle designations are explained in the main text

Fig. 3 3D in The homology of cephalic muscles and endoskeletal elements between Diplura and Ectognatha (Insecta)

Fig. 3 3D reconstruction of SR-μCT data of the mandible, maxilla, hypopharyngeal fulturae, gnathal pouch and associated muscles of Atlasjapyx. a Dorsal view; b Lateral view showing the relative position of the maxilla and the general structure of the hypopharyngeal fulturae. Abbreviations: ahf anterior part of hypopharnygeal fulturae, ahys anterior hypopharyngeal sclerite, cca connection to cardo, chf central part of hypopharnygeal fulturae, phf posterior part of hypopharnygeal fulturae, phx pharynx, pomd sclerotized part of the pouch near the mandible, pomx sclerotized part of the pouch near the maxilla, tb tendon body, tpo thin part of gnathal pouch, tw tendon wing. Muscle designations are explained in the main text

Fig. 2 in The homology of cephalic muscles and endoskeletal elements between Diplura and Ectognatha (Insecta)

Fig. 2 SEM micrographs of the head of Atlasjapyx. a Lateral view; b Frontal view; c Detail of the antennal and labral base in frontal view; d Detail of the admentum and labrum in frontal view. Abbreviations: adm admentum, ads admental suture, anf antennifer, car circumantennal ridge, cly clypeus, clys clypeolabral suture, ga galea, iar interantennal ridge, lbr

Fig. 10 in The homology of cephalic muscles and endoskeletal elements between Diplura and Ectognatha (Insecta)

Fig. 10 Evolution of endoskeletal elements mapped on a transcriptome based phylogenetic tree of Hexapoda (Misof et al. 2014). Shapes of mouthparts, muscles and endoskeletal elements are shown as simplified models, same forms and colours indicate putative homologous structures. Note that the mouthparts of Protura and Diplura have a prognathous

Fig. 7 in Analysis of major sperm proteins in two nematode species from two classes, Enoplus brevis (Enoplea, Enoplida) and Panagrellus redivivus (Chromadorea, Rhabditida), reveals similar localization, but less homology of protein sequences than expected for Nematoda phylum

Fig. 7 Immunolocalization of MSP in E. brevis sperm. a Immature spermatozoon from male. MSP is diffusely distributed in cytoplasm and concentrated in large granules (scale bar 10 µm). b Spermatozoon recovered from male and partially activated by 10-min incubation in sea water. MSP undergoes transformation resulting in appearance of

Fig. 5 in Analysis of major sperm proteins in two nematode species from two classes, Enoplus brevis (Enoplea, Enoplida) and Panagrellus redivivus (Chromadorea, Rhabditida), reveals similar localization, but less homology of protein sequences than expected for Nematoda phylum

Fig. 5 Western blot analysis of MSP in E. brevis. a MSP has unusual mobility in gel and is found as protein with weight 36–38 kDa. Both male and female samples reveal MSP signal, because the latter include inseminated females. α-Tubulin was used as a loading control (approximate weight 55 kDa). b Peptide competition assay confirms reactivity of anti-MSP antibodies with protein band of 36–38 kDa

Fig. 2 in Analysis of major sperm proteins in two nematode species from two classes, Enoplus brevis (Enoplea, Enoplida) and Panagrellus redivivus (Chromadorea, Rhabditida), reveals similar localization, but less homology of protein sequences than expected for Nematoda phylum

Fig. 2 Western blot analysis of MSP in P. redivivus. In adult animals, MSP is detected as double band with approximate weight 15 and 16 kDa. a Both male and female samples reveal MSP signal, because the latter include mated females. α-Tubulin was used as a loading control (approximate weight 55 kDa). b Analysis of young males and females. MSP is not detected in females, because most of them are unmated. Abbreviations: m, males; f, females

Fig. 3 in Analysis of major sperm proteins in two nematode species from two classes, Enoplus brevis (Enoplea, Enoplida) and Panagrellus redivivus (Chromadorea, Rhabditida), reveals similar localization, but less homology of protein sequences than expected for Nematoda phylum

Fig. 3 Schematic representation of P. redivivus spermatozoa based on transmission electron microscopy. a Morphology of immature and mature spermatozoa. Immature spermatozoon is an unpolarized cell with nucleus devoid of nuclear envelope, mitochondria, and membranous organelles. Mature spermatozoon in female reproductive system is a bipolar cell with anterior pseudopodium and posterior main cell body containing chromatin, mitochondria, and membranous organelles that attached to cell membrane and open to the exterior via pores. Reproduced from Zograf (2014) with the permission from copyright holder (Russian Journal of Nematology). b Chain of conjugated mature spermatozoa in female reproductive system. Abbreviations: N, nucleus; mt, mitochondria; mo, membranous organelles; ch, nuclear chromatin; ps, pseudopodium; mcb, mail cell body

Fig. 1 in Analysis of major sperm proteins in two nematode species from two classes, Enoplus brevis (Enoplea, Enoplida) and Panagrellus redivivus (Chromadorea, Rhabditida), reveals similar localization, but less homology of protein sequences than expected for Nematoda phylum

Fig. 1 Phylogeny of nematodes and MSP-based sperm motility. Phylogenetic relationships within phylum Nematoda derived primarily from SSU rDNA sequence data are given according to De Ley and Blaxter (2002). Suborders of the order Rhabditida, in which representatives highly homologous MSPs are found at DNA, RNA, or protein levels, are marked by underlining. Taxa whose species used in this study are marked with asterisks. Orders Trefusi- ida, Isolaimida, Dioctophyma- tida, Muspiceida, Marimermith- ida, and Desmoscolecida are not shown in this tree

Fig. 8 in Analysis of major sperm proteins in two nematode species from two classes, Enoplus brevis (Enoplea, Enoplida) and Panagrellus redivivus (Chromadorea, Rhabditida), reveals similar localization, but less homology of protein sequences than expected for Nematoda phylum

Fig. 8 Putative MSPs those are most similar to peptide antigen. a P. redivivus MSPs aligned with peptide antigen. Protein sequences (Pan_g61.t1, Pan_g6018.t1, Pan_g6424.t1, Pan_g9068.t1, Pan_ g19433.t1, and Pan_g21178.t1) were found by Blast using peptide

Fig. 4 in Analysis of major sperm proteins in two nematode species from two classes, Enoplus brevis (Enoplea, Enoplida) and Panagrellus redivivus (Chromadorea, Rhabditida), reveals similar localization, but less homology of protein sequences than expected for Nematoda phylum

Fig. 4 Immunolocalization of MSP in P. redivivus sperm. a Immature spermatozoa extracted from male. MSP localizes in granules. In some cells, MSP has strongest signals in the periphery (arrowheads) (scale bar 10 µm). b Chain of mature spermatozoa extracted from female.