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FIGURE 1 in Phylogeny and systematic revision of the helicarionid semislugs of eastern Queensland (Stylommatophora, Helicarionidae)
FIGURE 1 Best maximum likelihood tree based on analysis of the concatenated data set of fragments of the mitochondrial genes 16S and COI using IQ-TREE. Ambiguous alignment sites in 16S removed using MAFFT. Numbers on branches indicate nodal support based on 10,000 ultra-fast bootstrap repeats as well as by employing Shimodaira-Hasegawa's (1999) approximate Likelihood Ratio Test ('SH-aLRT'). Scale bar indicating 10% of modelled sequence divergence. Shells shown to scale.
FIGURE 11 in Phylogeny and systematic revision of the helicarionid semislugs of eastern Queensland (Stylommatophora, Helicarionidae)
FIGURE 11 Genitalia of F. brazieri, MO66680, Malbon Thompson Range. A. Reproductive system. Arrow shows the junction of the penis and epiphallus. B. penis interior. C. Spermatophore. Scale bars 1 mm (B, C), 2 mm (A).
FIGURE 21 in Phylogeny and systematic revision of the helicarionid semislugs of eastern Queensland (Stylommatophora, Helicarionidae)
FIGURE 21 Genitalia of F. alyssa. A, D. MO21620, Johanssen's Caves. B-C, F. MO77188, Lords Table Mountain, Peak Range (type locality of F. slatyeri). D. F230748. Brandy Creek (type locality of F. peterbrocki). A–B: Reproductive system. Arrows show the junction of the penis and epiphallus. C: Spermatophore. D–F: Penis interior. Scale bars 1 mm.
FIGURE 9 in Phylogeny and systematic revision of the helicarionid semislugs of eastern Queensland (Stylommatophora, Helicarionidae)
FIGURE 9 Genitalia of F. superbus. A. Reproductive system, MO77446, Mt Dryander. Arrow shows the junction of the penis and epiphallus. B. Penis interior, MO31289, Mt Dryander. Scale bars 1 mm (B), 2 mm (A).
FIGURE 17 in Phylogeny and systematic revision of the helicarionid semislugs of eastern Queensland (Stylommatophora, Helicarionidae)
FIGURE 17 Genitalia of F. paluma, MO63984, Paluma Range. A. Reproductive system. Arrow shows the junction of the penis and epiphallus. B. penis interior. Scale bars 1 mm (B), 2 mm (A).
FIGURE 8 in Phylogeny and systematic revision of the helicarionid semislugs of eastern Queensland (Stylommatophora, Helicarionidae)
FIGURE 8 Fastosarion live images (Clade A). A. Fastosarion superbus, MO46340, Mt Dryander (QM image). B. F. aquavitae, NMV F230751, Brandy Creek (A. Moussalli, NMV). C. F. brazieri, AM C.553531, Cape Tribulation (A. Moussalli, NMV). D. F. brazieri, AM C.525003, Mt Lewis. E. F. comerfordae, Broken River NP (Kackland). F. F. paluma, Paluma (QM image). G. F. griseolus, AM C.512514, Byfield SF. H. F. griseolus, AM C.512615, Burleigh Head NP. I. F. helenkingae, NMV F219324, Bowling Green NP (A. Moussalli, NMV). J. F. helenkingae, AM C.559842, Magnetic Island (type locality of F. schelli).
FIGURE 20 in Phylogeny and systematic revision of the helicarionid semislugs of eastern Queensland (Stylommatophora, Helicarionidae)
FIGURE 20 Fastosarion live images (Clade B). A-D. Fastosarion alyssa, A: AM C.512537, Mt Etna Caves; B: AM C.512480, Mt Ossa; C: AM C.512579, The Hummock. D: NMV F230748, Brandy Creek (Type locality of F. peterbrocki; A. Moussalli, NMV). E. Fastosarion ephelis (J. Stanisic). F. Fastosarion hannianus (QM image). G. Fastosarion mcdonaldi, Mt Dalrymple (QM image). H. Fastosarion rowani, AM C.512541, Dan Dan NP.
