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opencc-zeroSep 2021View details →

Effects of dominance and female presence on secondary sexual characteristics in male tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella)

Alpha status may lead to physiological changes that enhance secondary sexual characteristics, which may serve as competitive signals to conspecific males, sexual signals to females, or possibly a combination of both. Here we report measurements of secondary sexual characteristics in captive dominant and subordinate male tufted capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella) with varying access to females. An adult male (who had previously been subordinate while housed with other males) was paired with an adult female, and then this male-female pair was introduced into a room that housed three other male-male pairs with stable hierarchy arrangements. We analyzed weight, body measurements, facial photographs, and hair cortisol before, during, and after introducing a female into the room. While there were no differences in weight or measurements between alphas and subordinates without physical access to the female prior to or during the female's presence, we found that direct access to the female resulted in dramatic changes in facial appearance, body size, and testicular volume in the male who was paired with her. Overall, we found little evidence to suggest that alpha males advertise their status within all male groups via sexual secondary characteristics. However, direct physical access to females appears to trigger the development of such characteristics in alpha males. It remains of continued interest to identify the endocrine mechanisms responsible for the development, and possible loss, of secondary sexual characteristics.

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

Data for: Multiple antipredator behaviors in red-tailed monkeys reveal spatially distinct landscapes of fear

Foraging opportunity and predation risk act as opposing influences on an animal's habitat use. "Landscapes of fear" (LOF), whereby one predicts the spatial distribution of predators or perceived predator presence using prey responses, are an important tool for modeling this conflict. LOF models examining perceived predation risk are often generated using a single behavioral metric, even though individuals can respond to predation pressure with multiple potential behaviors. Here, we expanded traditional LOF approaches by measuring three antipredator behaviors in wild red-tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius): aggregation, alarm calling, and vigilance. We predicted that each behavior would reveal spatially explicit regions of high risk, as each behavior may attend to different aspects of perceived predation risk. The use of different behaviors may depend upon factors such as vegetation type, age/sex class of an individual, and which other antipredator behaviors are being exhibited by group members. We collected data on two troops of monkeys in the Issa Valley, Tanzania for over 19 months and conducted 3,189 group follows. We found that vegetation type varied in its effect on antipredator behavior. Monkeys conducted more antipredator behavior in more open vegetation types compared to more closed, riparian forests. The LOF models generated for each behavior mapped distinct and predominantly non-overlapping spatial regions of perceived predation risk, which was replicated across the two groups. This suggested that monkeys responded differently across their home range to specific perceived risks. Such spatially explicit behavior may indicate vegetation-specific predation risk or unique trade-offs in antipredator behavior throughout a heterogenous habitat.

Fig. 4 in Solitary Ethiopian wolves increase predation success on rodents when among grazing gelada monkey herds

Fig. 4.—Stacked barplot depicting proportions of successful and unsuccessful predation attempts by Ethiopian wolves (Canis simensis) on rodents observed during July and August 2011. Wolves had more successful attempts catching rodents in the presence of geladas (16/24 = 66.7%) than when alone (15/61 = 25%). White numbers represent counts.

Fig. 2 in Solitary Ethiopian wolves increase predation success on rodents when among grazing gelada monkey herds

Fig. 2.—Histogram of encounter times between Ethiopian wolves (Canis simensis) and geladas (Theropithecus gelada) from January 2007 to April 2008. Encounters peaked during the mid-day (X = 1328 h) and coincide with the peak aboveground activity of rodents and the foraging activity of geladas and Ethiopian wolves.

Fig. 1.—A in Solitary Ethiopian wolves increase predation success on rodents when among grazing gelada monkey herds

Fig. 1.—A) An Afroalpine rodent among geladas (Theropithecus gelada); B and C) Ethiopian wolves (Canis simensis) foraging for rodents among geladas; and D) an Ethiopian wolf successfully captures a rodent while among geladas (photograph in c reproduced with permission from Malcolm Ramsay).

Fig. 3 in Solitary Ethiopian wolves increase predation success on rodents when among grazing gelada monkey herds

Fig. 3.—Monthly counts of encounters between Ethiopian wolves (Canis simensis) and geladas (Theropithecus gelada) from April 2007 to April 2008. Data were adjusted for observation days per month and September 2007 was excluded due to low sample size.

opencc-zeroMay 2023View details →

Data for: Interspecific interactions between gray woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha cana) and nine syntopic primate species

Assemblage structure and acquisition of high-value resources will usually be affected by changes in resource availability and differential competitive abilities of assemblage members. In fragmented habitats where carrying capacity limits are exceeded due to high population densities and biomass, interspecific interactions can be expected to occur at a high frequency, potentially turning into an important cost for coexistence. We studied assemblage- and guild-level patterns of interspecific interactions in two highly diverse isolated primate assemblages in southern Amazonia. Specifically, we assessed the effects of temporal variation in fruit availability on the rates of interspecific interactions between gray woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha cana), one of the largest tree-dwelling mammals of the Amazon forests, and nine syntopic primate species. This dataset includes the rates of interactions at the guild-level and assemblage-level, as well as the rates of interactions with each individual species. Additionally, the dataset provides estimations of fruit availability at both study sites.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2023View details →

[dataset] Behavioral expression of father-daughter bonds affects sociality and responsiveness to oxytocin and vasopressin treatments in captive juvenile female titi monkeys (Plecturocebus cupreus)

[dataset] Social bonds influence physiology and behavior, which can shape how individuals respond to physical and affective challenges. Coppery titi monkey (Plecturocebus cupreus) offspring form selective bonds with their fathers, making them ideal for investigating how father-daughter bonds influence juveniles’ responses to oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (AVP) manipulations. We quantified expression of father-daughter bond-related behaviors in females (n = 10) and gave acute intranasal treatments of saline, low/medium/high OT, low/high AVP, or OT receptor antagonist (OTA) to subjects prior to a parent preference test. While females spent more time in proximity to their parents than strangers, we found a large degree of individual variation. Females with greater expression of bonding behaviors responded to OT treatments in a dose-dependent manner. Subjects also spent less time in proximity to strangers when treated with High OT (p = 0.003) and Low OT (p = 0.007), but more time when treated with High AVP (p = 0.007), Low AVP (p = 0.009), and OTA (p = 0.001). Findings from the present study suggest variation in expression of bond-related behaviors may alter responsiveness to OT and AVP, increasing engagement with unfamiliar social others. This enhanced sociality with strangers may promote formation of pair bonds with partners.

opencc-byMar 2020View details →

Monkey Beach Pot Shard Cleaned 2

March 14th 2020 extra low tide Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab

opencc-by-nc-sa-2.0Jul 2021View details →

Monkey with Gun

Street art by [Lucuna](http://lacuna.blogsport.eu/) --- This is part of the [Berlin 3D Virtual Tour](https://urban-photogrammetry.org/berlin/ed4594ba5aed425e8d5d7ecba3bfde5c). --- Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab