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Fig. 7. Bergera koenigii L. A. Plants. B. Inflorescence. C. Pistil and stamens. D–E. Infructescence. F. Fruits. G. Seeds. H in Taxonomic revision of Bergera J.Koenig ex L. (Rutaceae) based on the molecular phylogeny and morphology

Fig. 7. Bergera koenigii L. A. Plants. B. Inflorescence. C. Pistil and stamens. D–E. Infructescence. F. Fruits. G. Seeds. H. Ovary crossection. Photos taken by Feng-Juan Mou in China.

Fig. 1 in Taxonomic revision of Bergera J.Koenig ex L. (Rutaceae) based on the molecular phylogeny and morphology

Fig. 1. Bayesian tree, based on nuclear ITS data of representatives of Bergera J.Koenig ex L. and Clausena Burm.f., Murraya elongata DC. ex Hook.f. and Merrillia caloxylon Swingle. Branch lengths are proportional to the number of nucleotide changes (indicated above branches with Bayesian posterior probabilities, PP); bootstrap support (BS) values for maximum likelihood (ML) are given below the branches.

Fig. 3 in Taxonomic revision of Bergera J.Koenig ex L. (Rutaceae) based on the molecular phylogeny and morphology

Fig. 3. Bergera alternifolia (Kurz) F.J.Mou comb. nov. A. Holotype, S. Kurz 2010, CAL0000213357 (Botanical Survey of India, CAL). B. Cultivated plant. C. Leaves of cultivated plant. D. Flowers. Photos taken by Yoshiaki Takaya and Hla Myoe Min in Myanmar.

Fig. 3 in Phylogeny and morphology of Himerometroidea (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) feather stars in Singapore

Fig. 3. Zygometra cf. comata morphological characters. A, middle brachials everted at distal margins (red arrow); B, syzygy perforation between first and second ossicles of IBr (red arrow), and synarthry (yellow arrow); C, cirri with middle to distal cirrals bearing sharp aboral spines (red arrow) that begin abruptly (yellow arrow); D, smooth and weakly carinate proximal pinnules.

Fig. 5 in Phylogeny and morphology of Himerometroidea (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) feather stars in Singapore

Fig. 5. Dichrometra sp. morphological characters. A, division series illustrating two ossicles each of IBr2 (IBr1–IBr2), IIBr2 (IIBr1–IIBr2) and IIIBr2 (IIIBr1–IIIIBr2) division series; B, cirri with distal cirrals aborally carinate (red arrow); C, cirri with middle to distal cirrals bearing sharp aboral spines (red arrow); D, proximal pinnules distally flagellate and tapering to a point. P2 longer and basally stouter than P1 and P3; E, spinular side projection on distal edge of distal pinnulars on proximal pinnules on one juvenile (SS-2538-2, ZRC.ECH.0442).

Fig. 2 in Phylogeny and morphology of Himerometroidea (Echinodermata: Crinoidea) feather stars in Singapore

Fig. 2. Homalometra crenulata morphological characters. Red arrows indicate specific features described for each image (A–F, H–J). A, carination of proximal pinnulars of proximal pinnules; B, lack of carination on the proximal pinnulars of juvenile proximal pinnules; C, broad, round triangular processes on distal corners of ambulacral side of proximal pinnules; D, unique pinnular with triangular processes of proximal pinnulars are small, compact, and tightly appose to the pinnulars; E, serration on the distal margin of distal pinnulars; F, bead-like tubercles on the distal edge of a radial; G, polar area of centrodorsal bumpy and uneven, with indentations that resemble obsolete cirri sockets; H, cirrals with a distally-directed triangular carinate extension; J, aboral projections compressed laterally on distal cirrals, terminating in 2–3 weak or strong teeth, or almost a flattened tip (lower-right arrow).

FIG. 5 in A stable phylogeny for Dactylosporaceae

FIG. 5. — Morphology of Dactylospora fusiformis Ekanayaka, E.B.G. Jones, Q. Zhao & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. (Holotype MFLU 16-0593): A, substrate; B, ascomata on wood; C, ascoma on wood; D, cross section of an ascoma;E, close up of a vertical section of the ascoma at margin;F, apically swallen paraphyses;G, asci with gelatinous amyloid cap (in Melzer's reagent); H-J, short sessile asci; K-P, ellipsoid to fusoid ascospores. Scale bars: B, C, 1000 µm; D, 400 µm; E, 200 µm; F, 30 µm; G, J, 20 µm; K-N, 10 µm.

