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FIG. 3 in Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae) of the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park, Spain: occurrence in the MSS of a siliceous landscape

FIG. 3. — Distribution of Choleva (Cholevopsis) punctata Brisout, 1866 in the MSS of the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park. Legends and symbols: ● subterranean sampling devices (SSDs); Δ, talus pitfall traps (TSP); ● and presence of C. (C.) punctata. The combination of the different manifestations of the aedeagus with the different morphologies of the metatrochanter is shown for each SSD following the classification of Figs 6; 7.

FIG. 9 in Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae) of the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park, Spain: occurrence in the MSS of a siliceous landscape

FIG. 9. — Female genitalia of Choleva (Cholevopsis) punctata Brisout, 1866: A, left lateral vision; B dorsal vision without IX ltg and IX mtg; C, dorsal vision with complete genital shield; D, ventral vision; E, detail of the female genital armor. Scale bars: A, D, 0.5 mm; E, 0.2 mm. Abbreviations: see Material and methods. The abbreviations associated with the genital shield are those used by Deuve (1993).

FIG. 8 in Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae) of the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park, Spain: occurrence in the MSS of a siliceous landscape

FIG. 8. — The morphological diversity of the Choleva (Cholevopsis) punctata Brisout, 1866 metatrochanter from Sierra de Guadarrama: A-F, external spiny angle (hollow arrow with continuous contour), inner spiny angle (hollow arrow with discontinuous contour), and medial spine (solid arrow). Scale bar: 1 mm.

FIG. 7 in Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae) of the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park, Spain: occurrence in the MSS of a siliceous landscape

FIG. 7. — Different states of evagination of the inner sac with respect to the median lobe of the aedeagus of Choleva (Cholevopsis) punctata Brisout, 1866. Categorized in columns (I-IV states) and in rows. Abbreviations: lat, lateral view; v, ventral view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIG. 1 in Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae) of the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park, Spain: occurrence in the MSS of a siliceous landscape

FIG. 1. — Locations of the 33 scree slopes and four talus that were sampled in the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park and in the surrounding area. Symbols: ●, subterranean sampling devices (SSDs); ∆, talus pitfall traps (TSPs).

FIG. 2 in Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae) of the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park, Spain: occurrence in the MSS of a siliceous landscape

FIG. 2. — Sampled habitats and sampling devices: A, a typical scree slope; B, placement of a subterranean sampling device (SSD); C, a talus on a scree slope; D, placement of a talus slope pitfall traps (TSP).

FIG. 5 in Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae) of the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park, Spain: occurrence in the MSS of a siliceous landscape

FIG. 5. — Habitus of Cholevinae Kirby, 1837 species captured in this study: A, Speonemadus angusticollis (Kraatz, 1870); B, Speonemadus clathratus (Perris, 1864); C, Speonemadus vandalitiae (Heyden, 1870); D, Attumbra josephinae josephinae (Saulcy, 1862); E, Catops fuliginosus Erichson, 1837; F, Catops fuscus fuscus (Panzer, 1794); G, Catopsimorphus (Attiscurra) marqueti Fairmaire, 1857; H, Catopsimorphus (Weiratherella) rougeti Saulcy, 1864; I, Choleva (Choleva) cisteloides (Frolich, 1799); J, Choleva (Cholevopsis) punctata Brisout, 1866; K, Sciodrepoides watsoni watsoni (Spence, 1815); L, Ptomaphagus (Ptomaphagus) tenuicornis tenuicornis (Rosenhauer, 1856). Scale bars: 1 mm.

FIG. 4 in Cholevinae (Coleoptera: Leiodidae) of the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park, Spain: occurrence in the MSS of a siliceous landscape

FIG. 4. — Species accumulation curves for the complete inventory of the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park: A, sample-based species accumulation curve using the subterranean sampling devices (SSDs) as effort units (empty circles); 95% confidence interval as grey bands, and Chao2 curve (stripped line); B, nonparametric richness estimators.

FIG. 5 in Mud lobster Thalassina Latreille, 1806 (Decapoda: Gebiidea: Thalassinidae), its Cenozoic occurrences in Italy and palaeobiogeography

FIG. 5. — Disputed fossil occurrences of Thalassina Latreille, 1806 (see the text for more details): A, Thalassina grandidactylus Robineau-Desvoidy, 1849 from the 'Neocomian' of France (refigured from Robineau-Desvoidy 1849: pl. 5, fig. 16); B, Thalassina sp. from the Pliocene of Italy (refigured from Ristori 1891: pl. 1, fig. 16); C, Thalassina sp. from the Pliocene of Italy (refigured from Ristori 1891: pl. 1, fig. 17).

FIG. 3 in Mud lobster Thalassina Latreille, 1806 (Decapoda: Gebiidea: Thalassinidae), its Cenozoic occurrences in Italy and palaeobiogeography

FIG. 3. — Thalassina sp. from the lower Oligocene of Salcedo, Italy, MCZ.4516-I.G.367044: A, flattened, almost complete specimen in natural light; B, interpretative drawing. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 2 in Mud lobster Thalassina Latreille, 1806 (Decapoda: Gebiidea: Thalassinidae), its Cenozoic occurrences in Italy and palaeobiogeography

FIG. 2. — The study area of Salcedo, Italy. Exposed lower Oligocene strata are shown in yellow. The locality with Thalassina sp. is indicated with an asterisk (*).