FIGURE 19 in Phylogeny and systematic revision of the helicarionid semislugs of eastern Queensland (Stylommatophora, Helicarionidae)
FIGURE 19 Shells of Clade B species. A. Fastosarion alyssa (type locality of D. peterbrocki), NMV F230748. B. Fastosarion deensis, MO85834 (holotype). C. Fastosarion ephelis, MO85835 (holotype). D. Fastosarion hannianus, MO56684. E. Fastosarion insularis sp. nov., MO76354. F. Fastosarion katatonos, MO85837 (holotype). G. Fastosarion longimentula, MO65313. H. Fastosarion mcdonaldi, MO50434. I. Fastosarion minerva, MO78358. J. Fastosarion papillosus, MO78896 (Mt Superbus). K. Fastosarion papillosus, MO62397 (Kroombit Tops). L. Fastosarion pustulosus, MO78894 (Kalpowar SF). M. Fastosarion rowani, MO85839 (holotype). N. Fastosarion sarina, MO85840 (holotype). O. Fastosarion tujun (Denham Range), MO76081 (holotype). Scale bar 5 mm.
FIGURE 28 in Phylogeny and systematic revision of the helicarionid semislugs of eastern Queensland (Stylommatophora, Helicarionidae)
FIGURE 28 Genitalia of F. mcdonaldi, MO504354, Eungella NP. A. Reproductive system. Arrow shows the junction of the penis and epiphallus. B. Spermatophore. C. Penis interior. Scale bars 1 mm (B–C), 2 mm (A).
FIGURE 29 in Phylogeny and systematic revision of the helicarionid semislugs of eastern Queensland (Stylommatophora, Helicarionidae)
FIGURE 29 Genitalia of F. minerva, MO78358, Carnarvon NP. A. Reproductive system. Arrow shows the junction of the penis and epiphallus. B. Penis interior. C. Spermatophore. Scale bars 1 mm.
FIGURE 12 in Phylogeny and systematic revision of the helicarionid semislugs of eastern Queensland (Stylommatophora, Helicarionidae)
FIGURE 12 Spermatophores of Clade A species. A–B. Fastosarion brazieri, MO66680. C–D. Fastosarion comerfordae, MO63985. E-F. F. helenkingae, MO47971.
FIGURE 13 in Phylogeny and systematic revision of the helicarionid semislugs of eastern Queensland (Stylommatophora, Helicarionidae)
FIGURE 13 Genitalia of F. comerfordae, MO63985, Broken River NP. A. Reproductive system. Arrow shows the junction of the penis and epiphallus. B. Penis interior. C. Spermatophore. Scale bars 1 mm (B, C), 2 mm (A).
FIGURE 27 in Phylogeny and systematic revision of the helicarionid semislugs of eastern Queensland (Stylommatophora, Helicarionidae)
FIGURE 27 Genitalia of F. longimentula, MO85838, Dan Dan Scrub. A. Reproductive system. Arrow shows the junction of the penis and epiphallus. B. Penis interior. Scale bars 1 mm.
FIGURE 25 in Phylogeny and systematic revision of the helicarionid semislugs of eastern Queensland (Stylommatophora, Helicarionidae)
FIGURE 25 Genitalia of F. insularis, MO85836, Palm Island. A. Reproductive system. Arrow shows the junction of the penis and epiphallus. B. Penis interior. Scale bars 1 mm.
FIGURE 24 in Phylogeny and systematic revision of the helicarionid semislugs of eastern Queensland (Stylommatophora, Helicarionidae)
FIGURE 24 Genitalia of F. hannianus. A, B. MO72277, Bakers Blue Mountain. C. MO76564, Hann Tableland. A. Reproductive system. Arrow shows the junction of the penis and epiphallus. B–C. Penis interior. Scale bars 1 mm.
