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FIG. 5 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)

FIG. 5. Frequency of some female behaviors during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. See text for description of behaviors. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (solid horizontal line), mean (dotted horizontal line), and percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th). **, *Probability values from Mann-Whitney rank sum tests demonstrate a significant difference between complete and incomplete courtships for the frequency of both turn back and chin over.

FIG. 2 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)

FIG. 2. Duration of some behaviors and periods during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. See text for description of behaviors. Close ¼ salamanders within about 2.5 cm of each other but not in sustained contact via the mental gland (e.g., includes periods with male foot dance/shuffle, tail undulation, nudging, and snout under). MG Sliding ¼ mental-gland sliding on the skin of the female. ffTSWd ¼ discontinuous, female-first TSW. ffTSWc ¼ continuous, female-first TSW. Position for TSW ¼ attempted male solicitation of TSW. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (solid horizontal line), mean (dotted horizontal line), and percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th). *, **Probability values from Mann-Whitney rank sum tests demonstrate a significant difference between complete and incomplete courtships for the duration of both close and ffTSWd.

FIG. 7 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)

FIG. 7. Phylogenetic relationships for species of eastern Plethodon and AneideS presented with selected courtship behaviors. MG Tap/Swipe Snout ¼ male mental-gland (MG) tap or swipe on the nasolabial region of the female's snout prior to the tail-straddling walk (TSW). See text for description of behaviors. Unshaded circle ¼ behavior not reported; dark shaded circle ¼ behavior reported; light shaded circle ¼ rare or infrequent occurrence of behavior reported;? ¼ behavior during TSW has not been observed; S ¼ similar behavior reported; C ¼ circular TSW in AneideS includes similar behavior. Phylogenetic relationship between AneideS and eastern Plethodon inferred from mitochondrial data (Mahoney, 2001). Phylogenetic relationships among eastern species of Plethodon inferred from both nuclear and mitochondrial data (Kozak et al., 2006; Fisher-Reid and Wiens, 2011). Data for behavior occurrence obtained from Sapp and Kiemnec-Tyburczy (2011) and the sources listed in Table 1.

FIG. 6 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)

FIG. 6. Total duration (min) of some behaviors and periods during complete courtships in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from ten individually unique pairs that engaged in complete courtship with tail-straddling walk (TSW) and spermatophore deposition. For Pair 3 courtship, there were two spermatophore depositions, but this figure only includes data from the first spermatophore deposition. A ¼ Courtship duration from initial close encounter between salamanders until the retrieval or attempted retrieval of the first spermatophore cap. B ¼ Total of all periods when salamanders were more than about 2.5 cm apart after their initial encounter. D ¼ Total duration for female-first TSW, which includes both discontinuous and continuous forms of the duet behavior. Pearson Product Moment correlation coefficients: r ¼ 0.882, P, 0.001 for B and D; r ¼ 0.952, P, 0.0001 for B and F; r ¼ 0.964, P, 0.00001 for C and E; r ¼ 0.961, P, 0.00001 for D and F. See Table 2 for additional data on the duration of other behaviors and periods.

FIG. 1 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)

FIG. 1. Ethogram for many of the transitions between behaviors during courtship and mating in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. Line with arrowhead at both ends indicates transition in either direction. A solid line indicates the transition occurred in $65% of courtships, whereas a dotted line indicates the transition occurred in,65% of courtships (with n ¼ 20 and 10 courtships prior to and after female tail straddle, respectively). NT ¼ nose-tap. TA ¼ turn around. Dance/ Shuffle ¼ foot dance and foot shuffle. See text for description of behaviors. *Incidental contact to the male during female movements of her feet, tail, or body often elicited position for TSW well before the occurrence of snout under or chin over. In each complete courtship, female turn back and chin over preceded the first successful position for TSW. Ethogram does not include a few male behaviors (stationary, head contact, tale arch, and tail straddle) and very infrequent female behaviors (nose-tap, move toward, head contact, and nudge).

Table 1 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)

Table 1. Courtship behaviors of eastern North American woodland salamander species (eastern Plethodon). Species groups: PCG ¼ P. cinereuS group, PWG ¼ P. welleri group, and PGG ¼ P. glutinoSuS group. Species: ci ¼ P. cinereuS, ri ¼ P. richmondi, we ¼ P. welleri, an ¼ P. anguSticlaViuS, do ¼ P. dorSaliS, yo ¼ P. yonahloSSee, ke ¼ P. kentucki, pe ¼ P. petraeuS, ou ¼ P. ouachitae, ca ¼ P. caddoenSiS, Sh ¼ P. Shermani, cy ¼ P. cylindraceuS, and mo ¼ P. montanuS. MG ¼ mental gland, TSW ¼ tail-straddling walk, F ¼ female only behavior, M ¼ male only behavior, FM ¼ each sex exhibits behavior, and D ¼ duet behavior with both female and male actions. *Rare or infrequent occurrence of behavior. d Behavior may differ from similar behavior in other species.? ¼ occurrence of behavior is uncertain due to absent or limited observations. Blank cell (–) ¼ behavior not reported. See text and Appendix 1 for the description of each behavior.<table><tbody><tr><th>Groups</th><th>Groups and species of eastern Plethodon</th><th></th></tr><tr><th>Behaviors</th><th>PCG</th><th>PWG</th><th>PGG</th></tr><tr><th>ci</th><th>ri</th><th>we</th><th>an do</th><th>yo</th><th>ke</th><th>pe</th><th>ou</th><th>ca</th><th>Sh</th><th>cy</th><th>mo</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>1. Nose-tap, 2. Stationary, 3. Move away</th><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>FM</td></tr><tr><th>4. Move toward, 5. Head contact, 6. Nudging</th><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>F*M</td><td>FM F*M</td><td>F*M</td><td>FM</td><td>F*M</td><td>F*M</td><td>F*M</td><td>F*M</td><td>F*M</td><td>F*M</td></tr><tr><th>7. Bite</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>F*M</td><td>F*M</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>8. Foot dance</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>M*</td><td>M</td><td>M d</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>F*M</td><td>M</td><td>F*M</td></tr><tr><th>9. Foot shuffle</th><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>M M</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>M*</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>10. Tail wagging</th><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>M</td><td>FM FM</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>11. Rubbing/sliding, 12. Head rubbing</th><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>–</td><td>FM M</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>13. Head swinging</th><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>14. Joint head swinging</th><td>–</td><td>D*</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>15. High amplitude head swinging</th><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>16. Cloacal nudging</th><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>–</td><td>FM –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>17. Cloacal rubbing</th><td>F</td><td>?</td><td>–</td><td>? –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>18. MG sliding (head sliding)</th><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>19. MG popping</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>M*</td><td>M</td><td>M*</td><td>–</td><td>M*</td><td>M*</td><td>M*</td></tr><tr><th>20. MG tap or swipe on snout before 42</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>– M</td><td>–</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>M*</td><td>M*</td><td>M*</td></tr><tr><th>21. MG tap or swipe not on snout</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>M*</td><td>M*</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>22. Tail (or body*) flex in response to 18</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>23. Tail arch, 24. Undulate tail</th><td>FM</td><td>FM</td><td>M</td><td>FM M</td><td>M</td><td>F*M</td><td>FM</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>F*M</td><td>M</td><td>F*M</td></tr><tr><th>25. High amplitude tail undulations</th><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>? –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>26. Snapping</th><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>27. Pulling</th><td>M</td><td>FM?