FIG. 1 in Mud lobster Thalassina Latreille, 1806 (Decapoda: Gebiidea: Thalassinidae), its Cenozoic occurrences in Italy and palaeobiogeography

FIG. 1. — Body plan of Thalassina as exemplified on extant T. anomala (Herbst, 1804): A, lateral view; B, dorsal view; C, closer view on pereiopod 1. Photo: A. De Angeli). Scale bar: 10 mm.

FIG. 4 in Mud lobster Thalassina Latreille, 1806 (Decapoda: Gebiidea: Thalassinidae), its Cenozoic occurrences in Italy and palaeobiogeography

FIG. 4. — Thalassina sp. from the lower Oligocene of Salcedo, Italy, MSNM i 13569: A, articulated cheliped consisting of merus, carpus, propodus and dactylus; B, interpretive drawing of the cheliped; C, detailed view on the chela showing a faint carina (indicated with arrows); D, detailed view on the chela showing two rows of tubercles (indicated with arrows). Scale bars: 5 mm.

FIG. 3 in First occurrences of Palaeogale von Meyer, 1846 in the Pacific Northwest, United States

FIG. 3. — Dentaries of Palaeogale dorothiae MacDonald, 1963: A, lingual view (JODA 6177); B, occlusal view (JODA 6177); C, buccal view (JODA 6177); D, lingual view (JODA 5893); E, occlusal view (JODA 5893); F, buccal view (JODA 5893). Scale bars: 1 cm.

FIG. 2 in First occurrences of Palaeogale von Meyer, 1846 in the Pacific Northwest, United States

FIG. 2. — Skull of Palaeogale sp. (JODA 13221): A, dorsal view; B, ventral view; C, left lateral view; D, right lateral view. Scale bars: 1 cm.

FIG. 1 in First occurrences of Palaeogale von Meyer, 1846 in the Pacific Northwest, United States

FIG. 1. — Map of distributions of North American Palaeogale von Meyer, 1846 specimens both published and from museum records. Localities are colour coded by North American Land Mammal Age. Black shaded area represents Oregon. Distribution data downloaded from Paleobiology Database (https://paleobiodb. org/) and iDigBio (https://www.idigbio.org/) on 23 April 2020. The Texas occurrence is reported in Albright (1996).

FIG. 4 in First occurrences of Palaeogale von Meyer, 1846 in the Pacific Northwest, United States

FIG. 4. — Bivariate plot of anterior-posterior length (APL) and transverse width (TW) of Palaeogale carnassials: A, upper fourth premolar (P4); B, lower first molar (m1). Points are colour coded by species and labelled with their specimen numbers. All measurements are in mm and can be found in Tables 1 and 2.

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Temporal trends in the spatial bias of species occurrence records

Large-scale biodiversity databases have great potential for quantifying long-term trends of species, but they also bring many methodological challenges. Spatial bias of species occurrence records is well recognized. Yet, the dynamic nature of this spatial bias - how spatial bias has changed over time - has been largely overlooked. We examined the spatial sampling bias of species occurrence records within multiple biodiversity databases in Germany and tested whether spatial bias in relation to land cover or land use (urban and protected areas) has changed over time. We focused our analyses on urban and protected areas as these represent two well-known correlates of sampling bias in biodiversity datasets. We found that the proportion of annual records from urban areas has increased over time while the proportion of annual records within protected areas has not consistently changed. Using simulations, we examined the implications of this changing sampling bias for estimation of long-term trends of species' distributions. When assessing biodiversity change, our findings suggest that the effects of spatial bias depend on how it affects sampling of the underlying land-use change drivers affecting species. Oversampling of regions undergoing the greatest degree of change, for instance near human settlements, might lead to overestimation of the trends of specialist species. For robust estimation of the long-term trends in species' distributions, analyses using species occurrence records may need to consider not only spatial bias, but also changes in the strength of spatial bias through time.

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Reef effect of offshore structures on the occurrence and foraging activity of harbour porpoises

With increasing numbers of offshore structures to be decommissioned, a better understanding of their effect on marine predators is timely. There is some evidence that oil and gas platforms may attract marine mammals acting as artificial reefs. However, it is unclear whether different man-made structure designs have similar effects. Further, due to the lack of baseline data prior to installation, it is unknown whether artificial structures modify the diel patterns of occurrence and foraging behaviour of marine mammals. Here, we used passive acoustics to investigate the occurrence and foraging activity of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) around three artificial structures of different age and complexity. We deployed an array of echolocation click detectors (CPODs) in 2021, along a gradient of distances to these structures and assessed the extent to which porpoises were attracted to them. We also investigated the effect of these structures on the diel patterns of occurrence and foraging activity of porpoises. The probability of porpoise occurrence and foraging activity decreased with distance from offshore structures. A significant increase in porpoise occurrence and foraging was detected during night-time compared to daytime around all three offshore structures (< 200 m). Comparing pre- and post-installation porpoise detections, the daily patterns of occurrence and foraging activity shifted from a weak <a>diel</a> pattern before the structure was installed, to a strong nocturnal pattern when the structure was present. These findings provide evidence that marine mammals are attracted to man-made structures and that porpoises modify their diel patterns of occurrence and foraging activity around them. This research suggests that offshore structures play an important role as foraging areas for marine mammals and provides key information for the decommissioning process.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →