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Figure 1. - Mitotic metaphases, karyograms and idiogram of Euterpe species with 2n=36 chromosomes. Euterpeedulis (A–B), Euterpeoleracea (C-D) and Euterpeprecatoria (E–F). Arrows indicate secondary constrictions. Semi-reticulate interphase nuclei of Euterpeedulis (G), Euterpeoleracea (H) and Euterpeprecatoria (I). Bar: 10 µm.
Figure 1. - Mitotic metaphases, karyograms and idiogram of Euterpe species with 2n=36 chromosomes. Euterpeedulis (A–B), Euterpeoleracea (C-D) and Euterpeprecatoria (E–F). Arrows indicate secondary constrictions. Semi-reticulate interphase nuclei of Euterpeedulis (G), Euterpeoleracea (H) and Euterpeprecatoria (I). Bar: 10 µm.
SEEFLEX - The Corpus of Secondary English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Exams
<blockquote> <p>This version of the corpus may have been superseded by the <a href="https://github.com/tobib92/SEEFLEX/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">GitHub repository</a></p> </blockquote> <p> </p> <p><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>This report presents the <em>Corpus of Secondary School English as a Foreign Language (EFL) Exams (SEEFLEX)</em>. In Germany, upper secondary school EFL exams feature recurring tasks targeting diverse text types. The <em>SEEFLEX</em> was developed to investigate how students complete these tasks linguistically and whether they meet the curricular requirements. The corpus contains data from 575 transcribed authentic curriculum-based examinations (n<sub>texts</sub> = 1979, total = ~625.000 words). The metadata include standardized receptive vocabulary assessments, a cognition scale, the participants’ reading habits, social background, and their language experience and proficiency. Extensive xml mark-up was added to investigate the influence of inter alia source material, structural text features, and selected language mistakes. An online repository provides full-text access as well as ample additional resources, including an interactive Shiny application to investigate register variation in the corpus.</p>
Data for: Low temperature ice nucleation of sea spray and secondary marine aerosols under cirrus cloud conditions
<p>Sea spray aerosols (SSA) represent one of the most abundant aerosol types on a global scale and have been observed at all altitudes including the upper troposphere. SSA has been explored in recent years as a source of ice nucleating particles (INPs) in cirrus clouds due to the ubiquity of cirrus clouds and the uncertainties in their radiative forcing. This study expands upon previous works on low temperature ice nucleation of SSA by investigating the effects of atmospheric aging of SSA and the ice nucleating activity of newly formed secondary marine aerosols (SMA) using an oxidation flow reactor. Polydisperse aerosol distributions were generated from a Marine Aerosol Reference Tank (MART) filled with 120 L of real or artificial seawater and were dried to very low relative humidity to crystallize the salt constituents of SSA prior to their subsequent freezing, which was measured using a Continuous Flow Diffusion Chamber (CFDC). Results show that for both primary SSA (pSSA), and the aged SSA and SMA (aSSA+SMA) at temperatures > 220 K, homogeneous conditions (92–97 % relative humidity with respect to water (RHw)) were required to freeze 1 % of the particles. However, below 220 K, heterogeneous nucleation occurs for both pSSA and aSSA+SMA at much lower RHw, where up to 1 % of the aerosol population freezes between 75–80 % RHw. Similarities between freezing behaviors of the pSSA and aSSA+SMA at all temperatures suggest that the contributions of condensed organics onto the pSSA or alteration of functional groups in pSSA via atmospheric aging did not hinder the major heterogeneous ice nucleation process at these cirrus temperatures that has previously been shown to be dominated by the crystalline salts. Occurrence of 1% frozen fraction of SMA, generated in the absence of primary SSA, was observed at/near water saturation below 220 K, suggesting it is not an effective INP at cirrus temperatures, similar to findings in the literature of other organic aerosols. Thus, any SMA coatings on the pSSA would only decrease the ice nucleation behavior of pSSA if the organic components were able to significantly delay water uptake of the inorganic salts, and apparently, this was not the case. Results from this study demonstrate the ability of lofted primary sea spray particles to remain an effective ice nucleator at cirrus temperatures, even after atmospheric aging has occurred over a period of days in the marine boundary layer prior to lofting. We were not able to address aging processes under upper tropospheric conditions.</p>
Relationship of primary and secondary studies
<p>In the life sciences of medicine and psychology, studies are divided into primary studies (individual studies) and secondary studies. Secondary research includes - in ascending hierarchy - systematic reviews, meta-analyses and umbrella reviews. Systematic reviews provide a summary of existing studies, including an assessment of the current state of knowledge. In meta-analyses, a mean effect is calculated from the effects of the studies. An umbrella review, in turn, summarises several meta-analyses.</p>
Data from: Documenting the progressions of secondary eyewall formations
<p>Intense tropical cyclones can form secondary eyewalls (SEs) that contract towards the storm center and eventually replace the inner eyewall, a process known as an eyewall replacement cycle (ERC). However, SE formation does not guarantee an eventual ERC, and often, SEs follow differing evolutionary pathways. This study documents SE evolution and progressions observed in numerous tropical cyclones, and results in two new datasets using passive microwave imagery: a global subjectively labeled dataset of SEs and eyes and their uncertainties from 72 storms between 2016–19, and a dataset of 87 SE progressions that highlights the broad convective organization preceding and following a SE formation.</p> <p>The results show two primary SE pathways exist, No Replacement, known as Path 1, and Replacement, known as the Classic Path. Most interestingly, 53% of the most certain SE formations result in an eyewall replacement. The Classic Path is associated with stronger column average meridional wind, a faster poleward component of storm motion, more intense storms, weaker vertical wind shear, greater relative humidity, a larger storm wind field, and stronger cold air advection.</p> <p>This study highlights a greater number of potential SE pathways exist than previously thought. The results of this study detail several observational features of SE evolution that raise questions regarding the physical processes driving SE formations. Most importantly, environmental conditions and storm metrics identified here provide guidance for predictors in artificial intelligence applications for future tropical cyclone SE detection algorithms.</p>
Fig. 14 in Viuria Grishin, 2019 (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae): taxonomy, description of two new species, and remarks on the morphology of secondary sexual organs of males
Fig. 14. Geographical distribution of species of Viuria Grishin, 2019.
Divergent geographic variation in above- versus belowground secondary metabolites of Reynoutria japonica
<ol> <li>Secondary metabolites play an important role in plant adaptation because they can mitigate biotic and abiotic environmental stresses. However, their production and allocation incur different costs and benefits and are therefore subject to trade-offs, which are less studied.</li> <li>To understand large-scale geographic patterns of secondary metabolites, and their environmental drivers and trade-offs, we studied 39 natural populations of the perennial herb Japanese knotweed (<em>Reynoutria japonica</em>) along a large latitudinal gradient in China. We measured the concentrations of six polyphenols in leaves and rhizomes of <em>R. japonica</em> and associated the variation in these metabolites with biotic and abiotic environmental factors as well as with functional plant traits and putative costs of secondary metabolites.</li> <li>We found that climate was an important driver of variation in secondary metabolites, both above- and belowground. Remarkably, the patterns of association differed between leaves and rhizomes, as well as between putative low-cost vs. high-cost compounds. While annual mean temperature was a stronger predictor of aboveground metabolites, annual precipitation was more frequently associated with variation in belowground metabolites. Moreover, annual temperature was positively associated with high-cost metabolites, but negatively with low-cost metabolites. Aboveground secondary metabolites were generally more strongly associated with functional traits (e.g., specific leaf area) than belowground metabolites, and in all cases, the directions of correlation were opposite for low-cost versus high-cost metabolites aboveground. The patterns of association also varied with latitude such that leaf concentrations of low-cost metabolites (quercetin) increased but those of high-cost metabolites (resveratrol, piceid and emodin) decreased at higher latitudes. In rhizomes, in contrast, the concentrations of high-cost metabolites (piceid and emodin) increased with latitude.</li> <li>Synthesis. Our findings indicate that allocation strategies differ between above- and belowground tissues of <em>R. japonica</em>. As latitude increases, <em>R. japonica</em> invests relatively more into belowground metabolites. We propose that reduced high-cost metabolites in the leaves at higher latitudes may help to conserve nutrients after defoliation, while maintaining high-cost metabolites in rhizomes may be important for persistent allelopathic effects and resource conservation belowground. The divergent patterns of above- and belowground metabolite allocation thus likely reflect the multiple functions of metabolites and the plants' adaptation to different environments.</li> </ol>
Recolonization of secondary forests by a locally extinct Caribbean anole through the lens of range expansion theory
<p>Disturbance and recovery dynamics are characteristic features of many ecosystems. Disturbance dynamics are widely studied in ecology and conservation biology. Still, we know less about the ecological processes that drive ecosystem recovery. The ecological processes that mediate ecosystem recovery stand at the intersection of many theoretical frameworks. Range expansion theory is one of these complementary frameworks that can provide unique insights into the population-level processes that mediate ecosystem recovery, particularly fauna recolonization. Although the biodiversity patterns that follow fauna recolonization of recovering forests have been well described in the literature, the ecological processes at the population level that drive these patterns remain conspicuously unknown. In this study, we tested three fundamental predictions of range expansion theory during the recolonization of recovering forests in Puerto Rico by a shade specialist anole, <em>Anolis</em> <em>gundlachi</em>. Range expansion theory predicts that individuals at the early stages of recolonization (i.e., younger forests) would have a high prevalence of dispersive traits, experience less density dependence, and suffer less parasitism. To test these predictions, we conducted a chronosequence study applying space-for-time substitution where we compared phenotypic traits (i.e., body size, body condition, and relative limb size), population density, population growth rates, and <em>Plasmodium</em> parasitism rates among lizard populations living in young (< 30 years), mid (40–60 years), and old-growth forests (> 75 years). Lizard populations in younger forests had lower densities, higher population growth rates, and lower rates of <em>Plasmodium</em> parasitism compared with old-growth forests. Still, while we found that individuals had larger body sizes, and longer forelimbs in young forests in one site, this result was not consistent among sites. This suggests a potential trade-off between the traits that provide a dispersal advantage during the initial stages of recolonization and those that are advantageous to establish in novel environmental conditions. Overall, our study emphasizes the suitability of range expansion theory to describe fauna recolonization but also highlights that the ecological processes that drive recolonization are time-dependent, complex, and nuanced.</p>
Managing competition between legacy television services and video streaming platforms in Hungary in the early 2020s – A case study [Secondary documentary sources]
<p>Secondary documentary sources used in the paper entitled "Managing competition between legacy television services and video streaming platforms in Hungary in the early 2020s – A case study"</p>
Regime shift in secondary inorganic aerosol formation and nitrogen deposition in the rural US
<p>Secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) play an important role in air pollution and climate change, and their formation modulates atmospheric deposition of reactive nitrogen (N<sub>r</sub>; including oxidized and reduced nitrogen), impacting the nitrogen cycle. Large-scale and long-term analyses of SIA formation based on model simulations have significant uncertainties. Here, we improve constraints on SIA formation using decade-long in-situ observations of aerosol composition and gaseous precursors from multiple monitoring networks across the US. We reveal a shift in the formation regime of SIA in the rural US between 2011 – 2020, making rural areas less sensitive to changes in ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) concentrations and shortening the effective atmospheric lifetime of reduced forms of N<sub>r</sub>.<sub> </sub>This leads to potential increases in N<sub>r</sub> deposition near NH<sub>3</sub> emission hotspots, with ecosystem impacts warranting further investigation. NH<sub>3</sub>, a critical but not directly regulated precursor of fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) in the US, has been increasingly scrutinized to decrease PM<sub>2.5</sub>. Our findings, however, show controlling NH<sub>3</sub> became significantly less effective for mitigating PM<sub>2.5</sub> in the rural US. We highlight the need for more collocated aerosol and precursor observations for better characterization of SIA formation in urban areas and regions increasingly impacted by wildfires and dust.</p>
Data from: Inference of selective force on house mice genomes during secondary contact in East Asia