</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>28. Mouth grasping</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>M</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>29. Snout high</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>F*</td><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>30. Chin-to-chin</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>D</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>D*</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>31. Tail straddle for 32 or 33</th><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>M M*</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>32. Discontinuous, female-first TSW</th><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>D d*</td><td>D</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>33. Continuous, female-first TSW</th><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>–</td><td>D D*</td><td>–</td><td>D d*</td><td>D</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>34. Turn back during 18, 32, or 33</th><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>F –</td><td>–</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>F*</td><td>–</td><td>F*</td></tr><tr><th>35. Circling</th><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>–</td><td>D –</td><td>–</td><td>D d*</td><td>D d</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>36. Snout under (lifting, crossing under)</th><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>37. Raise chin in response to 36 or before 38</th><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td></tr><tr><th>38. Chin over</th><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>F F</td><td>F*</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F*</td><td>?</td><td>F*</td><td>F*</td><td>F*</td></tr><tr><th>39. Position for TSW</th><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>40. Turn around after 39 or 53</th><td>M</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>41. Tail straddle to initiate 42</th><td>F</td><td>?</td><td>F</td><td>F F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>?</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td></tr><tr><th>42. Tail-straddling walk</th><td>D</td><td>?</td><td>D</td><td>D D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>?</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td></tr><tr><th>43. Turn back during 42</th><td>M*</td><td>?</td><td>–</td><td>M * –</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>44. Raise head to receive 45</th><td>–</td><td>?</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>?</td><td>F</td><td>–</td><td>F</td></tr><tr><th>45. MG slapping on snout during 42</th><td>–</td><td>?</td><td>–</td><td>M* –</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>46. Vent sliding at end of 42</th><td>–</td><td>?</td><td>–</td><td>– –</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>47. Spermatophore deposition</th><td>M</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>48. Lateral head movements during 47</th><td>–</td><td>?</td><td>F*</td><td>– –</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>?</td><td>F*</td><td>–</td><td>F*</td></tr><tr><th>49. Lead female over spermatophore</th><td>D</td><td>?</td><td>D</td><td>D D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>?</td><td>D</td><td>D</td><td>D</td></tr><tr><th>50. Pass by spermatophore</th><td>F</td><td>?</td><td>?</td><td>F F*</td><td>F*</td><td>F</td><td>?</td><td>F*</td><td>?</td><td>F*</td><td>F*</td><td>F*</td></tr><tr><th>51. Stop & lower vent, 52. Position on cap</th><td>F</td><td>?</td><td>F</td><td>F F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>?</td><td>F</td><td>F</td><td>F</td></tr><tr><th>53. Stationary with tail flexed</th><td>M</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M M</td><td>M d</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>54. Eat spermatophore cap and/or base</th><td>–</td><td>?</td><td>–</td><td>– M</td><td>–</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>M</td><td>?</td><td>M</td><td>–</td><td>M</td></tr><tr><th>Species reference number for source(s)</th><td>1</td><td>2</td><td>3</td><td>4 5</td><td>6</td><td>7</td><td>8</td><td>9</td><td>10</td><td>11</td><td>12</td><td>13</td></tr></tbody></table>Sources: 13 Organ, 1958; 12 Organ, 1960a; 3 Organ, 1960b; 13 MacMahon, 1964; 1,2,3,6,9,10,12,13 Arnold, 1972; 11,13 Arnold, 1976; 1 Gergits and Jaeger, 1990; 7 Marvin and Hutchison, 1996; 11 Houck and Arnold, 2003; 5 Picard, 2005; 1,2,4 Dyal, 2006; 11 Eddy et al., 2012; 6 Pierson et al., 2017; 7,8 current study

