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FIGURES 19a–e in The type specimens of bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) deposited in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Contribution III Family Halictidae, genera Halictus Latreille, 1804, and Sphecodes Latreille, 1804

FIGURES 19a–e. Halictus petraeus Blüthgen, 1933. Holotype, female: a—habitus, lateral view; b— head, frontal view; cmesosoma, dorsal view; d—metasoma, dorsal view; e—labels.

FIGURES 6a–e. Halictus compressus transvolgensis Pesenko, 1985 in The type specimens of bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) deposited in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Contribution III Family Halictidae, genera Halictus Latreille, 1804, and Sphecodes Latreille, 1804

FIGURES 6a–e. Halictus compressus transvolgensis Pesenko, 1985. Holotype, male: a—habitus, lateral view; b—head, frontal view; c—mesosoma, dorsal view; d—metasoma, dorsal view; e—labels.

FIGURES 4a–e. Halictus cephalicus Morawitz, 1874 in The type specimens of bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) deposited in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Contribution III Family Halictidae, genera Halictus Latreille, 1804, and Sphecodes Latreille, 1804

FIGURES 4a–e. Halictus cephalicus Morawitz, 1874. Lectotype, female: a—habitus, lateral view; b—labels; c—mesosoma, dorsal view; d—head, frontal view; e—metasoma, dorsal view.

FIGURES 3a–e in The type specimens of bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) deposited in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Contribution III Family Halictidae, genera Halictus Latreille, 1804, and Sphecodes Latreille, 1804

FIGURES 3a–e. Halictus bucharicus Blüthgen, 1936. Lectotype, female: a—habitus, lateral view; b—metasoma, dorsal view; c—head, frontal view; d—labels; e—mesosoma, dorsal view.

FIGURES 1a–f. Halictus atripes Morawitz, 1893 in The type specimens of bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) deposited in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Contribution III Family Halictidae, genera Halictus Latreille, 1804, and Sphecodes Latreille, 1804

FIGURES 1a–f. Halictus atripes Morawitz, 1893. Holotype, male: a—habitus, lateral view; b—head, frontal view; c—mesosoma, dorsal view; d—genitalia, dorsal view; e—labels; f—metasoma, dorsal view.

FIGURES 28a–c. Halictus varentzowi Morawitz, 1894 in The type specimens of bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) deposited in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Contribution III Family Halictidae, genera Halictus Latreille, 1804, and Sphecodes Latreille, 1804

FIGURES 28a–c. Halictus varentzowi Morawitz, 1894. Syntype, female: a—habitus (metasoma absent), lateral view, and labels; b—head and mesosoma, dorsal view; c—head, frontal view.

FIGURES 18a–f. Halictus patellatus Morawitz, 1874 in The type specimens of bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) deposited in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Contribution III Family Halictidae, genera Halictus Latreille, 1804, and Sphecodes Latreille, 1804

FIGURES 18a–f. Halictus patellatus Morawitz, 1874. Holotype, male: a—habitus, lateral view; b—metasoma, dorsal view; c—mesosoma, dorsal view; d—head, frontal view; e—labels; f—genitalia, dorsal view.

FIGURES 24a–e in The type specimens of bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) deposited in the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Contribution III Family Halictidae, genera Halictus Latreille, 1804, and Sphecodes Latreille, 1804

FIGURES 24a–e. Halictus takuiricus Blüthgen, 1936. Holotype, female: a—habitus, lateral view; b—metasoma, dorsal view; c—mesosoma, dorsal view; d—head, frontal view; e—labels.

FIGURE 1. H.M.S in Additional notes on the publication of the Narrative, Zoology and Notes from a Journal of Research into the Natural History of the Voyage of H.M.S. Samarang and its consequences for the nomenclature of decapod crustaceans and other taxa

FIGURE 1. H.M.S. Samarang immersed in the Sarawak River for repairs. Image from the first volume of the Narrative (Belcher 1847a: pl. facing p. 37).

FIGURE 3 in Zoological nomenclature: Suggestions to increase stability and facilitate the naming of Clades

FIGURE 3. Clade name stability and incomplete taxon sampling. (A) Clade Aus defined by two specifiers (in red); (B) Addition of previously unsampled taxa (species X, in blue). If the clade Aus has a node-based definition, the PhyloCode would require a new name for the clade that contains the newly added species "X." (C) Proposed solution in which specifiers can be modified (except the type species) to expand the species content of the clade, avoiding the inflation of clade names.

FIGURE 2 in Zoological nomenclature: Suggestions to increase stability and facilitate the naming of Clades

FIGURE 2. Unranked names as a mean to increase name stability. (A) Accepted relationships and nomenclature among some anuran families. Note that the ranks of family and superfamily are already occupied and that there is no formal name for the Centrolenidae + Allophrynidae clade (Clade X). (B) Proposal by Frost et al. (2006) to formalize Clade X as Centrolenidae; note that even though topologies have not changed, there is considerable name instability, highlighted in red, because of shift in ranks. (C) Proposal where the addition of an unranked name formalizes the relationships without the need of changing names (see Guayasamin et al., 2009).

FIGURE 1 in Zoological nomenclature: Suggestions to increase stability and facilitate the naming of Clades

FIGURE 1. Phylogenetic definitions and clade content. (A) Hypothetical relationships of three genera, showing two specifiers of the genus Aus in red. (B) New hypothesis of relationships that produces changes in clade composition when phylogenetic definitions are not flexible (i.e., PhyloCode); note also that given this scenario, Ausidae and Aus have exactly the same species content. Because phylogenetic definitions in the PhyloCode have two (or more) specifiers, the probability of changes in clade content is higher than in traditional nomenclature, in which names are linked only to the type species.

FIGURE 8 in A review of fungus gnats in the tribe Exechiini (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) from the J. W. Zetterstedt collection at the Museum of Zoology in Lund, Sweden

FIGURE 8. Male holotype of Notolopha brachycera (Zetterstedt, 1852) sp. restit. stat. n. – A. Terminalia in ventral view. – B. Tergite IX and cerci in dorsal view. – C. Internal face of right gonostylus. – D. Dorsal lobe of gonostylus in interiofrontal view. – E. Hypandrial lobe in lateral view. Bar = 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 6 in A review of fungus gnats in the tribe Exechiini (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) from the J. W. Zetterstedt collection at the Museum of Zoology in Lund, Sweden

FIGURE 6. Male holotype of Exechia lucidula (Zetterstedt, 1838) – A. Terminalia in ventral view. – B. Tergite IX and cerci in dorsal view. – C. Internal face of right gonostylus, enlarged. Bars = 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 5 in A review of fungus gnats in the tribe Exechiini (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) from the J. W. Zetterstedt collection at the Museum of Zoology in Lund, Sweden

FIGURE 5. Male lectotype and female paralectotype of Brevicornu griseolum (Zetterstedt, 1852) sensu auct. – A. Terminalia in ventral view. – B. Tergite IX and cerci in dorsal view. – C. Internal face of right gonostylus. – D. Aedeagus in ventral view. – E. Female terminalia in lateral view. Bars = 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 4 in A review of fungus gnats in the tribe Exechiini (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) from the J. W. Zetterstedt collection at the Museum of Zoology in Lund, Sweden

FIGURE 4. Male holotype of Brevicornu canescens (Zetterstedt, 1852) sp. restit. stat. n. – A. Terminalia in ventral view. – B. Tergite IX and cerci in dorsal view. – C. Internal face of right gonostylus, enlarged. Bars = 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 7 in A review of fungus gnats in the tribe Exechiini (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) from the J. W. Zetterstedt collection at the Museum of Zoology in Lund, Sweden

FIGURE 7. Female holotype of Exechia unimaculata (Zetterstedt, 1860) – A. Terminalia dorsal view. – B. Terminalia ventral view. – C. Terminalia lateral view. Bars = 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 3 in A review of fungus gnats in the tribe Exechiini (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) from the J. W. Zetterstedt collection at the Museum of Zoology in Lund, Sweden

FIGURE 3. Male neotype of Allodia (Brachycampta) alternans (Zetterstedt, 1838) – A. Terminalia in ventral view. – B. Tergite IX and cerci in dorsal view. – C. Internal face of right gonostylus. Bar = 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 1 in A review of fungus gnats in the tribe Exechiini (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) from the J. W. Zetterstedt collection at the Museum of Zoology in Lund, Sweden

FIGURE 1. Portrait of Johan Wilhelm Zetterstedt (1785–1874). Facsimile from Diptera Scandinaviae, volume 1 (Zetterstedt 1842).

FIGURE 2. – A in A review of fungus gnats in the tribe Exechiini (Diptera, Mycetophilidae) from the J. W. Zetterstedt collection at the Museum of Zoology in Lund, Sweden

FIGURE 2. – A. Drawer no. 62 of Zetterstedt's "Diptera Scandinaviae" collection containing most of the Exechiini specimens. – B. Example of Zetterstedt's handwritten determination labels interpreted as "M. lucidula Zett. Ψ. Lund Scan.". – C. Example of Zetterstedt's handwritten locality labels interpreted as "Winnerstad sn tagen i Charlottenborgs äng den 9 september – Oceller saknas? 72". – D. Specimen no. SPM004744. Inside this web of dust and fungal sporophores a nearly two hundred year old male of Allodia (Allodia) ornaticollis (Meigen, 1818) was found in fairly good condition. The light blue quadrangular piece of paper indicate that this specimen was collected in Skåne at Kivik´s Esperöd in Mellby parish. – E. Specimen no. SPM005154, a male Allodia (Brachycampta) grata (Meigen, 1830) in relative good condition. The light yellow piece of paper (together with a purple red piece not seen on the photo) indicate that this specimen was collected in Skåne at Björnstorp Säteri in Malmöhus län.