<p>The house mouse (<em>Mus musculus</em>), commensal to humans, has spread globally via human activities, leading to secondary contact between genetically divergent subspecies. This pattern of genetic admixture can provide insights into the selective forces at play in this well-studied model organism. Our analysis of 163 house mouse genomes, mainly from East Asia, revealed substantial admixture between the subspecies<em> castaneus</em> and <em>musculus</em>, particularly in Japan and southern China. We revealed, despite the admixture, that all Y chromosomes in the East Asian samples belonged to the <em>musculus</em>-type haplogroup, potentially explained by genomic conflict under sex ratio distortion due to varying copy numbers of ampliconic genes on sex chromosomes. We also investigated the influence of natural selection on the post-hybridization of the subspecies <em>castaneus</em> and <em>musculus</em> in Japan. Even though the genetic background of most Japanese samples closely resembles the subspecies<em> musculus</em>, certain genomic regions overrepresented the <em>castaneus</em>-like genetic components, particularly in immune-related genes. Furthermore, a large genomic block containing a vomeronasal/olfactory receptor gene cluster predominantly harbored <em>castaneus</em>-type haplotypes in the Japanese samples, highlighting the possible role of olfaction-based recognition in shaping hybrid genomes.</p>
Perceived creativity in insight problems by secondary school students: Effects of problem and solver's variables
<p><span>An exploratory empirical study was conducted to collect and analyse the perception of secondary education students regarding the creativity involved in insight problems. A total of 127 Spanish students from 8th grade (2nd ESO) and 11th grade (1st Bachillerato) participated in the study and assessed the creativity involved in the problems before and after attempting to solve them. These evaluations were related to the course, gender, surface, and structural aspects of the problems. Everyday life and science contexts were considered as problem surfaces or contexts. The structural aspects of the problems were associated with the specific strategy required to solve them, such as ‘chunk decomposition’ and ‘constrain relaxation,’ the assistance provided by the problem statement to initiate the resolution process, and the possibility of metacognitive control over the quality of the solution developed. Individual booklets were prepared with counterbalanced statements to assess perceived creativity and to solve the problems. The results show that, contrary to expectations, students are capable of mentally representing the structural aspects of the problems during reading and before solving them. The problem surface did not significantly affect the initial perception of creativity. After solving the problems, the average changes in perceived creativity were of small magnitude. The results encourage teachers to use insight problems as promoters of creativity in secondary school classrooms.</span></p>
Data from: Effects of arousal and movement on secondary somatosensory and visual thalamus
<p>Neocortical sensory areas have associated primary and secondary thalamic nuclei. While primary nuclei transmit sensory information to cortex, secondary nuclei remain poorly understood. We recorded juxtasomally from secondary somatosensory (POm) and visual (LP) nuclei of awake mice while tracking whisking and pupil size. POm activity correlated with whisking, but not precise whisker kinematics. This coarse movement modulation persisted after facial paralysis and thus was not due to sensory reafference. This phenomenon also continued during optogenetic silencing of somatosensory and motor cortex and after lesion of superior colliculus, ruling out a motor efference copy mechanism. Whisking and pupil dilation were strongly correlated, possibly reflecting arousal. Indeed LP, which is not part of the whisker system, tracked whisking equally well, further indicating that POm activity does not encode whisker movement <em>per se.</em> The semblance of movement-related activity is likely instead a global effect of arousal on both nuclei. We conclude that secondary thalamus monitors behavioral state, rather than movement, and may exist to alter cortical activity accordingly.</p>
Data_Assessment of the rabies education lesson among middle secondary school children of southeastern Bhutan
<p>All data that were used for analyzing and writing the manuscripts titled " Assessment of the rabies education lesson among middle secondary school children of southeastern Bhutan" can be found in this dataset. </p>
Secondary production increases with species richness but decreases with species evenness of benthic invertebrates