FIGURE 16 in Phylogeny and systematic revision of the helicarionid semislugs of eastern Queensland (Stylommatophora, Helicarionidae)
FIGURE 16 Genitalia of F. helenkingae. A, C, E. MO47971, Mt Elliot. B, D. MO16161, Magnetic Is. A–B, Reproductive system. Arrows show the junction of the penis and epiphallus. C–D, Penis interior. E. Spermatophore. Scale bars 1 mm (C–E), 2 mm (A–B).
Tropical origin, global diversification and dispersal in the pond damselflies (Coenagrionoidea) revealed by a new molecular phylogeny
<p class="western">The processes responsible for the formation of Earth's most conspicuous diversity pattern, the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG), remain unexplored for many clades in the Tree of Life. Here, we present a densely-sampled and dated molecular phylogeny for the most speciose clade of damselflies worldwide (Odonata: Coenagrionoidea), and investigate the role of time, macroevolutionary processes and biome-shift dynamics in shaping the LDG in this ancient insect superfamily. We used process-based biogeographic models to jointly infer ancestral ranges and speciation times, and to characterise within-biome dispersal and biome-shift dynamics across the cosmopolitan distribution of Coenagrionoidea. We also investigated temporal and biome-dependent variation in diversification rates. Our results uncover a tropical origin of pond damselflies and featherlegs ~ 105 Ma, while highligthing uncertainty of ancestral ranges within the tropics in deep time. Even though diversification rates have declined since the origin of this clade, global climate change and biome-shifts have slowly increased diversity in warm- and cold-temperate areas, where lineage turnover rates have been relatively higher. This study underscores the importance of biogeographic origin and time to diversify as important drivers of the LDG in pond damselflies and their relatives, while diversification dynamics have instead resulted in the formation of ephemeral species in temperate regions. Biome-shifts, although limited by tropical niche conservatism, have been the main factor reducing the steepness of the LDG in the last 30 Myr. With ongoing climate change and increasing northward range expansions of many damselfly taxa, the LDG may become less pronounced. Our results support recent calls to unify biogeographic and macroevolutionary approaches to increase our understanding of how latitudinal diversity gradients are formed and why they vary across time and among taxa.</p>
FIGURE 10 in Multigene phylogeny reveals the ribbed shell morphotypes in the land snail genus Sarika (Eupulmonata: Ariophantidae), with description of two new species from Thailand and Myanmar
FIGURE 10 Spermatophore of Sarika costabilis sp. nov. paratype CUMZ 7945. A) General view of spermatophore that was broken into two parts. B) Head filament. C–E) Tail filament. C) Three spines located close to the sperm sac. D) Region with and without branching spines. E) Branching spines on the tip region. Red dashed line indicates a series of ten branching spines near the middle length.
FIGURE 9 in Multigene phylogeny reveals the ribbed shell morphotypes in the land snail genus Sarika (Eupulmonata: Ariophantidae), with description of two new species from Thailand and Myanmar
FIGURE 9 Genitalia of Sarika spp. A, B) S. costabilis sp. nov. paratype CUMZ 7945. A) General view of the genital system. B) Internal structure of penis. C, D) S. costata sp. nov. paratype CUMZ 7947. C) General view of the genital system. D) Internal structure of penis. White arrows indicate the end of penis.
FIGURE 11 in Multigene phylogeny reveals the ribbed shell morphotypes in the land snail genus Sarika (Eupulmonata: Ariophantidae), with description of two new species from Thailand and Myanmar
FIGURE 11 Radula of Sarika spp. A) S. theodori specimen CUMZ 7942. B) S. siamensis specimen CUMZ 7951. C) S. costabilis sp. nov. paratype CUMZ 7945. D) S. costata sp. nov. paratype CUMZ 7947. Central tooth indicated by 'C' and blue colour; yellow colour indicates lateral teeth in the transition to marginal teeth.
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