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1,369 results for “sexual dimorphism”
Explaining dimorphism polymorphism: Stronger interspecific sexual differences may be favored when females search for mates in the presence of congeners
<p>Why are some species sexually dimorphic while other closely related species are not? While all females in genus <em>Strauzia</em> share a multiply-banded wing pattern typical of many other true fruit flies, males of four species have noticeably elongated wings with banding patterns "coalesced" into a continuous dark streak across much of the wing. We take an integrative phylogenetic approach to explore the evolution of this dimorphism and develop general hypotheses underlying the evolution of wing dimorphism in flies. We find that the origin of coalesced and other darkened male wing patterns correlate with the inferred origin of host plant sharing in <em>Strauzia.</em> While wing shape among non-host-sharing species tended to be conserved across the phylogeny, shapes of male wings for <em>Strauzia</em> species sharing the same host plant were more different from one another than expected under Brownian models of evolution and overall rates of wing shape change differed between non-host-sharing species and host-sharing species. A survey of North American Tephritidae finds just three other genera with specialist species that share host plants. Host-sharing species in these genera also have wing patterns unusual for each genus. Only genus <em>Eutreta </em>is like<em> Strauzia </em>in<em> </em>having the unusual wing patterns only in males, and of genera that have multiple species sharing hosts, only in <em>Eutreta </em>and <em>Strauzia</em> do males hold territories while females search for mates. We hypothesize that in species that share host plants, those where females actively search for males<em> </em>in the presence of congeners may be more likely to evolve sexually dimorphic wing patterns.</p>
Fig. 1 in Sexually Dimorphic Breast-Feathers In The Kentish Plover Charadrius Alexandrinus
Fig. 1. Plumage profiles of male and female Kentish Plovers
Figure 7 in A new species of Entomobrya (Collembola, Entomobryidae) from southwestern France exhibiting conspicuous sexual dimorphism
Figure 7. Entomobrya fourcesensis spec. nov. Macrochaetotaxy of Abdomen II.
Figure 6 in A new species of Entomobrya (Collembola, Entomobryidae) from southwestern France exhibiting conspicuous sexual dimorphism
Figure 6. Entomobrya fourcesensis spec. nov. Macrochaetotaxy of Thorax II.
Figure 8 in A new species of Entomobrya (Collembola, Entomobryidae) from southwestern France exhibiting conspicuous sexual dimorphism
Figure 8. Entomobrya fourcesensis spec. nov. Macrochaetotaxy of Abdomen III.
Figure 9 in A new species of Entomobrya (Collembola, Entomobryidae) from southwestern France exhibiting conspicuous sexual dimorphism
Figure 9. Entomobrya fourcesensis spec. nov. in three levels of pigmentation.
Figure 6 in Sexual dimorphism in antennal sensilla of Parthenium beetle Zygogramma bicolorata
Figure 6. Sensilla cavitae (SCa) of male Z. bicolorata (on flagellomere 5).
Fig. 1 in Sexual dimorphism and pore systems in Ordovician ostracodes
Fig. 1. Morphological terminology explained in Swantina pseudobliqua.
Figure 5 in Sexual dimorphism in Trapelus ruderatus ruderatus (Sauria: Agamidae) with notes on the natural history
Figure 5. The occurrence of T. r. ruderatus with Uromastyx loricatus in the same hole.
Figure 4 in Sexual dimorphism in Trapelus ruderatus ruderatus (Sauria: Agamidae) with notes on the natural history
Figure 4. An adult male T. r. ruderatus capturing a spider while foraging.
Figure 3 in Sexual dimorphism in Trapelus ruderatus ruderatus (Sauria: Agamidae) with notes on the natural history
Figure 3. The color pattern of an adult male T. ruderatus during the hottest hours of the day.
Figure 2 in Sexual dimorphism in Carinatogecko heteropholis (Minton, Anderson, and Anderson, 1970) (Sauria: Gekkonidae) from Ilam Province, western Iran
Figure 2. Dorsal view of male (left) and female (right) of Carinatogecko heteropholis.
Figure 1 in Sexual size dimorphism in Rana (Pelophylax) ridibunda ridibunda Pallas, 1771 from a population in Darre-Shahr Township, Ilam Province, western Iran
Figure 1. Map showing the study area in Ilam province, western Iran.
Sexual selection and sexual size dimorphism in animals
<p>Sexual selection is often considered as a critical evolutionary force promoting sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in animals. However, empirical evidence for a positive relationship between sexual selection on males and male-biased SSD received mixed support depending on the studied taxonomic group and on the method used to quantify sexual selection. Here, we present a meta-analytic approach accounting for phylogenetic non-independence to test how standardized metrics of the opportunity and strength of pre-copulatory sexual selection relate to SSD across a broad range of animal taxa comprising up to 95 effect sizes from 59 species. We found that SSD based on length measurements was correlated with the sex difference in the opportunity for sexual selection but showed a weak and statistically non-significant relationship with the sex difference in the Bateman gradient. These findings suggest that pre-copulatory sexual selection plays a limited role for the evolution of sexual size dimorphism in a broad phylogenetic context.</p>
Fig. 7. Leiognathus equulus, UMMZ 238805 in A Clade of Non-Sexually Dimorphic Ponyfishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Leiognathidae): Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Description of a New Species
Fig. 7. Leiognathus equulus, UMMZ 238805, adult male, 173.4 mm SL, Singapore.
Fig. 4 in A Clade of Non-Sexually Dimorphic Ponyfishes (Teleostei: Perciformes: Leiognathidae): Phylogeny, Taxonomy, and Description of a New Species
Fig. 4. Leiognathus robustus, holotype, UMMZ 242144, adult male, 183.4 mm SL, Singapore.
FIGURE 1 in Review of sexual dimorphism in brachypyline oribatid mites
FIGURE 1: A, B, Autogneta schusteri Behan-Pelletier - adult male, differential interference contrast micrographs, A – habitus, B – detail of posterior of notogaster; C-H, Scanning electron micrographs, C, D, Symbioribates aokii Karasawa and Behan-Pelletier - adult male, C – habitus, D – detail of posterior of notogaster; E – Oribatella oregonensis Behan-Pelletier and Walter - adult male, notogaster; F-H, Zachvatkinibates schatzi Behan-Pelletier and Eamer - adult male, F – habitus, G – lateral of hysterosoma, H – detail of posterior of notogaster.
Sexual dimorphism in size and shape of the head in the sea snake Emydocephalus annulatus
<p>In snakes, divergence in head size between the sexes has been interpreted as an adaptation to intersexual niche divergence. By overcoming gape-limitation, a larger head enables snakes of one sex to ingest larger prey items. Under this hypothesis, we do not expect a species that consumes only tiny prey items to exhibit sex differences in relative head size, or to show empirical links between relative head size and fitness-relevant traits such as growth and fecundity. Our field studies on the sea snake <i>Emydocephalus annulatus</i> falsify these predictions. Although these snakes feed exclusively on fish eggs, the heads of female snakes are longer and wider than those of males at the same body length. Individuals with wider heads grew more rapidly, reproduced more often, and produced larger litters. Thus, head shape can affect fitness and can diverge between the sexes even without gape-limitation. Head size and shape may facilitate other aspects of feeding (such as the ability to scrape eggs off coral) and locomotion (hydrodynamics); and a smaller head may advantage the sex that is more mobile, and that obtains its prey in narrow crevices rather than in more exposed situations (i.e., males).</p>
Evolutionary allometry of sexual dimorphism of jumping performance in anurans
<p>Sexual dimorphism is a common feature in animals, yet the degree of sexual dimorphism is not constant across taxa. Sometimes the magnitude of sexual dimorphism varies systematically with body size, resulting in evolutionary allometry of sexual dimorphism. While such patterns are commonly investigated for traits such as overall size, allometric variation in sexual dimorphism of other traits remains underexplored. Here, we characterize the evolutionary allometry of sexual dimorphism in a functional phenotypic trait (jumping performance) in anurans. Using morphology and anatomical approximations of jumping performance across 146 species, we test for evidence of the correlated selection model of sexual dimorphism evolution. We analyze patterns of evolutionary allometry of sexual dimorphism in key phenotypic traits, including: body size (snout-vent length and mass), relative leg length, relative leg muscle volume, mass-specific peak jumping energy, and peak jumping velocity. We find that as previously reported, sexual size dimorphism scales isometrically between species and is independent of sexual dimorphism in jumping performance. Notably, however, we found significant trends in the evolutionary allometry of sexual dimorphism in relative limb length, and in two components of jumping performance. Additionally, we found greater rates of evolution for females versus males in relative limb length, but not jumping performance. We also observed that the allometric trends in limb length dimorphism were related to performance allometry. Sexual dimorphism in jumping performance increased in species with high performance while females in high performance species displayed increased relative limb length. Thus, we hypothesize that selection acting on functional performance explains allometric patterns of sexual dimorphism in morphology. We discuss biological implications of our findings in relation to natural and sexual selection. This study highlights the types of insights one may gain by studying the allometry of sexual dimorphism from a functional perspective to learn about both patterns and processes in evolution.</p>
The evolution of sexually dimorphic traits in ecological gradients: An interplay between natural and sexual selection in hummingbirds
<p><span>Traits that exhibit differences between the sexes have been of special interest in the study of phenotypic evolution. Classic hypotheses explain sexually dimorphic traits via intrasexual competition and mate selection, yet natural selection may also act differentially on the sexes to produce dimorphism. Natural selection can act either through physiological and ecological constraints on one of the sexes or by modulating the strength of sexual/social selection. This predicts an association between the degree of dimorphism and variation in ecological environments. Here, we characterise the variation in hummingbird dimorphism across ecological gradients using rich databases of morphology, colouration, and song. We show that morphological dimorphism decreases with elevation in the understorey and increases with elevation in mixed habitats, that dichromatism increases at high altitudes in open and mixed habitats, and that song is less complex in mixed habitats. Our results are consistent with flight constraints, lower predation pressure at high elevations, and with habitat effects on song transmission. We also show that dichromatism and song complexity are positively associated, while tail dimorphism and song complexity are negatively associated. Our results demonstrate that key ecological factors shape sexually dimorphic traits and that different communication modalities do not always evolve in tandem.</span></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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