FIG. 3 in Courtship and Mating Behavior of the Rare, Rock-Crevice Dwelling Salamander Plethodon petraeus with a Review for Eastern North American Woodland Salamanders (Amphibia: Plethodontidae)

FIG. 3. Frequency of some male behaviors during the preliminary (pre-TSW) phase of courtship in the salamander Plethodon petraeuS. Data are from 20 individually unique pairs that engaged in ten incomplete courtships, which did not proceed to a tail-straddling walk (TSW), and ten complete courtships with TSW and spermatophore deposition. MG ¼ mental gland. See text for description of behaviors. Box plots show minimum, maximum, median (solid horizontal line), mean (dotted horizontal line), and percentiles (10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th). *Probability value from Mann-Whitney rank sum test demonstrates a significant difference between complete and incomplete courtships for the frequency of snout under.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Data from: Intrinsic traits of woodland caribou Rangifer tarandus caribou calves depredated by black bears Ursus americanus and coyotes Canis latrans

Individuals in substandard physical condition are predicted to be more vulnerable to predation. Support for this prediction is inconsistent partly as a result of differences across systems in the life histories of predator and prey species. Our objective was to examine the physical condition of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) calves depredated by two predators with different life histories in Newfoundland, Canada. Black bears (Ursus americanus) are capable of chasing calves at high speeds over short distances and primarily prey on calves <1 month of age. Coyotes (Canis latrans) are cursorial predators that pursue prey over longer distances, which is expected to result in the selection of substandard individuals. We hypothesized that (i) black bears will kill calves in substandard physical condition, while (ii) coyotes will kill calves from across the distribution of individual conditions. We used mitochondrial DNA species identification tests to assign predator species to calf mortalities. We then used molecular identifications and field observations to build a predictive model using generalized boosted trees to predict the predator species where a molecular identification was unavailable. We tested our hypotheses using Cox proportional hazards models under a competing risks framework. Bears killed younger calves and lighter calves, while coyotes killed heavier calves. Coyotes also killed more late-born calves, which might suggest prey switching as calves become more abundant later in the season. Our findings suggest that the physical constraints of predators play a greater role than predator hunting strategies in this system, but other processes are likely influential. The tendency for coyotes to kill heavier calves might result from sustained coyote predation over time, following the removal by black bears of lighter calves during their first month of age. This research illuminates the complexity of predator-prey interactions in Newfoundland and highlights an important source of variability for predator-prey systems.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2021View details →

Data and Code for Shriver et al. 2021, Quantifying the demographic vulnerabilities of dry woodlands to climate and competition using range-wide monitoring data

Data and code for demographic analyses in Shriver et al. 2021. See paper and ReadMe for analysis description and further details.  Shriver, R.K., C.B. Yackulic, D.M. Bell, J.B. Bradford. (2021)Quantifying the demographic vulnerabilities of dry woodlands to climate and competition using range-wide demographic models. Ecology. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3425">https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.3425</a>

opencc-zeroOct 2021View details →

Woodland Caribou demographic data and range boundaries

As global climate change progresses, wildlife management will benefit from knowledge of demographic responses to climatic variation, particularly for species already endangered by other stressors. In Canada, climate change is expected to increasingly impact populations of threatened woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) and much focus has been placed on how a warming climate has potentially facilitated the northward expansion of apparent competitors and novel predators. Climate change, however, may also exert more direct effects on caribou populations that are not mediated by predation. These effects include meteorological changes that influence resource availability and energy expenditure. Research on other ungulates suggests that climatic variation may have minimal impact on low-density populations such as woodland caribou because per-capita resources may remain sufficient even in "bad" years. We evaluated this prediction using demographic data from 21 populations in western Canada that were monitored for various intervals between 1994 and 2015. We specifically assessed whether juvenile recruitment and adult female survival were correlated with annual variation in meteorological metrics and plant phenology. Against expectations, we found that both vital rates appeared to be influenced by annual climatic variation. Juvenile recruitment was primarily correlated with variation in phenological conditions in the year prior to birth. Adult female survival was more strongly correlated with meteorological conditions and declined during colder, more variable winters. These responses may be influenced by the life history of woodland caribou, which reside in low-productivity refugia where small climatic changes may result in changes to resources that are sufficient to elicit strong demographic effects. Across all models, explained variation in vital rates was low, suggesting that other factors had greater influence on caribou demography. Nonetheless, given the declining trajectories of many woodland caribou populations, our results highlight the increased relevance of recovery actions when adverse climatic conditions are likely to negatively affect caribou demography.