FIG. 4 in A stable phylogeny for Dactylosporaceae

FIG. 4. — Morphology of Dactylospora chiangraiensis Ekanayaka, E.B.G. Jones, Q. Zhao & K.D. Hyde, sp. nov. (Holotype MFLU 16-0570): A, B, ascomata in wood; C, ascoma in wood; D, cross section of a ascoma; E, peridium of ascoma; F-I, asci in water; J, paraphyses in water; K, ascus apex with gelatinous amyloid cap (in Melzer's reagent); L-O, ascospores in water; P, germinated ascospore. Scale bars: A, 1000 µm; B, 500 µm; C, D, 200 µm; E, 100 µm; F-I, 25 µm; J, P, 50 µm; K-O, 10 µm.

FIG. 3 in A stable phylogeny for Dactylosporaceae

FIG. 3. — Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis of sequences of Eurotiomycetes including Dactylospora based on ITS and LSU sequence data. Maximum likelihood bootstrap values ≥ 60% and Bayesian Posterior Probabilities ≥ 0.90 are given above the nodes. Strain/culture numbers are given after the taxon names. The newly generated sequences are in blue bold. The tree was rooted with Teloschistes flavicans (Sw.) Norman Tflav103.

FIG. 2 in A stable phylogeny for Dactylosporaceae

FIG. 2. — Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis of sequences of Pezizomycotina including Dactylospora based on ITS, LSU, SSU, TEF, RPB1 and RPB2 sequence data. Maximum likelihood bootstrap values ≥ 60% and Bayesian Posterior Probabilities ≥ 0.90 are given above the nodes. Strain/culture numbers are given after the taxon names. The tree was rooted with Taphrina antarctica (CCFEE 5198) and Taphrina deformans (AFTOL ID 1234).

FIG. 1 in A stable phylogeny for Dactylosporaceae

FIG. 1. — Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis of sequences of Pezizomycotina including Dactylospora based on 5.8s, LSU and SSU sequence data. Maximum likelihood bootstrap values ≥ 60% are given above the nodes. Strain/culture numbers are given after the taxon names. The tree was rooted with Taphrina antarctica Selbmann & Turchetti (CCFEE 5198) and Taphrina deformans (Berk.) Tul. (AFTOL ID 1234).

opencc-zeroNov 2019View details →

FIG. 2. — Most likely phylogeny inferred from concatenated ITS2 in Trematodon laetevirens Hakelier & J.-P. Frahm and T. brevicollis Hornsch. (Bruchiaceae, Bryophyta) in Russia

FIG. 2. — Most likely phylogeny inferred from concatenated ITS2 and trnL-F data for species of Trematodon reported from Russia. Bootstrap support values of maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses (MP/ML) higher than 50% are indicated. Scale: substitution per site.

opencc-zeroApr 2020View details →

FIG. 3 in Morphological description and molecular phylogeny of two diatom clones from the genus Ulnaria (Kützing) Compère isolated from an ultraoligotrophic lake at the Pole of Cold in the Northern Hemisphere, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russia

FIG. 3. — Cells in the culture Ulnaria pilum Kulikovskiy & Lange-Bertalot LAB55 attached to substrate: A, LM, mucilage strands are stained by Alcian blue in single cell; B, LM, cell aggregates; C, SEM, there are no traces of mucilage on the unattached ends of cells, tree closed girdle bands of each valve are pointed by arrowheads; D, SEM, attachment occurs with mucilage excreted through the pore field. Scale bars: A, B, 50 µm; C, 5 µm; D, 1 µm.

opencc-zeroApr 2020View details →

FIG. 2 in Morphological description and molecular phylogeny of two diatom clones from the genus Ulnaria (Kützing) Compère isolated from an ultraoligotrophic lake at the Pole of Cold in the Northern Hemisphere, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russia

FIG. 2. — Ulnaria pilum Kulikovskiy & Lange-Bertalot LAB59: A, LM; B, SEM, external view and central area; C, internal view and central area; D, SEM, external view and the valve apex; E, internal view and the valve apex, rimoportula is located at an oblique angle relative to the central sternum; F, SEM, external view, two small spines at the apex. Scale bars: A, 50 µm; B-E, 5 µm; F, 1 µm.

