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535 results for “scavengers”

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Scavenging patterns of an inbred wolf population in a landscape with a pulse of human-provided carrion

<ol> <li> <span>Scavenging is an important part of food acquisition for many carnivore species that switch between scavenging and predation</span><span>.  </span><span>In landscapes with anthropogenic impact, humans provide food that scavenging species can utilize. </span> </li> <li><span>We quantified the magnitude of killing versus scavenging by gray wolves (<em>Canis</em> <em>lupus</em>) in Scandinavia where humans impact the ecosystem through hunter harvest, land use practices, and infrastructure. We investigated the cause of death of different animals utilized by wolves, and examined how the proportion of their consumption time spent scavenging was influenced by season, wolf social affiliation, level of inbreeding, density of moose (<em>Alces</em> <em>alces</em>) as their main prey, density of brown bear (<em>Ursus</em> <em>arctos</em>) as an intra-guild competitor, and human density. </span></li> <li><span>We used data from 39 GPS-collared wolves covering 3,198 study days (2001–2019), including 14,205 feeding locations within space-time clusters, and 1362 carcasses utilized by wolves. </span></li> <li><span>Most carcasses were wolf-killed (80.5%) while a small part had died from other natural causes (1.9%). The remaining had either anthropogenic mortality causes (4.7%), or the cause of death was unknown (12.9%). </span></li> <li> <span>Time spent scavenging was higher during winter than during summer and autumn. Solitary wolves spent more time scavenging than pack-living individuals, likely because individual hunting success is lower than pack success. Scavenging time increased with the mean inbreeding coefficient of the adult wolves, possibly indicating that more inbred individuals resort to scavenging, which requires less body strength. There was weak evidence for </span><span>competition between wolves and brown bears as well as a positive relationship between human density and time spent scavenging. </span> </li> <li><span>This study shows how both intrinsic and extrinsic factors drive wolf scavenging behaviour and that despite a high level of inbreeding and access to carrion of anthropogenic origin, wolves mainly utilized their own kills. </span></li> </ol>

opencc-zeroMay 2023View details →
zenodo32/100

Fig. 5 in On the free radical scavenging and metallic ion chelating activities of pyridoxal - Could the pro-oxidant risk be competitive?

Fig. 5. Optimized structures of the different Cu(I)/Cu(II)-neutral pyridoxal complexes calculated in water. Distances are in Å.

opennotspecifiedJul 2022View details →
zenodo32/100

Fig. 3 in On the free radical scavenging and metallic ion chelating activities of pyridoxal - Could the pro-oxidant risk be competitive?

Fig. 3. Optimized structures of transition states (TSs) of RAF reactions at different sites between neutral pyridoxal and three radicals HOO●, NO ● and HO● in water. 2 Distances are in angstrom (Å) and angles are in degree (o).

opennotspecifiedJul 2022View details →
zenodo32/100

Fig. 2 in On the free radical scavenging and metallic ion chelating activities of pyridoxal - Could the pro-oxidant risk be competitive?

Fig. 2. Optimized structures of transition states (TSs) of FHT reactions of neutral pyridoxal with HOO● and NO ● at C9H, and with HO● at C6H to C9H and O12H 2 calculated in water. Optimized structure of FHT with HO● at O10H obtained in the gas phase. Distances are in angstrom (Å) and angles are in degree (o).

opennotspecifiedJul 2022View details →
zenodo32/100

Fig. 4 in On the free radical scavenging and metallic ion chelating activities of pyridoxal - Could the pro-oxidant risk be competitive?

Fig. 4. Optimized structures of the different Fe(II)/Fe(III)-neutral pyridoxal complexes calculated in water. Distances are in Å.

opennotspecifiedJul 2022View details →
zenodo32/100

Fig. 3 in A detailed DFT-based study of the free radical scavenging activity and mechanism of daphnetin in physiological environments

Fig. 3. Transition states geometries related to the reactions of DAP with HO•, HOO•, and NO • in water.

opennotspecifiedSep 2021View details →
zenodo32/100

Fig. 3 in Modeling the peroxyl radical scavenging behavior of Carnosic acid: Mechanism, kinetics, and effects of physiological environments

Fig. 3. Deprotonated forms of CA under the physiological aqueous environment. The proton affinity (PA) values are in kcal/mol.

