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Slower environmental cycles maintain greater life-history variation within populations
<p>Populations in nature are comprised of individual life histories, whose variation underpins ecological and evolutionary processes. Yet the forces of environmental selection that shape intrapopulation life-history variation are still not well understood, and efforts have largely focused on random (stochastic) fluctuations of the environment. However, a ubiquitous mode of environmental fluctuation in nature is cyclical, whose periodicities can change independently of stochasticity. Here we test theoretically-based hypotheses for whether shortened ('Fast') or lengthened ('Slow') environmental cycles should generate higher intrapopulation variation of life history phenotypes. We show, through a combination of individual-based modelling and a multi-generational laboratory selection experiment using the tidepool copepod Tigriopus californicus, that slower environmental cycles maintain higher levels of intrapopulation variation. Surprisingly, the effect of environmental periodicity on variation was much stronger than that of stochasticity. Thus, our results show that periodicity is an important facet of fluctuating environments for life-history variation.</p>
Figure 1 in Mosquitofish life history in a Mediterranean wetland
Figure 1. Size–frequency diagrams for both mosquitofish sexes (by month) (white, females; black, reproductive females; grey, males).
Figure 2 in Fly parasitism in Papuan frogs, with a discussion of ecological factors influencing evolution of life-history differences
Figure 2. Regressions of weight versus snout–vent length (SV) for male Rana supragrisea. Larger frogs infested with fly larvae (closed squares, dashed line) exhibit lower weights compared to uninfested frogs (open circles, solid line), but this difference in regressions is determined solely by the largest infested specimen.
Figure 1 in Social behaviour and life history of membracine treehoppers
Figure 1. Social behaviour and life history characteristics of treehoppers. (A) Egg-guarding behaviour of Guayaquila (Aconophorini), eggs are deposited on the surface of the stem and covered by accessory secretion, Volcan, Panama, 2000; (B) a nymphal aggregation of Metcalfiella nigrihumera (Hoplophorionini) guarded by a
Figure 2 in Female life-history characteristics of the Mosor rock lizard, Dinarolacerta mosorensis (Kolombatović, 1886) from Montenegro (Squamata: Lacertidae)
Figure 2. The relationships between clutch size and maternal SVL of Dinarolacerta mosorensis from the three different populations.
Figure 1 in Female life-history characteristics of the Mosor rock lizard, Dinarolacerta mosorensis (Kolombatović, 1886) from Montenegro (Squamata: Lacertidae)
Figure 1. The relationship between age and female SVL of Dinarolacerta mosorensis from the Lovćen population.
Fig. 5 in Life history and description of the larva of Acrotaeniostola spiralis (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), an Oriental fruit fly inhabiting bamboo twigs
Fig. 5. Anterior spiracle and caudal segment showing the posterior spiracle, anus and the locations of the sensilla of A. spiralis (SEM photographs). A, Anterior spiracle; B, Creeping welt of first abdominal segment; C, Creeping welt of the fifth abdominal segment; D, Part of the creeping welt of the caudal segment showing two openings; E, Caudal segment; F, Anal lobe. Abbreviations: ads = anteriorly directed spinules, an = anal lobe, D1 = dorsal sensillum 1, D2 = dorsal sensillum 2, es = ecdysial scar, g = gap, I1a = intermediate sensillum 1a, I1b = intermediate sensillum 1b, I2 = intermediate sensillum 2, I3 = intermediate sensillum 3, L = lateral sensillum, pds = posteriorly directed spinules, psp = posterior spiracle, sh = spiracular hairs, ss = small spinules, V1= ventral sensillum 1, V2 = ventral sensillum 2, V3 = ventral sensillum 3.
Fig. 1 in Life history and description of the larva of Acrotaeniostola spiralis (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), an Oriental fruit fly inhabiting bamboo twigs
Fig. 1. Acrotaeniostola spiralis, habitat and biological traits. A, Bamboo stand of the host plant of A. spiralis, Pseudoxytenanthera albociliata, in northern Thailand in November. Note the emerging bamboo shoots; B, Female on the underside of a bamboo leaf near the apex of a twig of P. albociliata; C, Female imbibing water; D, Female ovipositing under the margin of a rolled apical leaf located at the apex of a bamboo twig. Inset: A twig infested by A. spiralis can be recognised by the yellow colour of the rolled up apical leaf (arrow); E, The oblong, yellow larva of A. spiralis. Inset: Larva sticking out the rolled up apical leaf, after being pulled out of the apical sheath. Note the feeding marks and the posterior spiracles (= psp) at the caudal end of the abdomen.