opencc-zeroNov 2019View details →

FIG. 1 in Vittaliana mangrovei Devadatha, Nikita, A.Baghela & V.V.Sarma, gen. nov, sp. nov. (Phaeosphaeriaceae), from mangroves near Pondicherry (India), based on morphology and multigene phylogeny

FIG. 1. — Phylogenetic tree generated from Bayesian analysis of concatenated LSU, SSU, TEF1α and ITS sequence data of Phaeosphaeriaceae. Values above the branches indicate maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood bootstrap ≥ 70%, (MP/ML). Values at the third positions, respectively, above or below the branches represent posterior probabilities (PP ≥ 0.95) from Bayesian inference analysis. The new isolate is in blue. The tree is rooted with Leptosphaeria doliolum (Pers.) Cesati & De Notaris and Paraleptosphaeria dryadis (Johanson) Gruyter, Aveskamp & Verkley.

opencc-zeroNov 2019View details →

FIG. 2 in Vittaliana mangrovei Devadatha, Nikita, A.Baghela & V.V.Sarma, gen. nov, sp. nov. (Phaeosphaeriaceae), from mangroves near Pondicherry (India), based on morphology and multigene phylogeny

FIG. 2. — Vittaliana mangrovei Devadatha, Nikita, A.Baghela & V.V.Sarma, gen. nov., sp. nov. (AMH-9953, holotype): A, ascomata on host substrate; B, C, vertical section through ascomata; D, peridium magnified; E, pseudoparaphyses; F, germinating ascospore; G, ostiole showing periphyses; H-K, asci; L-R, ascospores. Scale bars: B, C, 50 µm; D-R, 10 µm.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2023View details →

Phylogenomics illuminates the phylogeny of flower weevils (Curculioninae) and reveals ten independent origins of brood-site pollination mutualism in true weevils

