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opencc-by-4.0Nov 2016View details →

Figs 48–55 in Determination of sexual dimorphism in the puparia of four whitefly pest species from India (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Figs 48–55. Scatter plots generated through PCA using ratios of puparium morphometric characters and differentiating sexes. 48, 49 – Aleyrodes sp.; 50, 51 – Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889); 52, 53 – Dialeurodes delhiensis Dialeurodes delhiensis David & Sundararaj, 1992; 54, 55 – Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood, 1856.

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

Genome and transcriptome analysis of the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua reveals targets for pest control

The genus Spodoptera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) includes some of the most infamous insect pests of cultivated plants including Spodoptera frugiperda, Spodoptera litura and Spodoptera exigua. To effectively develop targeted pest control strategies for diverse Spodoptera species, genomic resources are highly desired. To this aim, we provide the genome assembly and developmental transcriptome comprising all major life stages of S. exigua, the beet armyworm. Spodoptera exigua is a polyphagous herbivore that can feed from > 130 host plants including several economically important crops. The 419 Mb beet armyworm genome was sequenced from a female S. exigua pupa. Using a hybrid genome sequencing approach (Nanopore long read data and Illumina short read), a high-quality genome assembly was achieved (N50=1.1 Mb). An official gene set (OGS, 18,477 transcripts) was generated by automatic annotation and by using transcriptomic RNA-seq data sets of 18 S. exigua samples as supporting evidence. In-depth analyses of developmental stage-specific expression in combination with gene tree analyses of identified homologous genes across Lepidoptera genomes revealed four potential genes of interest (three of them Spodoptera-specific) upregulated during 1st and 3rd instar larval stages for targeted pest-outbreak management. The beet armyworm genome sequence and developmental transcriptome covering all major developmental stages provides critical insights into the biology of this devastating polyphagous insect pest species with a worldwide distribution. In addition, comparative genomic analyses across Lepidoptera significantly advance our knowledge to further control other invasive Spodoptera species and reveals potential lineage-specific target genes for pest control strategies.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2014View details →

Fig. 2 in Community structure of termites in a hill dipterocarp forest of Belum- Temengor Forest Complex, Malaysia: emergence of pest species

Fig. 2. The composition of termite assemblages in the natural forest and disturbed forest areas of the Belum–Temengor Forest Complex.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2014View details →

Fig. 1 in Community structure of termites in a hill dipterocarp forest of Belum- Temengor Forest Complex, Malaysia: emergence of pest species

Fig. 1. Map of Belum–Temengor Forest Complex and location of study sites. Sites: SK = Sungai [=River] Kejar; SM = Sungai Mes; ST = Sungai Telang; SG = Sungai Gadong; SKJBC = Sungai Kejar Base Camp; SKNBC = Sungai Kenarong Base Camp; PB = Pulau [=Island] Bendong; PP = Pulau Pertanian.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2014View details →

Fig. 3 in Community structure of termites in a hill dipterocarp forest of Belum- Temengor Forest Complex, Malaysia: emergence of pest species

Fig. 3. The different compositions of termite feeding groups in natural forest and disturbed forest areas within the Belum–Temengor Forest Complex.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2010View details →

Figure 1-4. Megacopta cribraria. 1 in Occurrence of the Old World bug Megacopta cribraria (Fabricius) (Heteroptera: Plataspidae) in Georgia: a serious home invader and potential legume pest

Figure 1-4. Megacopta cribraria. 1) Male, dorsal view. 2) Female, ventral view. 3) Male, ventral view. 4) Fifth instar nymph, dorsal view. Dimensional line equals 1.0 mm.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

Rapid and transient evolution of local adaptation to seasonal host fruits in an invasive pest fly

Both local adaptation and adaptive phenotypic plasticity can influence the match between phenotypic traits and local environmental conditions. Theory predicts that environments stable for multiple generations promote local adaptation, while highly heterogeneous environments favor adaptive phenotypic plasticity. However, when environments have periods of stability mixed with heterogeneity, the relative importance of local adaptation and adaptive phenotypic plasticity is unclear. Here, we used Drosophila suzukii as a model system to evaluate the relative influence of genetic and plastic effects on the match of populations to environments with periods of stability from three to four generations. This invasive pest insect can develop within different fruits, and persists throughout the year in a given location on a succession of distinct host fruits, each one being available for only a few generations. Using reciprocal common environment experiments of natural D. suzukii populations collected from cherry, strawberry and blackberry, we found that both oviposition preference and offspring performance were higher on medium made with the fruit from which the population originated, than on media made with alternative fruits. This pattern, which remained after two generations in the laboratory, was analyzed using a statistical method we developed to quantify the contributions of local adaptation and adaptive plasticity in determining fitness. Altogether, we found that genetic effects (local adaptation) dominate over plastic effects (adaptive phenotypic plasticity). Our study demonstrates that spatially and temporally variable selection does not prevent the rapid evolution of local adaptation in natural populations. The speed and strength of adaptation may be facilitated by several mechanisms including a large effective population size and strong selective pressures imposed by host plants.