opennotspecifiedDec 2021View details →
zenodo32/100

Fig. 2 in Multiple free radical scavenging reactions of aurones

Fig. 2. The mechanisms proposed for the radical scavenge reaction of maritimetol (compound 1) in different phases. The arrows in black color indicate the most likely reaction mechanism in the gas and benzene phases. Those in magenda color indicate the most likely reaction mechanism in the water phase. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

opennotspecifiedOct 2021View details →
zenodo32/100

Fig. 1 in Multiple free radical scavenging reactions of aurones

Fig. 1. The most stable structures of the investigated aurones. The atom numberings for the studied compounds are labelled in Maritimetol. The hydrogen-bonds are marked by dashed lines, and the corresponding H⋅⋅⋅O distances are labelled in the optimized geometries.

opennotspecifiedOct 2021View details →
zenodo32/100

Fig. 6 in Modeling the peroxyl radical scavenging behavior of Carnosic acid: Mechanism, kinetics, and effects of physiological environments

Fig. 6. Optimized structures of the TSs of CA + HOO• reaction in physiological environments (W = water and PE = pentyl ethanoate). Distances are in Aand angles in ◦.

opennotspecifiedDec 2021View details →
zenodo32/100

Fig. 2 in Modeling the peroxyl radical scavenging behavior of Carnosic acid: Mechanism, kinetics, and effects of physiological environments

Fig. 2. The stable conformation, HOMO, LUMO, and ESP of CA calculated at M06–2X/6–311++ G(d,p) level.

opennotspecifiedDec 2021View details →
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Fig. 4 in Multiple free radical scavenging reactions of aurones

Fig. 4. The mechanisms proposed for the radical scavenge reaction of sulfuretin (compound 5) in different phases. The arrows in black color indicate the most likely reaction mechanism in the gas and benzene phases. Those in magenda color indicate the most likely reaction mechanism in the water phase. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

opennotspecifiedOct 2021View details →
zenodo32/100

Fig. 4 in Modeling the peroxyl radical scavenging behavior of Carnosic acid: Mechanism, kinetics, and effects of physiological environments

Fig. 4. Computed BDE values in kcal/mol of CA in the gas phase (G) and pentyl ethanoate (PE) as well as of CA– in water (W).

opennotspecifiedDec 2021View details →
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Fig. 3 in The hydroperoxyl and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity of anthocyanidins in physiological environments: Theoretical insights into mechanisms and kinetics

Fig. 3. Regeneration cycle of the hydroperoxyl and superoxide radical scavenging of anthocyanidins following the SET mechanism in aqueous solution.

opennotspecifiedDec 2021View details →
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Fig. 2 in The hydroperoxyl and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity of anthocyanidins in physiological environments: Theoretical insights into mechanisms and kinetics

Fig. 2. Optimized geometries of TSs following the FHT mechanism between the selected compounds and HOO• radicals (P: pentyl ethanoate).

opennotspecifiedDec 2021View details →
zenodo32/100

Figure 5 in Feeding, agonistic and cooperative behavioural responses of shallow-water benthic marine scavengers

Figure 5. Specimen of the red-speckled anemone Anopleura ballii (arrowed) attached to the posterior part of the carapace of a specimen of Cancer pagurus. The crab subsequently fed extensively on the mackerel bait, generating flesh scraps that fell on the anemone̍ s tentacles and were ingested.

opennotspecifiedJul 2023View details →
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Figure 2 in Feeding, agonistic and cooperative behavioural responses of shallow-water benthic marine scavengers

Figure 2. Main image: two specimens of the edible crab Cancer pagurus feeding cooperatively on mackerel bait. Note the food debris clouds surrounding them. Inset: specimen of C. pagurus that has just torn a hole (arrowed) in the body cavity wall of the mackerel with the dactyl of the left cheliped.

opennotspecifiedJul 2023View details →
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Figure 4 in Feeding, agonistic and cooperative behavioural responses of shallow-water benthic marine scavengers

Figure 4. (A) Daytime and (B) night-time scavenging behaviour in the lobster Homarus gammarus. In (A) the lobster is using its mouthparts to 'chew̍ the bait. In (B) the lobster is seeking the bait with its right antenna.

opennotspecifiedJul 2023View details →
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Figure 1 in Feeding, agonistic and cooperative behavioural responses of shallow-water benthic marine scavengers

Figure 1. Map of Lough Hyne study site (from Davenport et al. 2021). Filled circles indicate positions of deeper (12 m) filming areas in North and South Basins. The open circle indicates a shallow (2 m) filming area in North Basin. Inset: Map of Ireland with the location of Lough Hyne indicated by the open square.

opennotspecifiedJul 2023View details →
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Figure 3 in Feeding, agonistic and cooperative behavioural responses of shallow-water benthic marine scavengers

Figure 3. Night-time image of cooperative feeding of the green crab Carcinus maenas. The image also shows semi-transparent common prawns Palaemon serratus.

opennotspecifiedJul 2023View details →

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