Phylogenomics illuminates the phylogeny of flower weevils (Curculioninae) and reveals ten independent origins of brood-site pollination mutualism in true weevils (142 /150 characters) Haran J.1*, Li X.2,3,4*, Allio R.5*, Shin S.3,4,6, Benoit L.1, Oberprieler R.G.7, Farrell B.D.8, Brown S.D.J.9, Leschen R.A.B.10, Kergoat G.J.5 & McKenna D.D.3,4 * Equal contribution   Affiliations 1 CBGP, CIRAD, INRAE, IRD, Institut Agro, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France. ORCID: 0000-0001-9458-3785 (JH); 0000-0003-3740-5346 (LB) 2 Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China. ORCID: 0000-0002-0622-2064 (XL) 3 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152 ORCID: 0000-0002-7823-8727 (DDM) 4 Center for Biodiversity Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152 5 CBGP, INRAE, IRD, CIRAD, Institut Agro, Univ. Montpellier, Montpellier, France. ORCID: 000-0003-3885-5410 (RA); 0000-0002-8284-6215 (GJK) 6 School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea. ORCID: 0000-0002-4258-8661 (SS) 7 CSIRO, Australian National Insect Collection, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia. ORCID: 0000-0002-1837-580X (RGO) 8 Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA. ORCID: 0000-0002-6843-0539 (BDF) 9 Bio-Protection Research Centre, P.O. Box 85084, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand. Current address: The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Mount Albert Research Centre, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142, New Zealand. ORCID: 0000-0001-7112-421X (SDJB) 10 Manaaki Whenua - Landcare Research, PB 92170, Auckland, New Zealand. ORCID: 0000-0001-8549-8933 (RABL)   Abstract Weevils are an unusually species-rich group of phytophagous insects, for which there is increasing evidence of frequent involvement in brood-site pollination. This study examines phylogenetic patterns in the emergence of brood-site pollination mutualism among one of the most speciose beetle groups, the flower weevils (subfamily Curculioninae). We analyzed a novel phylogenomic dataset consisting of 214 nuclear loci for 202 weevil species, with a sampling that mainly includes flower weevils as well as representatives of all major lineages of true weevils (Curculionidae). Our phylogenomic analyses establish a uniquely comprehensive phylogenetic framework for Curculioninae and provide new insights into the relationships among lineages of true weevils. Based on this phylogeny, statistical reconstruction of ancestral character states revealed at least ten independent origins of brood-site pollination in higher weevils through transitions from ancestral associations with reproductive structures in the larval stage. Broadly, our results illuminate the unexpected frequency with which true weevils — typically specialized phytophages and hence antagonists of plants — have evolved mutualistic interactions of ecological significance that are key to both weevil and plant evolutionary fitness and thus a component of their deeply intertwined macroevolutionary success.   Figures  Figure 1 (part I). Maximum-likelihood tree resulting from analyses of 214 nuclear protein-coding genes (focus on the CEGH clade and outgroups). Support at node refers to SH-aLRT values ≥ 80% and uBV ≥ 95% (**). Single * refer to SH-aLRT values ≥ 80% only. Clades with black branches and highlighted in blue are classified in Curculioninae sensu Caldara et al. (2014). Taxa displayed on the left: 1 - Hypsomus sp. (Styphlini); 2 - Myllorhinus sp. (Storeini s. lat.); 3 - Encosmia sp. (Storeini s. lat.). Figure 1 (part II). Maximum-likelihood tree resulting from analyses of 214 nuclear protein-coding genes (focus on the CCCMS clade). Node support values refer to SH-aLRT values ≥ 80% and uBV ≥ 95% (**). Single * refer to SH-aLRT values ≥ 80% only. Clades with black branches and highlighted in blue are classified in Curculioninae sensu Caldara et al., (2014). Clades highlighted in darker blue contain genera engaged in brood-site pollination mutualism and the corresponding genera are highlighted in orange (higher taxonomic rank when specific genera are not included in the tree). Other lineages of the CCCMS clade are in bold font. Taxa displayed on the right: 1 - Tychius sp. (Tychiini); 2 - Anthonomus sp. (Athonomini); 3 - Tachyerges sp. (Rhamphini); 4 - Derelomus sp. (Derelomini); 5 - Cionus sp. (Cionini); 6 - Daeneus sp. (Ochyromerini); 7 - Meriphus sp. (Eugnomini); 8 - Archarius sp. (Curculionini); 9 - Dorytomus sp. (Ellescini); 10 - Cleopomiarus sp. (Mecinini). Figure 2. Results of the ASE analysis of larval tissue specialization carried out on the CCCMS clade, with an ER model and using a continuous-time reversible Markov model with 1000 simulations. In addition, red arrows are used to underline the independent origins of brood-site mutualism inferred in another ASE analysis (see Fig. S4). Two clades including brood-site pollinator genera that were not sampled in our study are also highlighted using red rectangles.   Additional files Figure S1. Full ML tree with support values. Figure S2. Support for ML analyses. Figure S3. Results of the ASE analysis of the evolution of the tissue specialization by weevil larvae in the CCCMS clade, with an ER model and using a continuous time-reversible Markov model with 1000 simulations.  Figure S4. Results of the ASE analysis on the evolution of brood-site pollination in the CCCMS clade, with an ER model and using a continuous time-reversible Markov model with 1000 simulations.   Zenodo supplementary files AHE_pipeline.txt shows the detailed step-by-step script used to generate the phylogeny obtained in this study from raw sequencing data. ASE Analyses.zip contains the script and the associated raw results of the ASE analyses. Cole_tcas_probes.fasta contains the Coleopteran probes used. IBA results.zip contains IBA results. IQ-TREE files.zip contains input and output files of the IQ-TREE analysis. Scripts.zip contains the scripts associated with the file AHE_pipeline.txt.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2011View details →

Fig. 2 in Genetic diversity of Maghrebian Hottentotta (Scorpiones: Buthidae) scorpions based on CO1: new insights on the genus phylogeny and distribution

Fig. 2. Phylogram showing phylogenetic relationships estimated using Bayesian Inference as described in the text. Numbers at branches are Bayesian posterior probabilities and ML bootstrap percentages respectively. The tree was rooted with Scorpio fuliginosus (not shown). Codes refer to Table 1.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2011View details →

Fig. 1 in Genetic diversity of Maghrebian Hottentotta (Scorpiones: Buthidae) scorpions based on CO1: new insights on the genus phylogeny and distribution

Fig. 1. Map showing the sampling locations of Hottentotta from Morocco included in this study. The estimated distribution of both Hottentotta species proposed by Vachon (1952) is indicated. The clades resolved in Fig. 2 are noted. Specimen codes follow Table 1.