Fig. 4 in Life history and description of the larva of Acrotaeniostola spiralis (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), an Oriental fruit fly inhabiting bamboo twigs
Fig. 4. Pseudocephalon and first thoracic segment of the larva of A. spiralis (SEM photographs). A, Pseudocephalon and first thoracic segment, ventral view; B, Pseudocephalon, frontoventral view, showing two types of facial masks on the same individual; C, Pseudocephalon and part of the first thoracic segment, lateral view; D, Antennae and maxillary palpus; E, Area surrounding the mouth opening showing the preoral organ, facial mask and the mouth hook (tips broken off); F, Labial lobe. Abbreviations: ant = antenna, asp = anterior spiracle, dlg = dorsolateral group of sensilla, fm = facial mask, ko = keilin´s organ, lal = labial lobe, la org = labial organ (arrow pointing to left opening), max org = maxillary organ, mh = mouth hook, m or lb = median oral lobe, mp = maxillary palp, p ceph = pseudocephalon, pap-s = papilla-sensilla, pit-s = pit-sensilla, pror org = preoral organ, T1 = first thoracic segment.
Fig. 2 in Life history and description of the larva of Acrotaeniostola spiralis (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), an Oriental fruit fly inhabiting bamboo twigs
Fig. 2. Schematic illustration of a bamboo twig of Pseudoxytenanthera albociliata showing the egg-laying and larval feeding site of A. spiralis. A, Intact apex of a bamboo twig; B, Visible sheaths of a bamboo twig removed and placed beside the stem in order to show their insertion locations and their degree of overlapping (leaf blades omitted). Bold arrows symbolise the penetration of the larva through the folds of the leaf towards the growing point of the bamboo branch. The larval feeding area is highlighted in grey; C, Cross-section of a rolled up apical leaf showing the location of an A. spiralis egg; D, Apical part of a bamboo twig hanging down from a bamboo stem showing the location of the feeding area of A. spiralis.
Fig. 3 in Life history and description of the larva of Acrotaeniostola spiralis (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae: Gastrozonini), an Oriental fruit fly inhabiting bamboo twigs
Fig. 3. Cephalopharyngeal skeleton, posterior spiracle, larval habitus (light microscopy) and sensillae on thoracic and first abdominal segments (SEM microscopy) of A. spiralis. A, Cephalopharyngeal skeleton in lateral view; B, Schematic illustration of the location of sensillae distributed on thoracic and abdominal segments; C, Larval habitus, length about 8–10 mm; D, Posterior spiracle. Abbreviations: A1–A7 = abdominal segments, asp = anterior spiracle, as = anterior sclerite, at = apical tooth, b = bulge, CS = caudal segment, c = cleft, cw = creeping welt, da = dorsal apodeme, db = dorsal bridge, dc = dorsal cornu, ec = ecdysial scar, hb = hypopharyngeal bridge, hs = hypopharyngeal sclerite, ko = keilin's organ, ls = labial sclerite, mh = mouth hook, n = neck, pb = parastomal bar, pap-s = papilla-sensillum, p ceph = pseudocephalon, peg-s = peg-sensillum, perit = peritreme, pit-s = pit-sensillum, ps = pharyngeal sclerite, pt = praeapical tooth, ri = rima, sc = spiracular chamber, sh = spiracular hairs, sp = (rudimentary) spiracle, tp = tentoreal phragma, T1–T3 = thoracic segments, va = ventral apodeme, vb = ventral bridge, vc = ventral cornu.
Fig. 1 in Notes on the life history of Harpactes whiteheadi (Aves: Trogonidae), with a description of the juvenile plumage
Fig. 1. Juvenile female Harpactes whiteheadi: A, ventral; B, dorsal; and C, pin feathers on underwing (Photograph by: Vivien L. Chua).
Fig. 8 in Ecology and life history of an Amazon floodplain cichlid: the discus fish Symphysodon (Perciformes: Cichlidae)
Fig. 8. Length vs. weight plots for male and female Symphysodon haraldi from a single colony in Uxi Bay, lago Amanã.