opencc-zeroNov 2022View details →

Data from: Earlier flowering of winter oilseed rape compensates for higher pest pressure in warmer climates

Pest abundance and timing of migration relative to the vulnerable crop stage influence the severity of crop damage and yield loss to insect pests in oilseed rape (OSR). Both abundance and timing are influenced by landscape composition, changes therein due to crop rotation, and temperature. The need for sustainable and temperature-adapted management strategies of OSR pests due to the environmental harm of current conventional practices and global warming calls for a better understanding of the combined effects of landscape composition and temperature on pest abundances, larval parasitism, crop damage and yield, but also of the role of crop phenology for crop damage and yield under field conditions. Here, 29 winter OSR crops were studied along a multi-annual mean temperature gradient (MAT, 1981–2010) in Bavaria, Germany. We measured pest abundances (pollen beetles, stem weevils), crop damage (bud loss, stem tunnelling), pollen beetle larval parasitism and crop yield and calculated Julian dates of flowering from biweekly observations of growth stages. Pest abundances and parasitism were analysed with regard to MAT and landscape parameters at six scales (non-crop habitat and OSR area, change in the proportion of OSR area relative to the previous year; 0.6 km, and 1–5 km in 1-km steps), while analysis of crop damage and yield also included Julian date of flowering. Pollen beetle abundance was increased under higher MAT, but less strongly when OSR proportions were high (1-km scale) and not strongly reduced relative to the previous year (5-km scale), while pollen beetle larval parasitism was overall low but exceeded 30% (considered as threshold for effective natural control) occasionally under both low and high MAT. In contrast to abundance of adult pollen beetles, stem weevil larval abundance – as well as stem damage – did not respond to landscape composition nor MAT. Despite high abundance of adult pollen beetles under high MAT, crop yield was high (and the proportion of bud loss low) under high MAT when OSR flowered early. Our results underpin the potential of targeted landscape management (e.g. through regionally coordinated crop rotations) and timing of flowering (e.g. through cultivar choice) for environment-friendly and temperature-adapted pest management in winter OSR.

Figure 2 in Predatory mites, a green pesticide, and an entomopathogenic compound: A proposed IPM tactic based on pest species diversity indices and population dynamics

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of the experiment's plantation and IPM methodology, C.n: Cydnoseius negevi, A.s: Amblyseius swirskii, and P.p Phytoseiulus persimilis. (Photo credits: Dr. Zidan has created this diagram on www.biorender.com).

Figure 1 in Predatory mites, a green pesticide, and an entomopathogenic compound: A proposed IPM tactic based on pest species diversity indices and population dynamics

Figure 1. Google Earth map photography of the experimental locations (pointed with pin) – i) Om Sabir, Kom Hamada, El Beheira Governorate (30° 29' 50.6" N, 30° 46' 18.8" E), and ii) Kom Oshim, Fayoum Governorate (29° 34' 40.9" N, 30° 55' 38.3" E).

Figure 1 in Alfalfa responses to drought, salinity, and herbivory by Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and performance of the pest on water-stressed plants

Figure 1. Effects of drought stress on proline content of alfalfa plants before and after Tetranychus urticae feeding. Within each column mean (± SE) followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different. Capital letters show the effect of drought.

Figure 2 in Alfalfa responses to drought, salinity, and herbivory by Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and performance of the pest on water-stressed plants

Figure 2. Effects of salinity stress on proline content of alfalfa plants before and after Tetranychus urticae feeding. Within each column mean (± SE) followed by the same letter(s) are not significantly different. Capital letters show the effect of salinity.

