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FIGURE 8 in Multigene phylogeny reveals the ribbed shell morphotypes in the land snail genus Sarika (Eupulmonata: Ariophantidae), with description of two new species from Thailand and Myanmar

FIGURE 8 Shells of Sarika spp. A, B) S. costabilis sp. nov. A) Holotype CUMZ 7943. B) Paratype CUMZ 7944. C, D) S. costata sp. nov. C) Holotype CUMZ 7946. D) Paratype CUMZ 7947.

FIGURE 5 in Multigene phylogeny reveals the ribbed shell morphotypes in the land snail genus Sarika (Eupulmonata: Ariophantidae), with description of two new species from Thailand and Myanmar

FIGURE 5 Spermatophore of Sarika theodori, specimen CUMZ 7941. A) General view of spermatophore that was broken into two parts. B) Head filament. C–E) Tail filament. C) Three spines located close to the sperm sac. D) Region with and without branching spines. E) Branching spines on the tip region. Yellow arrow indicates the end of spines from the tip.

FIGURE 4 in Multigene phylogeny reveals the ribbed shell morphotypes in the land snail genus Sarika (Eupulmonata: Ariophantidae), with description of two new species from Thailand and Myanmar

FIGURE 4 Genitalia of Sarika spp. A, B) S. theodori, specimen CUMZ 7941. A) General view of the genital system. B) Internal structure of penis. C, D) S. siamensis, specimen CUMZ 7952. C) General view of the genital system. D) Internal structure of penis. Yellow arrow indicates the end of epiphallic caecum. White arrows indicate the end of penis.

FIGURE 2 in Multigene phylogeny reveals the ribbed shell morphotypes in the land snail genus Sarika (Eupulmonata: Ariophantidae), with description of two new species from Thailand and Myanmar

FIGURE 2 Bayesian inference tree based on a 1495 bp concatenated alignment dataset of COI + 16S + 28S genes. Numbers by the nodes are the Bayesian posterior probabilities (left) and ML bootstrap values (right); shown only for the nodes supported by BI ≥ 0.95 or ML ≥ 70%. Clade A consists of the S. resplendens-S. hainesi species groups. Clade B consists of the S. siamensis species group. Images of living snails are not to scale.

FIGURE 6 in Multigene phylogeny reveals the ribbed shell morphotypes in the land snail genus Sarika (Eupulmonata: Ariophantidae), with description of two new species from Thailand and Myanmar

FIGURE 6 Spermatophore of Sarika siamensis, specimen CUMZ 7951. A) General view of spermatophore that was broken into two parts. B) Head filament. C–E) Tail filament. C) Three spines located close to the sperm sac. D) Region with and without branching spines. E) Branching spines on the tip region. Yellow arrow indicates the end of spines from the tip.

FIGURE 1 in Multigene phylogeny reveals the ribbed shell morphotypes in the land snail genus Sarika (Eupulmonata: Ariophantidae), with description of two new species from Thailand and Myanmar

FIGURE 1 Geographic distribution of ribbed shell Sarika spp. based on the specimens examined herein. A) Distribution of S. theodori, S. costabilis sp. nov., and S. costata sp. nov. B) Distribution of S. siamensis. Black symbols indicate the DNA extracted specimens used in the molecular analysis; white symbols indicate shells or other preserved specimens.

FIGURE 3 in Multigene phylogeny reveals the ribbed shell morphotypes in the land snail genus Sarika (Eupulmonata: Ariophantidae), with description of two new species from Thailand and Myanmar

FIGURE 3 Shells of Sarika spp. A, B) S. theodori. A) Specimen NHMUK 1988.12.4.1514. B) Specimen CUMZ 7941. C, D) S. siamensis. C) Specimen CUMZ 7949. D) Specimen CUMZ 7950.

Fig. 4 in Morphology and Phylogeny of Four Marine Scuticociliates (Protista, Ciliophora), with Descriptions of Two New Species: Pleuronema elegans spec. nov. and Uronema orientalis spec. nov.

Fig. 4. Uronema orientalis spec. nov. in vivo (A, E–J), after protargol (B–D, K) and silver nitrate staining (L). A, E – ventral views of a typical cell; B, C – ventral (B) and dorsal (C) views of the same specimen, showing infraciliature and nuclear apparatus; D, K – detailed infraciliature of buccal area, arrowhead in (K) shows the gap between the anterior part and posterior parts of membranelle 1; F, G – ventral views, to show different body shapes; H – posterior region of cell, arrow points to caudal cilia, arrowheads show somatic cilia; I – ventral view, arrow refers to blue irregularly-shaped crystal, arrowhead indicates dumbbell-shaped crystal; J – ventral view, arrow shows contractile vacuole, arrowhead marks buccal field; L – ventral view, arrow shows contractile vacuole pore. M1, 2, 3 – membranelles 1, 2 and 3; M1a – the anterior part of membranelle 1; M1b – the posterior part of membranelle 1; Ma – macronucleus; PM – paroral membrane; Sc – scutica. Scale bars: A, B, C = 50 μm; E–G, J, K = 80 μm.

Fig. 1 in Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Pseudocyrtohymenides lacunae nov. gen., nov. spec. (Ciliophora: Oxytrichidae) from South Korea

Fig. 1. Pseudocyrtohymenides lacunae nov. gen., nov. spec. (A, B), living specimens and (C–E), after protargol impregnation. (A, B), ventral (A) and dorsal (B) views of representative specimens; arrow denotes contractile vacuole. (C, D), ventral (C) and dorsal (D) views of the holotype specimen. (E), ventral views showing the variation of frontal-ventral-transverse cirri. AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; DK1, dorsal kinety 1; EM, endoral membrane; G, cortical granules; LMR, left marginal cirral row; Ma, macronuclear nodules; Mi, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; RMR, right marginal cirral row; TC, transverse cirri. Scale bars: 50 µm.

Fig. 3 in Morphology and Phylogeny of Four Marine Scuticociliates (Protista, Ciliophora), with Descriptions of Two New Species: Pleuronema elegans spec. nov. and Uronema orientalis spec. nov.

Fig. 3. Pleuronema grolierei Wang et al., 2008 (A–H) and P. setigerum Calkins, 1902 (I–M) in vivo (A–D, I–K) and after protargol (E–H, L, M). A, I – ventral views of typical individuals, arrow in (A) shows contractile vacuole, arrowheads in (I) mark paroral membrane; B – ventral view, arrowheads mark oral cilia; C, K – ventral views, arrowheads point to caudal cilia; D – ventral view, arrow marks ingested algae, arrowhead shows irregularly-shaped crystals; E – anterior region, arrow shows the anterior part of membranelle 2; F – detailed structure of the buccal area; G – posterior region, arrowhead points to membranelle 3; H – macronucleus; J – ventral view, arrowheads show irregularly-shaped crystals; L – posterior region, arrowhead indicates the ring-like posterior end of M2a; M – detailed structure of the buccal area, arrow marks membranelle 3, arrowheads show preoral kineties. M1 – membranelle 1; M2a – the anterior part of membranelle 2; M2b – the posterior part of membranelle 2; Ma – macronucleus. Scale bars: A, I = 20 μm, M = 5 μm.

Fig. 1 in Morphology and Phylogeny of Four Marine Scuticociliates (Protista, Ciliophora), with Descriptions of Two New Species: Pleuronema elegans spec. nov. and Uronema orientalis spec. nov.

Fig. 1. Map and photographs of biotopes (A–D) in which the samples were collected. A – no. 1 swimming beach, Qingdao (36°06′N; 120°32′E); B – beach near Sculpture Garden, Qingdao (36°4′N; 120°29′E); C – coastal area of no. 1 swimming beach, Qingdao (36°06′N; 120°32′E), the site that is further into the sea than that of (A); D – a mangrove wetland in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province (22°30′N; 114°37′E).

Fig. 5 in Morphology and Phylogeny of Four Marine Scuticociliates (Protista, Ciliophora), with Descriptions of Two New Species: Pleuronema elegans spec. nov. and Uronema orientalis spec. nov.

Fig. 5. Phylogenetic tree inferred from the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequences, showing the positions of Pleuronema elegans spec. nov., P. grolierei, P. puytoraci, and Uronema orientalis spec. nov. (in bold). Numbers at nodes represent the bootstrap values of maximum likelihood (ML) out of 1,000 replicates and the posterior probability of Bayesian analysis (BI). The scale bar corresponds to five substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions.

Fig. 2 in Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Pseudocyrtohymenides lacunae nov. gen., nov. spec. (Ciliophora: Oxytrichidae) from South Korea

Fig. 2. Pseudocyrtohymenides lacunae nov. gen., nov. spec. (A–E), living specimens; (F–K), after protargol impregnation. (A, D), ventral views of representative specimens. (B, C, E), dorsal views showing cortical granules and dorsal bristles. (F–K), dorsal (F, J) and ventral (G–I, K) views showing infraciliature and nuclear apparatus. AZM, adoral zone of membranelles; CV, contractile vacuole; DB, dorsal bristle; DK1–4, dorsal kineties 1–4; EM, endoral membrane; FC, frontal cirrus; G, cortical granules; LMR, left marginal cirral row; Ma, macronuclear nodules; Mi, micronuclei; PM, paroral membrane; RMR, right marginal cirral row; TC, transverse cirri; VC, ventral cirri. Scale bars: 100 µm in A–D and 50 µm in F–G.

Fig. 3 in Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of Pseudocyrtohymenides lacunae nov. gen., nov. spec. (Ciliophora: Oxytrichidae) from South Korea

Fig. 3. Phylogenetic tree of SSU rRNA gene sequences, showing the position of Pseudocyrtohymenides lacunae nov. spec. on the basis of Maximum Likelihood (ML) and Bayesian Inference (BI). Bootstrap values of ML and posterior probabilities of BI were denoted on each interior branch. If the values of the bootstrap and the posterior probability were less than 50% and 0.50, respectively, they were excluded. The scale bar represents one nucleotide substitution per 100 nt.

Fig. 5 in Morphological Redescription and SSU rDNA-based Phylogeny of Two Freshwater Ciliates, Uronema nigricans and Lembadion lucens (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea), with Discussion on the Taxonomic Status of Uronemita sinensis

Fig. 5. Maximum likelihood (ML) tree inferred from SSU rDNA sequences, showing the position of Uronema nigricans and Lembadion lucens (red arrows). Numbers near branches denote ML bootstrap value/BI posterior probability. Asterisks (*) indicate topologies that differ between the ML and BI analyses. Fully supported (100%/1.00) branches are marked with solid circles. Question marks (?) in red color indicate that the two sequences are possibly misidentified. The scale bar corresponds to 5 substitutions per 100 nucleotide positions. All branches are drawn to scale. Systematic classification mainly follows Lynn (2008).

Fig. 4 in Morphological Redescription and SSU rDNA-based Phylogeny of Two Freshwater Ciliates, Uronema nigricans and Lembadion lucens (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea), with Discussion on the Taxonomic Status of Uronemita sinensis

Fig. 4. Photomicrographs of Lembadion lucens from life (A–D, with A in bright field illumination and others in DIC microscopy) and after protargol staining (E–K). (A, B) Ventral views of representative individuals, cell in B was slightly depressed. Arrow shows caudal cilia. (C) Dorsal view, arrowhead points to the contractile vacuole. (D) Apical view, revealing the shape of cross section. Arrow shows oral cilia. (E) Ventral view of a stained cell, showing the silverline system. (F, G) Ventral (F) and dorsal (G) view of a representative individual, to show the ciliature and nuclear apparatus. (H) Micronucleus (arrow) and macronucleus. (I) Ventral view of posterior portion. Arrows depict two basal body rows of caudal cilia. (J) Mid portion of dorsal view, illustrating the monokinetids and dikinetids. (K) Detailed view, arrows show the two separated pairs of basal bodies and arrowheads indicate the posterior ends of four gradually shortened outer rows of adoral membranelle. Scale bars: 30 μm.

Fig. 6 in Morphological Redescription and SSU rDNA-based Phylogeny of Two Freshwater Ciliates, Uronema nigricans and Lembadion lucens (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea), with Discussion on the Taxonomic Status of Uronemita sinensis

Fig. 6. Sequence comparison of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene determined by BioEdit 7.0.5.2 (Hall 1999), showing the unmatched nucleotides of Uronema nigricans MF072399 and Lembadion lucens MF072398 with their sister sequences in the same clades, respectively (see Fig. 5). Nucleotide positions are given at the top of each column. Insertions and deletions are compensated by introducing alignment gaps (–). Numbers of unmatched sites (n) and sequence similarity percentages (%) compared with Uronema nigricans MF072399 and Lembadion lucens MF072398 are also supplied. The two sequences with question marks (?) are possibly misidentified. ID, identical; n, numbers of unmatched sites; %, sequence similarity percentages.

Fig. 3 in Morphological Redescription and SSU rDNA-based Phylogeny of Two Freshwater Ciliates, Uronema nigricans and Lembadion lucens (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea), with Discussion on the Taxonomic Status of Uronemita sinensis

Fig. 3. Photomicrographs of Uronema nigricans from life (A–E, in bright field illumination) and after protargol (F–M) staining. (A–C) Right ventrolateral views of representative individuals, with cell in C slightly depressed. Arrow in A shows contractile vacuole, while in C indicates macronucleus. (D) View of caudal portion of another cell, arrow points to caudal cilium. (E) Different body sizes, showing conspicuous apical plate. (F, G) Ventral views of stained individuals, indicating the structure of scutica. (H, I) Portion views of oral apparatus, revealing the number of kinety rows in M2 (two rows in H and three rows in I). (J, K) Ventral (J) and dorsal (K) view of a representative individual to show the ciliature and nuclear apparatus. Arrow in J points to basal body of caudal cilium, arrow in K indicating the apical plate. (L, M) Left ventrolateral (L) and right dorsolateral (M) view of another stained individual to show the ciliature and oral apparatus. Scale bars: 15 μm (A, B); 30 μm (E).

Fig. 1 in Morphological Redescription and SSU rDNA-based Phylogeny of Two Freshwater Ciliates, Uronema nigricans and Lembadion lucens (Ciliophora, Oligohymenophorea), with Discussion on the Taxonomic Status of Uronemita sinensis

Fig. 1. Map and sampling site. The yellow dots on the map and two corresponding photographs (A, B) show the collecting sites. (A) Fresh- water river in Shenzhen, southern China (22°32'19"N; 114°06'45"E). (B) Huguangyan Lake, an oligotrophic lake in Zhanjiang, southern China (21°08'38"N; 110°16'20"E).

Fig. 2 in Morphology and Phylogeny of Four Marine Scuticociliates (Protista, Ciliophora), with Descriptions of Two New Species: Pleuronema elegans spec. nov. and Uronema orientalis spec. nov.

Fig. 2. Pleuronema elegans spec. nov. in vivo (A, B, D, H–L), after protargol (E–G, M–Q) and silver nitrate staining (C). A, H – ventral view of a representative individual; B – detailed view of cortex to demonstrate arrangement of extrusomes; C – part of silverline system; D – swimming trace; E, F – ventral (E) and dorsal (F) views of the same specimen, showing infraciliature and nuclear apparatus; G – detailed structure of the buccal area, arrow shows the straight posterior end of M2a; I – ventral view, arrow marks paroral membrane and arrowhead shows ingested algae; J – ventral view, arrow shows membranelle 1, arrowheads mark the anterior part of membranelle 2; K – ventral view, arrowheads point to caudal cilia; L – ventral view, arrowheads mark somatic cilia; M – infraciliature of ventral side, arrow indicates membranelle 1, arrowhead refers to paired basal bodies; N – posterior region, arrow shows V-shaped posterior part of membranelle 2, arrowheads point to preoral kineties, double-arrowhead indicates membranelle 3; O – anterior region, arrowhead shows the anterior part of membranelle 2; P – macronucleus; Q – detailed view of membranelle 3 (arrowhead). M1, 3 – membranelles 1 and 3; M2a – the anterior part of membranelle 2; M2b – the posterior part of membranelle 2; Ma – macronucleus; PK – preoral kinety; PM – paroral membrane. Scale bars: A, E, F, H, I = 50 μm, J = 20 μm.