Fig. 12 in Ecology and life history of an Amazon floodplain cichlid: the discus fish Symphysodon (Perciformes: Cichlidae)
Fig. 12. Histogram showing size distribution of n = 1271 ovules from a pre-spawning (stage 4) female Symphysodon haraldi. Column bin-intervals are 0.05 mm.
Fig. 9 in Ecology and life history of an Amazon floodplain cichlid: the discus fish Symphysodon (Perciformes: Cichlidae)
Fig. 9. Frequency distribution of the size of Symphysodon haraldi from a single large colony in Uxi Bay, lago Amanã. Column bin-intervals are 3 mm. See Fig. 2 for the timing of sampling in (a) 1998 and (b) 1997. Specimens parasitized with Braga cichlae are excluded. Major modes in the multi-modal distribution of SL are marked with dotted lines and labeled as putative cohort groups (0, 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3, 4) (refer to Fig. 2). Arrows on the x-axis mark the maximum known size of females. X refers to a male specimen marked and released on 20 December 1997 (X1), and recaptured (X2) on 16 November 1998. The overlapping shaded histogram for the 1998 data refers to seven discus captured in adjacent shore scrub. The histograms distributions marked by the beginnings and ends of the dotted triangles for 1a, 1b, and 2 in 1998, and 2a, 2b and 3 in 1997 fit normal distributions (p <0.01, one sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests).
Fig. 6 in Ecology and life history of an Amazon floodplain cichlid: the discus fish Symphysodon (Perciformes: Cichlidae)
Fig. 6. Shoreline distance dispersed by 104 tagged Symphysodon haraldi over a 7-9 day period in Uxi Bay, lago Amanã subsequent to release at their original capture site. Each bar represents a 5 m distance range.
Fig. 5 in Ecology and life history of an Amazon floodplain cichlid: the discus fish Symphysodon (Perciformes: Cichlidae)
Fig. 5. Seasonal changes in the proportional composition of food items within stomachs of Symphysodon haraldi from blackwater habitats of the Tefé region. Calculations of mean food item contribution excluded specimens with empty stom- achs. Error bars (displayed above bars) refer to one standard deviation from mean. Algae = periphyton identified as a mass of bright green filamentous structures. FOD = Fine organic detritus. GPM = green plant (macrophytes) matter – apparently mostly small triturated pieces of leaves. Periphyton, FOD and GPM were difficult to separate volumetrically, and are there- fore combined into a single category. GPM represented only a small portion of the volume of this category (perhaps less than 15%). COD = Coarse organic detritus – mainly pieces of wood and bark.
Fig. 11 in Ecology and life history of an Amazon floodplain cichlid: the discus fish Symphysodon (Perciformes: Cichlidae)
Fig. 11. Reproductive status and sex of putative (a) 1+ and (b) 2+ cohort members Symphysodon haraldi from a single large discus colony in Uxi Bay, lago Amanã, 1998. Only specimens that were dissected for sex determination are included. The single 1+ specimen with a stage 4 gonad is illustrated in Fig. 12c.
Fig. 1. NASDA JERS-1 in Ecology and life history of an Amazon floodplain cichlid: the discus fish Symphysodon (Perciformes: Cichlidae)
Fig. 1. NASDA JERS-1 radar image of the Tefé region, Brazil: (a) high water (May 1995); (b) low water (September 1995). Flooded forests appear white, illustrating the maximum extent of the seasonal flooding. The area between the dotted lines is whitewater floodplain. R. Solimões is the local name for the Amazon River. Discus occur in the following habitats: 1, blackwater flooded forest (igapó), 2, blackwater lakes, 3, whitewater flooded forest, 4, whitewater floodplain lakes. Study are marked A (Uxi Bay) and B (lago Urini). Inset (c) shows Uxi Bay from Landsat TM-5 image, 1998. Here, the white dot represents the locality of a large discus colony and the line X-Y refer to the cross-sectional schematic (d). In (d) the dotted horizontal line represents the water level at the beginning of 1998 samples. The 4 m water-level (see also Fig. 2) marks the lower levels of shore scrub growing on beaches and sand bars. Shore scrub is dominated by Coccoloba ovata Benth. and Symmeria paniculata Benth. (Polygonaceae).
Fig. 4 in Life-history of the South American darter, Characidium pterostictum (Crenuchidae): evidence for small scale spatial variation in a piedmont stream
Fig. 4. Seasonal variation in proportion (%) of maturity stages for Characidium pterostictum at Lajeado river (southern Brazil). Values for PA and PB were pooled.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.