opencc-zeroMay 2023View details →

Woodland wildfire enables fungal colonization of encroaching Douglas-fir

<ol> <li>Self-reinforcing differences in fire frequency help closed-canopy forests, which resist fire, and open woodlands, which naturally burn often, to co-occur stably at landscape scales. Forest tree seedlings, which could otherwise encroach and overgrow woodlands, are killed by regular fire, yet fire has other effects that may also influence these feedbacks. In particular, many forest trees require symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi in order to establish. By restructuring soil fungal communities, fire might affect the availability of symbionts or the potential for symbiont sharing between encroaching trees and woodland vegetation.</li> <li>To investigate this possibility, we performed a soil bioassay experiment using inoculum from burned and unburned oak woodlands and Douglas-fir forests. We examined how fire, ecosystem type, and neighboring heterospecific seedlings affect fungal root community assembly of Douglas-firs and oaks. We asked whether heterospecific seedlings facilitated fungal colonization of seedling roots in non-native soil, and if so, whether fire influenced this interaction.</li> <li>External fungal colonization of oak roots was more influenced by fire and ecosystem type than by the presence of a Douglas-fir, and oaks increased the likelihood that Douglas-fir roots would be colonized by fungi in oak woodland soil. Yet fire increased colonization of Douglas-fir in oak soil, diminishing the otherwise crucial role played by oak facilitation. Fire also strengthened the positive effect of Douglas-firs on oak root-associated fungal diversity in Douglas-fir forest soil.</li> <li>Prior work shows that fire supports woodland ecosystems by stemming recruitment of encroaching seedlings. Here, we find evidence that it may contrastingly reduce fungal limitation of invasive seedling growth and establishment, otherwise relieved only by facilitation. Future work can investigate how these opposing effects might contribute to the net impact of changes in fire regime on landcover stability.</li> </ol>

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Supplementary material 1 from: Huang J, Leach H, Buffington M, Rothwell N, Wilson JK (2023) Resident parasitoids associated with Drosophilidae in Michigan tart cherry orchards and woodland edges. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 96: 485-494. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.96.103160

Endemic parasitoids associated with Drosophilidae in Michigan tart cherry orchards and woodland edges

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Data for: Precipitation gradients drive high tree species turnover in the woodlands of eastern and southern Africa

Savannas cover one-fifth of the Earth's surface, harbour substantial biodiversity, and provide a broad range of ecosystem services to hundreds of millions of people. The community composition of trees in tropical moist forests varies with climate, but whether the same processes structure communities in disturbance-driven savannas remains relatively unknown. We investigate how biodiversity is structured over large environmental and disturbance gradients in woodlands of eastern and southern Africa. We use tree inventory data from the Socio-Ecological Observatory for Studying African Woodlands (SEOSAW) network, covering 755 ha in a total of 6780 plots across nine countries of eastern and southern Africa, to investigate how alpha, beta, and phylogenetic diversity vary across environmental and disturbance gradients. We find strong climate-richness patterns, with precipitation playing a primary role in determining patterns of tree richness and high turnover across these savannas. Savannas with greater rainfall contain more tree species, suggesting that low water availability places distributional limits on species, creating the observed climate-richness patterns. Both fire and herbivory have minimal effects on tree diversity, despite their role in determining savanna distribution and structure. High turnover of tree species, genera, and families is similar to turnover in seasonally dry tropical forests of the Americas, suggesting this is a feature of semiarid tree floras. The greater richness and phylogenetic diversity of wetter plots show that broad-scale ecological patterns apply to disturbance-driven savanna systems. High taxonomic turnover suggests that savannas from across the regional rainfall gradient should be protected if we are to maximise the conservation of unique tree communities.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2023View details →

Data for: ' Idiosyncratic trends of woodland invertebrate biodiversity in Britain over 45 years'

Data for our paper found at doi: 10.1111/icad.12685 The zip folder contains R scripts and code to analyse the relationship between species 'woodland association estimates and their long-term distribution trends. Note: the raw occurrence data could not be shared due to existing data sharing agreement. Instead, we share the derived data on species' woodland association estimates.