opencc-zeroFeb 2023View details →

Urban tree pests can support biological control services in landscape shrubs

Scale insects are common tree pests in urban ecosystems. Although severe scale infestations can worsen tree condition, trees can tolerate moderate scale densities. Scale insects are prey for many arthropod natural enemies that also feed on plant pests throughout urban landscapes. Because scale-infested trees support natural enemy communities, they may support biological control services on nearby plants and function analogously to banker plants in greenhouse production systems. In this study, we tested if sentinel insect prey were more likely to be removed on shrubs below scale-infested trees compared to scale-uninfested trees. We conducted several biological control experiments from 2019–2021 using fruit flies, aphids, and caterpillars in potted and planted holly shrubs below scale-infested and scale-uninfested oak trees. We found that caterpillars in potted shrubs and fruit flies in planted landscape shrubs were more likely to be removed underneath scale-infested trees compared to scale-uninfested trees. Caterpillars were also more likely to be removed from landscape Ilex vomitoria shrubs compared to I. cornuta shrubs. In all other experiments, we found no effect of scale infestation status or shrub species on prey removal. Our results suggest that scale-infested trees can support biological control services in shrubs below them but that this effect can vary depending on prey and shrub species. The natural enemy communities in urban trees and shrubs appear to be linked and tolerating tree pests can favor conservation biological control services in urban landscapes.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2023View details →

Figure 2 in Multiple resistance to primary pests of grain sorghum hybrids: Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), and Diceraeus melacanthus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Figure 2 Dendrogram of cluster analysis based on the Euclidean distance and grouping by UPGMA regarding scores of damage by Spodoptera frugiperda larvae on grain sorghum hybrids at 7 and 14 days after infestation.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2023View details →

Figure 5 in Multiple resistance to primary pests of grain sorghum hybrids: Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), and Diceraeus melacanthus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Figure 5 Scores of injury on sorghum plants caused by S. frugiperda (a); D. saccharalis (b); and D. melacanthus (c).

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2023View details →

Figure 1 in Multiple resistance to primary pests of grain sorghum hybrids: Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), and Diceraeus melacanthus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

Figure 1 Green-belly stink bug injury based on the damage rating scale adapted by Roza-Gomes et al. (2011) (0-4) to maize injury.

Figure 8a–b in Abundance and Seasonal Occurrence of Pest Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Residential and Rural Areas of Oahu (Hawaiian Islands)

Figure 8a–b. Mean captures of female C. capitata per trap per week in torula yeast traps at different sites (a), in different habitats (a, insert graph), and as monthly means throughout the trapping periods in different habitats (b). Values with the same letter in insert graph are not significantly different at the 0.05 level (Tukey's test, post ANOVA). F = 315.75; df = 6,27535; P <0.001; r2 = 6.44%; n = 228 (coffee), 2514 (gardens), 1807 (NW Oahu), 13230 (residential), 1658 (rural), 5630 (urban), 2475 (Waialua).

Figure 4a–b in Abundance and Seasonal Occurrence of Pest Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Residential and Rural Areas of Oahu (Hawaiian Islands)

Figure 4a–b. Mean captures of female B. cucurbitae per trap per week in torula yeast traps at different sites (a), in different habitats (a, insert graph), and as monthly means throughout the trapping periods in different habitats (b). Values with the same letter in insert graph are not significantly different at the 0.05 level (Tukey's test, post ANOVA). F = 2897.68; df = 5,27536; P <0.001; r2 = 34.48%; n = 2514 (gardens), 1807 (NW Oahu), 13230 (residential), 1886 (rural), 5630 (urban), 2475 (Waialua).

Figure 3a–b in Abundance and Seasonal Occurrence of Pest Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Residential and Rural Areas of Oahu (Hawaiian Islands)

Figure 3a–b. Mean captures of male B. cucurbitae per trap per week in cue-lure traps at different sites (a), in different habitats (a, insert graph), and as monthly means throughout the trapping periods in different habitats (b). Values with the same letter in insert graph are not significantly different at the 0.05 level (Tukey's test, post ANOVA). F = 5453.02; df = 5,18128; P <0.001; r2 = 60.06%); n = 2514 (gardens), 1807 (NW Oahu), 8879 (residential), 1720 (rural), 739 (urban), 2475 (Waialua).

Figure 7a–b in Abundance and Seasonal Occurrence of Pest Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Residential and Rural Areas of Oahu (Hawaiian Islands)

Figure 7a–b. Mean captures of male C. capitata per trap per week in trimedlure traps at different sites (a), in different habitats (a, insert graph), and as monthly means throughout the trapping periods in different habitats (b). Values with the same letter in insert graph are not significantly different at the 0.05 level (Tukey's test, post ANOVA). F = 586.20; df = 6,18127; P <0.001; r2 = 16.25%; n = 228 (coffee), 2514 (gardens), 1807 (NW Oahu), 8879 (residential), 1492 (rural), 739 (urban), 2475 (Waialua).