<p>Biodiversity is known to regulate ecosystem functioning under controlled experimental conditions. However, the 'real-world' consequences of biodiversity change remain uncertain, as biodiversity–ecosystem function (BEF) relationships observed in nature may be influenced by other drivers. Attempts to disentangle BEF relationships from the effects of confounding factors have so far focused mainly on primary producers, leaving relatively little known about the impact of changes in consumer diversity despite ecosystems experiencing species extirpations and introductions across trophic levels. Using data from 176 benthic invertebrate assemblages distributed throughout the North Sea, we studied how a fundamental ecological function – secondary production – varies in relation to two components of biodiversity – consumer species richness and evenness – while statistically controlling the effects of abiotic and biotic covariates. Production was enhanced as richness increased or evenness decreased. The relationship with evenness was attributable to its negative covariance with the abundance of small organisms; however, the relationship with richness could not be fully explained by other drivers. Our study reaffirms experimental findings about the functional importance of species richness and suggests that losing or gaining consumer species will affect secondary production over a broad range of biodiversity (20 to 118 species) in natural ecosystems.</p>
Comparing black-carbon- and aerosol-absorption-measuring instruments – a new system using lab-generated soot coated with controlled amounts of secondary organic matter
<p>A preprint of the publication can be found here: <a href="https://amt.copernicus.org/preprints/amt-2021-214/">AMTD - Response of black carbon and aerosol absorption measuring instruments to laboratory-generated soot coated with controlled amounts of secondary organic matter (copernicus.org)</a> (doi.org/10.5194/amt-2021-214).</p> <p>The files correspond to the raw data sets used for Figures 3 and 4 of the aforementioned publication.</p> <p>The date and start/stop time of the measurements are listed in the file "overview_measurements".</p>
The height-dependent delayed ionospheric response to solar EUV - data comparison - secondary files 141 - 143
<p><strong>Secondary files for doy 141 - 143</strong></p> <p>For comparison with the observational results a TIE-GCM v2.0 model run in the 2.5 × 2.5 configuration is calculated. In order to converge to stable initial condition the model runs for 30 days prior to the final simulation starting at 28 March 2019. This initial run is configured with default parameters. The final run from 27 April 2019 to 24 May 2019 uses the default configuration of TIE-GCM with the Heelis Electric Convection Field Model (Heelis et al., 1982) as the high-latitude potential model. The input forcing is used from the NASA/GSFC’s OMNI data set</p>
The height-dependent delayed ionospheric response to solar EUV - data comparison - secondary files 135 - 140
<p><strong>Secondary files for doy 135 - 140</strong></p> <p>For comparison with the observational results a TIE-GCM v2.0 model run in the 2.5 × 2.5 configuration is calculated. In order to converge to stable initial condition the model runs for 30 days prior to the final simulation starting at 28 March 2019. This initial run is configured with default parameters. The final run from 27 April 2019 to 24 May 2019 uses the default configuration of TIE-GCM with the Heelis Electric Convection Field Model (Heelis et al., 1982) as the high-latitude potential model. The input forcing is used from the NASA/GSFC’s OMNI data set</p>
The height-dependent delayed ionospheric response to solar EUV - data comparison - secondary files 129 - 134
<p><strong>Secondary files for doy 129 - 134</strong></p> <p>For comparison with the observational results a TIE-GCM v2.0 model run in the 2.5 × 2.5 configuration is calculated. In order to converge to stable initial condition the model runs for 30 days prior to the final simulation starting at 28 March 2019. This initial run is configured with default parameters. The final run from 27 April 2019 to 24 May 2019 uses the default configuration of TIE-GCM with the Heelis Electric Convection Field Model (Heelis et al., 1982) as the high-latitude potential model. The input forcing is used from the NASA/GSFC’s OMNI data set</p>
The height-dependent delayed ionospheric response to solar EUV - data comparison - secondary files 117 - 122
<p><strong>Secondary files for doy 117 - 122</strong></p> <p>For comparison with the observational results a TIE-GCM v2.0 model run in the 2.5 × 2.5 configuration is calculated. In order to converge to stable initial condition the model runs for 30 days prior to the final simulation starting at 28 March 2019. This initial run is configured with default parameters. The final run from 27 April 2019 to 24 May 2019 uses the default configuration of TIE-GCM with the Heelis Electric Convection Field Model (Heelis et al., 1982) as the high-latitude potential model. The input forcing is used from the NASA/GSFC’s OMNI data set</p>
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.