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Figures 4-11 from: Elsayed AK, Skuhravá M, Ohta K, Yoshida S, Tokuda M (2020) Revision of the birch-associated genus Massalongia (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), with description of a new species from Japan and a taxonomic key to worldwide species. ZooKeys 958: 1-27. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.958.54300

Figures 4-11 Massalongia nakamuratetsui sp. nov. 4 head 5 ventral view of mouthparts 6 female antenna 7 male antenna 8 dorsal view of female flagellomere V. 9 dorsal view of male flagellomere V. 10 wing 11 tarsomere V and acromere. Scale bars: 50 µm.

Figures 52-54 from: Elsayed AK, Skuhravá M, Ohta K, Yoshida S, Tokuda M (2020) Revision of the birch-associated genus Massalongia (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), with description of a new species from Japan and a taxonomic key to worldwide species. ZooKeys 958: 1-27. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.958.54300

Figures 52-54 Massalongia rubra. 52 male terminalia (after Kieffer 1913b) 53 spatula 54 dorsal view of larval terminal abdominal segments (a the inner four terminal papillae are folded on the segment b the inner four terminal papillae are unfolded in another specimen). Scale bars: 50 µm.

Figures 43-47 from: Elsayed AK, Skuhravá M, Ohta K, Yoshida S, Tokuda M (2020) Revision of the birch-associated genus Massalongia (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), with description of a new species from Japan and a taxonomic key to worldwide species. ZooKeys 958: 1-27. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.958.54300

Figures 43-47 Massalongia betulifolia. 43 head 44 ventral view of mouthparts (hypopharynx is folded). 45 dorsal view of male flagellomere VIII 46 wing 47 tarsomere V and acromere. Scale bars: 50 µm.

Figures 50-51 from: Elsayed AK, Skuhravá M, Ohta K, Yoshida S, Tokuda M (2020) Revision of the birch-associated genus Massalongia (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), with description of a new species from Japan and a taxonomic key to worldwide species. ZooKeys 958: 1-27. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.958.54300

Figures 50-51 Massalongia betulifolia. 50 male terminalia 51 ventral view of male hypoproct and aedeagus. Scale bars: 50 µm.

Figures 36-38 from: Elsayed AK, Skuhravá M, Ohta K, Yoshida S, Tokuda M (2020) Revision of the birch-associated genus Massalongia (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), with description of a new species from Japan and a taxonomic key to worldwide species. ZooKeys 958: 1-27. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.958.54300

Figures 36-38 Pupa of Massalongia bachmaieri. 36 ventral view of head 37 prothoracic spiracle 38 dorsal view of terminal part of abdomen (arrows indicate dorsal spines). Scale bars: 50 µm.

Figures 48-49 from: Elsayed AK, Skuhravá M, Ohta K, Yoshida S, Tokuda M (2020) Revision of the birch-associated genus Massalongia (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), with description of a new species from Japan and a taxonomic key to worldwide species. ZooKeys 958: 1-27. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.958.54300

Figures 48-49 Massalongia betulifolia.48 terminal part of female abdomen (arrow indicate the dorsal sclerite on the protrusible portion) 49 protrusible portion of ovipositor. Scale bars: 50 µm.

Figures 39-41 from: Elsayed AK, Skuhravá M, Ohta K, Yoshida S, Tokuda M (2020) Revision of the birch-associated genus Massalongia (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), with description of a new species from Japan and a taxonomic key to worldwide species. ZooKeys 958: 1-27. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.958.54300

Figures 39-41 Larva of Massalongia bachmaieri. 39 ventral view of prothoracic segment 40 ventral view of terminal abdominal segments 41 dorsal view of terminal abdominal segments. Scale bars: 50 µm.

Figures 1-3 from: Elsayed AK, Skuhravá M, Ohta K, Yoshida S, Tokuda M (2020) Revision of the birch-associated genus Massalongia (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae), with description of a new species from Japan and a taxonomic key to worldwide species. ZooKeys 958: 1-27. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.958.54300

Figures 1-3 Massalongia nakamuratetsui sp. nov. 1 leaf galls (red arrows) on B. grossa2 overwintering larva in cocoon on leaf litter 3 bottle-shaped cocoon.

Figure 9 in Description, molecular phylogeny, and natural history of a new kleptoparasitic species of gelechiid moth (Lepidoptera) associated with Melastomataceae galls in Brazil

Figure 9. Bayesian inference tree for the new genus, based on 621 bp of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase c subunit I gene (CO-I). Numbers above branches indicate support values> 0.8/60 for Bayesian posterior probability (BPP)/bootstrap – for maximum likelihood (ML); those located below represent the percentage of evolutionary divergence between clades. Asterisk indicates support <0.80/60 for BPP and ML, respectively.

Figure 8 in Description, molecular phylogeny, and natural history of a new kleptoparasitic species of gelechiid moth (Lepidoptera) associated with Melastomataceae galls in Brazil

Figure 8. Scanning electron micrographs of Locharcha opportuna pupa: (A) clypeal and mandibular areas (open arrows indicate microsetae), ventral view; (B) abdominal segments seven and eight (small arrow and arrow head indicate abdominal spiracles seven and eight, respectively), laterodorsal view; (C) microtrichia of abdominal segment A5, dorsolateral view; (D) setae of seventh abdominal segment posterior margin, dorsal view; (E) pseudopodium scar of abdominal segment A6, ventral view; (F) distal portion of abdomen, dorsal view; (G) apical portion of cremaster seta, dorsolateral view. Scale bars = 50, 100, 10, 20, 50, 100, 10 µm, respectively.

Figure 6 in Description, molecular phylogeny, and natural history of a new kleptoparasitic species of gelechiid moth (Lepidoptera) associated with Melastomataceae galls in Brazil

Figure 6. Scanning electron micrographs of Locharcha opportuna last larval instar: (A) head and prothorax, lateral view; (B) labrum and mandibles, frontal view; (C) stemmata; (D) antenna, lateral view; (E) labium and spinneret, ventral view; (F) maxilla, anterolateral view; (G) distal portion of mesothoracic leg, posterolateral view (arrow indicates spatulate seta); (H) prothoracic spiracle, lateral view; (I) pseudopodium abdominal A6, mesoventral view. Scale bars = 200, 100, 100, 20, 20, 20, 20, 20, 100 µm, respectively.

Figure 5 in Description, molecular phylogeny, and natural history of a new kleptoparasitic species of gelechiid moth (Lepidoptera) associated with Melastomataceae galls in Brazil

Figure 5. Locharcha opportuna last larval instar: (A) head chaetotaxy, frontal view; (B) thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy, lateral view; (C) head and prothoracic shield, dorsal view; (D) body, lateral view. Scale bars = 50 µm and 1 mm, respectively.

Figure 3 in Description, molecular phylogeny, and natural history of a new kleptoparasitic species of gelechiid moth (Lepidoptera) associated with Melastomataceae galls in Brazil

Figure 3. Male genital morphology of Locharcha opportuna under light and scanning electron microscopy: (A) genitalia (aedeagus removed), oblique view (slide preparation GRPM 50–63); (B) gnathos, lateral view; (C) left valve (= glandiductor) detached from tegumen, lateral view; (D) sicae with anchored aedeagus (pointed by arrow), lateroposterior view; (E) dissected aedeagus (asterisk indicates everted vesica), lateral view. Scale bars = 1 mm, 50, 100, 100, 200 µm, respectively.

Figure 2 in Description, molecular phylogeny, and natural history of a new kleptoparasitic species of gelechiid moth (Lepidoptera) associated with Melastomataceae galls in Brazil

Figure 2. Locharcha opportuna adult morphology: (A) wings; (B) male genitalia (arrow indicates glandiductor), lateral view; (C) female genitalia, lateral view; (D) detail of tergal process (asterisk), dorsal view. Scale bars = 1, 0.2 and 0.5 mm, respectively.

Figure 1 in Description, molecular phylogeny, and natural history of a new kleptoparasitic species of gelechiid moth (Lepidoptera) associated with Melastomataceae galls in Brazil

Figure 1. Locharcha opportuna adult, dorsal view: (A) wings spread, pinned; (B) head and thorax, in detail; (C) wings folded, on Tibouchina sellowiana leaf. Scale bars = 2, 1 and 2 mm, respectively.

Figure 11 in Description, molecular phylogeny, and natural history of a new kleptoparasitic species of gelechiid moth (Lepidoptera) associated with Melastomataceae galls in Brazil

Figure 11. Variation in green colour intensity of Tibouchina sellowiana galls (median and corresponding quartiles) in relation to larval ontogeny, when considered the presence of larva either of the cecidogenous insect (A; = 10, 81 and 64 individuals, respectively, for instar II to IV) or the kleptoparasite (B; = 29, 38, 32, 64 individuals, respectively for instars I to IV) larvae inside. Bars followed by the same letter do not differ statistically (Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by Dunn's multiple comparison tests).

Figure 4 in Description, molecular phylogeny, and natural history of a new kleptoparasitic species of gelechiid moth (Lepidoptera) associated with Melastomataceae galls in Brazil

Figure 4. Female genital morphology of Locharcha opportuna under light microscopy: (A) genitalia, oblique view (slide preparation GRPM 50–65); (B) female signum, internal view. Scale bars = 250 and 500 µm, respectively.

Figure 10 in Description, molecular phylogeny, and natural history of a new kleptoparasitic species of gelechiid moth (Lepidoptera) associated with Melastomataceae galls in Brazil

Figure 10. Galls induced by Palaeomystella fernandesi on Tibouchina sellowiana plants, free from (A–D) and attacked by (E–H) the kleptoparasite Locharcha opportuna. (A) general aspect of two young, green galls inhabited by cecidogenous larvae, as indicated by the absence of external orifices; (B) dissected gall showing a cecidogenous larva inside; (C) dehiscent, violet gall on the ground, bearing a cecidogenous late-instar larva; (D) operculum (indicated by closed arrow) made by a last instar of the cecidogenous larva on a dehiscent gall before pupation, external view; (E) violet gall inhabited by a kleptoparasite larva, as indicated by the presence of two orifices (open arrows); (F) dissected gall showing a kleptoparasite larva inside; (G) dissected gall showing a kleptoparasite pupal cocoon inside (covered by larval faecal pellets, indicated by asterisk); (H) old, empty gall, left attached to a T. sellowiana plant after the kleptoparasite emergence. Scale bars = 4, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4, 4 mm, respectively.

Figure 12 in Description, molecular phylogeny, and natural history of a new kleptoparasitic species of gelechiid moth (Lepidoptera) associated with Melastomataceae galls in Brazil

Figure 12. Variation in colour and size among galls induced by Palaeomystella fernandesi on Tibouchina sellowiana plants, and corresponding use by either cecidogenous or kleptoparasite moths at CPCN Pró-Mata (April 2012 to June 2013). (A) Gradient from green- to violetcoloured for galls that were studied; (B, C) abundance of cecidogenous larvae (closed bars; total = 155 individuals) and kleptoparasite (open bars; total = 163 individuals) inside in relation to intensity of green colour and size of green galls, respectively; (D) linear regression between size and intensity of green colour on galls (y = 0.67x + 8.77, R2 = 0.152, p <0.0001, n = 348).